Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1017/S0080456800032439
Miguel Cisneros Perales
The increased prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) among migrant Asian Indians and individuals in the subcontinent of India is partly attributed to elevated plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy). Hcy, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is derived from the metabolic demethylation of dietary methionine (1,2,3). Four different forms of Hcy exist: 1% is present as free thiol; 70-80% circulates as a disulphide-bound to albumin; and the remaining 20-30% forms a dimer with itself or other thiols (1). The grouping of these four forms is referred to as total plasma Hcy (tHcy) and it is the elevation of this serum component that has been noted as an independent risk factor for CAD. Total plasma Hcy within the normal range is 5 to 15 μmol/L and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHC) is categorized as moderate (16-30 μmol/L), intermediate (31100 μmol/L), and severe (>100 μmol/L) HHC (4). The concentration of tHcy is determined by genetic and nutritional factors, such as levels of dietary folate and cobalamin. Since these nutrients are essential co-factors in the metabolic pathway of Hcy, deficiencies of folate and cobalamin result in elevated Hcy levels in the Asian Indian population (2,4,5,6,7,8).
{"title":"Introduction","authors":"Miguel Cisneros Perales","doi":"10.1017/S0080456800032439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800032439","url":null,"abstract":"The increased prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) among migrant Asian Indians and individuals in the subcontinent of India is partly attributed to elevated plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy). Hcy, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is derived from the metabolic demethylation of dietary methionine (1,2,3). Four different forms of Hcy exist: 1% is present as free thiol; 70-80% circulates as a disulphide-bound to albumin; and the remaining 20-30% forms a dimer with itself or other thiols (1). The grouping of these four forms is referred to as total plasma Hcy (tHcy) and it is the elevation of this serum component that has been noted as an independent risk factor for CAD. Total plasma Hcy within the normal range is 5 to 15 μmol/L and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHC) is categorized as moderate (16-30 μmol/L), intermediate (31100 μmol/L), and severe (>100 μmol/L) HHC (4). The concentration of tHcy is determined by genetic and nutritional factors, such as levels of dietary folate and cobalamin. Since these nutrients are essential co-factors in the metabolic pathway of Hcy, deficiencies of folate and cobalamin result in elevated Hcy levels in the Asian Indian population (2,4,5,6,7,8).","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"22 1","pages":"v - xxix"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0080456800032439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43401384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S1755691022000019
M. A. Shiriazar, E. Sepehr, Ramin Haji Maleki, H. Khodaverdiloo, F. Asadzadeh, B. Dovlati, Z. Rengel
ABSTRACT The development of non-toxic and inexpensive materials for arsenic removal is required due to water sources being polluted by arsenic in many countries around the world. The main aim of this study was to characterise the capacity and behaviour of Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides/biochar [Magnesium/Iron-Layered Double Hydroxide (Mg/Fe-LDH)] composite for arsenate adsorption from solution. Apple tree pruning residues were used to produce biochar at 500 °C under oxygen-limited atmosphere. Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar was synthesised using a spontaneous in situ co-precipitation method. Batch experiments were used for the assessment of the kinetics, isotherms, and the effects of initial solution pH (4, 6, 8, and 10), ionic strength (0.01, 0.1, and 0.2 mol L−1), and co-occurring anions (carbonate and phosphate) on the arsenate removal. Scanning electron microscope images showed Mg/Fe-LDH were loaded on the biochar porous structure, and X-ray diffraction analysis affirmed the presence of crystalline LDH minerals in Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar. Surface modification of biochar by Mg/Fe-LDH increased the maximum arsenate adsorption capacity (3.6 mg g−1) ten times compared to unmodified biochar (0.35 mg g−1). Arsenate removal capacity increased from 4.2 % to 54.2 % with modification of biochar by Mg/Fe-based LDH. Kinetic studies indicated that >90 % of Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar arsenate adsorption from a starting concentration of 10 mg L−1 occurred in the first 120 min. Pseudo-second order and Langmuir models described well the kinetics and isotherm of arsenate adsorption by biochar and Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar. Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar showed maximum arsenate removal capacity at pH 6. Increasing solution ionic strength and the presence of phosphate and carbonate anions suppressed arsenate removal by Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar. In summary, surface modification of biochar using Mg/Fe-LDH produced a potentially more cost-effective, locally available, reusable, and non-toxic arsenic adsorbent for decontamination of surface- and groundwater.
由于世界上许多国家的水源受到砷污染，需要开发无毒廉价的除砷材料。本研究的主要目的是表征Mg/Fe层状双氢氧化物/生物炭[镁/铁层状双氢氧化物(Mg/Fe- ldh)]复合材料对溶液中砷酸盐的吸附能力和行为。在限氧气氛下，500℃条件下，利用苹果剪枝残渣制备生物炭。采用原位共沉淀法合成了Mg/ fe - ldh生物炭。采用批量实验来评估动力学、等温线，以及初始溶液pH(4、6、8和10)、离子强度(0.01、0.1和0.2 mol L−1)和共生阴离子(碳酸盐和磷酸盐)对砷酸盐去除的影响。扫描电镜图像显示Mg/Fe-LDH被加载在生物炭的多孔结构上，x射线衍射分析证实Mg/Fe-LDH-生物炭中存在结晶LDH矿物。Mg/Fe-LDH改性生物炭的最大砷酸盐吸附量(3.6 Mg g−1)是未改性生物炭(0.35 Mg g−1)的10倍。Mg/ fe基LDH对生物炭的砷酸盐去除率由4.2%提高到54.2%。动力学研究表明，当初始浓度为10 Mg L−1时，Mg/ fe - ldh -生物炭对砷酸盐的吸附在前120 min内达到bbb90 %。拟二级模型和Langmuir模型很好地描述了生物炭和Mg/ fe - ldh -生物炭吸附砷酸盐的动力学和等温线。Mg/ fe - ldh生物炭在pH为6时脱除砷酸盐的能力最大。增加溶液离子强度和磷酸盐和碳酸盐阴离子的存在抑制了Mg/ fe - ldh生物炭对砷酸盐的去除。总之，使用Mg/Fe-LDH对生物炭进行表面改性，产生了一种可能更具成本效益、可在当地获得、可重复使用且无毒的砷吸附剂，用于地表水和地下水的净化。
{"title":"Arsenate removal from aqueous solutions by Mg/Fe-LDH-modified biochar derived from apple tree residues","authors":"M. A. Shiriazar, E. Sepehr, Ramin Haji Maleki, H. Khodaverdiloo, F. Asadzadeh, B. Dovlati, Z. Rengel","doi":"10.1017/S1755691022000019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691022000019","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The development of non-toxic and inexpensive materials for arsenic removal is required due to water sources being polluted by arsenic in many countries around the world. The main aim of this study was to characterise the capacity and behaviour of Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides/biochar [Magnesium/Iron-Layered Double Hydroxide (Mg/Fe-LDH)] composite for arsenate adsorption from solution. Apple tree pruning residues were used to produce biochar at 500 °C under oxygen-limited atmosphere. Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar was synthesised using a spontaneous in situ co-precipitation method. Batch experiments were used for the assessment of the kinetics, isotherms, and the effects of initial solution pH (4, 6, 8, and 10), ionic strength (0.01, 0.1, and 0.2 mol L−1), and co-occurring anions (carbonate and phosphate) on the arsenate removal. Scanning electron microscope images showed Mg/Fe-LDH were loaded on the biochar porous structure, and X-ray diffraction analysis affirmed the presence of crystalline LDH minerals in Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar. Surface modification of biochar by Mg/Fe-LDH increased the maximum arsenate adsorption capacity (3.6 mg g−1) ten times compared to unmodified biochar (0.35 mg g−1). Arsenate removal capacity increased from 4.2 % to 54.2 % with modification of biochar by Mg/Fe-based LDH. Kinetic studies indicated that >90 % of Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar arsenate adsorption from a starting concentration of 10 mg L−1 occurred in the first 120 min. Pseudo-second order and Langmuir models described well the kinetics and isotherm of arsenate adsorption by biochar and Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar. Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar showed maximum arsenate removal capacity at pH 6. Increasing solution ionic strength and the presence of phosphate and carbonate anions suppressed arsenate removal by Mg/Fe-LDH-biochar. In summary, surface modification of biochar using Mg/Fe-LDH produced a potentially more cost-effective, locally available, reusable, and non-toxic arsenic adsorbent for decontamination of surface- and groundwater.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"113 1","pages":"149 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43852328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S1755691022000093
J. MORALES-TOLEDO, Aniceto Mendoza-Ruiz, S. Cevallos-Ferriz
ABSTRACT Mesozoic ferns from Mexico have been the subject of serious academic endeavours since the beginning of the 20th Century, to understand these plants at the time of their peak diversity. Most findings have been made in a set of Middle Jurassic Basins of the Mixtec Terrain in the Oaxaca State. However, fossil ferns are scarce in other assemblages, so further identification of this group has been infrequent. Here we describe six new and recently collected fossil plants from the Middle Jurassic Otlaltepec Formation, Puebla. Based on their fertile and vegetative fronds, we propose the new genus Paralophosoria Morales-Toledo, Mendoza-Ruiz & Cevallos-Ferriz, gen. nov. in the Dicksoniaceae, represented by Paralophosoria jurassica, Morales-Toledo, Mendoza-Ruiz & Cevallos-Ferriz, sp. nov., and identify the following genera: cf. Aspidistes, Sphenopteris, Spiropteris. A fern with uncertain affinities was also described. This work contributes to the understanding of fern diversity in low latitudes during the Middle Jurassic in Mexico.
{"title":"The ferns in a new Middle Jurassic locality from the Otlaltepec Formation, Puebla, Mexico","authors":"J. MORALES-TOLEDO, Aniceto Mendoza-Ruiz, S. Cevallos-Ferriz","doi":"10.1017/S1755691022000093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691022000093","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mesozoic ferns from Mexico have been the subject of serious academic endeavours since the beginning of the 20th Century, to understand these plants at the time of their peak diversity. Most findings have been made in a set of Middle Jurassic Basins of the Mixtec Terrain in the Oaxaca State. However, fossil ferns are scarce in other assemblages, so further identification of this group has been infrequent. Here we describe six new and recently collected fossil plants from the Middle Jurassic Otlaltepec Formation, Puebla. Based on their fertile and vegetative fronds, we propose the new genus Paralophosoria Morales-Toledo, Mendoza-Ruiz & Cevallos-Ferriz, gen. nov. in the Dicksoniaceae, represented by Paralophosoria jurassica, Morales-Toledo, Mendoza-Ruiz & Cevallos-Ferriz, sp. nov., and identify the following genera: cf. Aspidistes, Sphenopteris, Spiropteris. A fern with uncertain affinities was also described. This work contributes to the understanding of fern diversity in low latitudes during the Middle Jurassic in Mexico.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"113 1","pages":"127 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47416145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S175569102200007X
Lina Sun, Deliang Fu, Qi Zhang, Yuandong Wu
ABSTRACT Due to the presence of geological fluid under actual geological conditions, water–rock interaction will occur between the fluid and reservoir. Thus, to analyse the influence of the water–rock interaction on storage space during the organic matter evolution stages, this study conducted a series of simulation experiments on shales by using a closed autoclave: four temperatures, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, and five fluid–rock ratios (FRRs), 0:20, 4:20, 10:20, 15:20, and 20:20. Low pressure N2 adsorption measurement was conducted on the solid residues. The experimental results show that the effect of temperature on the yield and pore structure of oil shale was the same as the result when the FRR was = 0:20, 4:20 and = 10:20, 15:20, 20:20, respectively. This result showed that temperature remained the main factor that affected the thermal evolution of hydrocarbon generation. Additionally, temperature was beneficial to the generation and storage of shale oil within a certain range, but only occupied the storage space of shale oils or connected a certain storage space beyond a certain range. The variation trend of shale oil yield with increasing FRR under the same simulated temperatures, 250°C and 400°C, was most affected by the FRR, but little change occurred at 300°C and 350°C. This further proved that the ratio of fluid to rock was an indirect acting factor, which affected the evolution of organic matters and then the development of pore structures. Before the oil window (350°C), the lower evolution degree, the higher water content and the more significant effect. In the higher evolution stage, the higher the water content, and the more complete the kerogen reaction, which was also more conducive to the development of pore structures. Therefore, this study promotes the establishment of linear equations on FRR to the gas adsorption capacity, which further provides a theoretical basis and guidance for the exploration and development of shale oil.
{"title":"Response model of fluid–rock ratio to reservoir space in primary formation of shale oil during hydrous pyrolysis","authors":"Lina Sun, Deliang Fu, Qi Zhang, Yuandong Wu","doi":"10.1017/S175569102200007X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S175569102200007X","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Due to the presence of geological fluid under actual geological conditions, water–rock interaction will occur between the fluid and reservoir. Thus, to analyse the influence of the water–rock interaction on storage space during the organic matter evolution stages, this study conducted a series of simulation experiments on shales by using a closed autoclave: four temperatures, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, and five fluid–rock ratios (FRRs), 0:20, 4:20, 10:20, 15:20, and 20:20. Low pressure N2 adsorption measurement was conducted on the solid residues. The experimental results show that the effect of temperature on the yield and pore structure of oil shale was the same as the result when the FRR was = 0:20, 4:20 and = 10:20, 15:20, 20:20, respectively. This result showed that temperature remained the main factor that affected the thermal evolution of hydrocarbon generation. Additionally, temperature was beneficial to the generation and storage of shale oil within a certain range, but only occupied the storage space of shale oils or connected a certain storage space beyond a certain range. The variation trend of shale oil yield with increasing FRR under the same simulated temperatures, 250°C and 400°C, was most affected by the FRR, but little change occurred at 300°C and 350°C. This further proved that the ratio of fluid to rock was an indirect acting factor, which affected the evolution of organic matters and then the development of pore structures. Before the oil window (350°C), the lower evolution degree, the higher water content and the more significant effect. In the higher evolution stage, the higher the water content, and the more complete the kerogen reaction, which was also more conducive to the development of pore structures. Therefore, this study promotes the establishment of linear equations on FRR to the gas adsorption capacity, which further provides a theoretical basis and guidance for the exploration and development of shale oil.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"113 1","pages":"141 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43051146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S1755691022000147
{"title":"TRE volume 113 issue 2 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/S1755691022000147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691022000147","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"113 1","pages":"f1 - f2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57151687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-22DOI: 10.1017/S1755691022000068
Tao Zhao, Liang Hu, Yan-Hong Pan
ABSTRACT Fossil feathers have greatly improved our understanding of the evolutionary transition from non-avian dinosaurs to birds and the evolution of feathers, and may be the only evidence for their source animals in the fossil record. Hot spring environments have been demonstrated to be conducive to the preservation of fossils, but internal silicification of feathers was not observed in the only avian carcass so far discovered in ancient hot spring deposits. To determine whether feathers can be internally silicified, here we analyse feathers sampled from a modern hot spring vent pool – Champagne Pool – in New Zealand. Our results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry elemental mapping show that the sampled feathers are silicified to different degrees, and one of them is pervasively silicified. SEM observations show that feathers can be silicified at the cellular level. Degradation is involved in the silicification of feathers, as indicated by the reduction of the abundance of carbon and the loss of keratin fibrils. Our findings suggest that ancient deposits of hot spring vent pools are promising targets in search for fossil feathers.
{"title":"Silicification of feathers in a modern hot spring in New Zealand","authors":"Tao Zhao, Liang Hu, Yan-Hong Pan","doi":"10.1017/S1755691022000068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691022000068","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fossil feathers have greatly improved our understanding of the evolutionary transition from non-avian dinosaurs to birds and the evolution of feathers, and may be the only evidence for their source animals in the fossil record. Hot spring environments have been demonstrated to be conducive to the preservation of fossils, but internal silicification of feathers was not observed in the only avian carcass so far discovered in ancient hot spring deposits. To determine whether feathers can be internally silicified, here we analyse feathers sampled from a modern hot spring vent pool – Champagne Pool – in New Zealand. Our results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry elemental mapping show that the sampled feathers are silicified to different degrees, and one of them is pervasively silicified. SEM observations show that feathers can be silicified at the cellular level. Degradation is involved in the silicification of feathers, as indicated by the reduction of the abundance of carbon and the loss of keratin fibrils. Our findings suggest that ancient deposits of hot spring vent pools are promising targets in search for fossil feathers.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"113 1","pages":"119 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43739440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-19DOI: 10.1017/S1755691022000056
D. Jolley, S. Passey, H. Vosgerau, E. V. Sørensen
ABSTRACT The Paleogene lava flows of the Faroe Islands Basalt Group are divided into three relatively thick formations. The oldest, the Beinisvørð Formation is separated from the second lava flow succession, the Malinstindur Formation, by two formations composed primarily of volcaniclastic rocks. The oldest of these, the Prestfjall Formation has been interpreted as a period of eruptive quiescence and linked to changes in mantle melting. It is characterised in the south by the occurrence of coals, while the overlying Hvannhagi Formation is a sequence of primary and remobilised volcaniclastic strata. Field, laboratory, palynology, and photogrammetry studies have been used to investigate variations in facies and architecture within these volcaniclastic formations. The data reveal significantly different depositional systems in the Prestfjall and Hvannhagi formations over the ~40 km from the island of Vágar in the north to the island of Suðuroy in the south. Facies distribution in both the Prestfjall and Hvannhagi formations was found to have been controlled by a complex interaction of regional paleoslope, pre-existing topography, the eruption and local collapse of low-angle shield volcanoes, and minor brittle deformation. Lithological data and photogrammetry have enabled the identification of a > 180 m thick succession of volcaniclastic conglomerates deposited by lahars reworking a low-angle shield sector collapse. Co-occurrence of facies characteristic of the Prestfjall, Hvannhagi and Malinstindur formations indicate that volcanic eruption continued at a lower tempo throughout the Prestfjall Formation interval. Identification of a Beinisvørð Formation low-angle volcano shield northwest of the Faroe Islands alters the previous eruption model for this extensive lava field.
{"title":"Volcanic landscape controls on pre-rift to syn-rift volcano sedimentary systems: the Prestfjall Formation eruptive hiatus, Faroe Islands Basalt Group, northeast Atlantic","authors":"D. Jolley, S. Passey, H. Vosgerau, E. V. Sørensen","doi":"10.1017/S1755691022000056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691022000056","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Paleogene lava flows of the Faroe Islands Basalt Group are divided into three relatively thick formations. The oldest, the Beinisvørð Formation is separated from the second lava flow succession, the Malinstindur Formation, by two formations composed primarily of volcaniclastic rocks. The oldest of these, the Prestfjall Formation has been interpreted as a period of eruptive quiescence and linked to changes in mantle melting. It is characterised in the south by the occurrence of coals, while the overlying Hvannhagi Formation is a sequence of primary and remobilised volcaniclastic strata. Field, laboratory, palynology, and photogrammetry studies have been used to investigate variations in facies and architecture within these volcaniclastic formations. The data reveal significantly different depositional systems in the Prestfjall and Hvannhagi formations over the ~40 km from the island of Vágar in the north to the island of Suðuroy in the south. Facies distribution in both the Prestfjall and Hvannhagi formations was found to have been controlled by a complex interaction of regional paleoslope, pre-existing topography, the eruption and local collapse of low-angle shield volcanoes, and minor brittle deformation. Lithological data and photogrammetry have enabled the identification of a > 180 m thick succession of volcaniclastic conglomerates deposited by lahars reworking a low-angle shield sector collapse. Co-occurrence of facies characteristic of the Prestfjall, Hvannhagi and Malinstindur formations indicate that volcanic eruption continued at a lower tempo throughout the Prestfjall Formation interval. Identification of a Beinisvørð Formation low-angle volcano shield northwest of the Faroe Islands alters the previous eruption model for this extensive lava field.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"113 1","pages":"75 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44843368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.1017/S1755691022000020
Nan Jia, Zixiang Wang, Lina Sun
ABSTRACT The inter-salt shale of the Qianjiang Formation in Jianghan Basin is a typical and important continental saline lake shale oil system in China. To achieve a better understanding of the formation of the inter-salt organic-rich shale, the mineral, major and trace elements and organic geochemical characteristics (total organic carbon (TOC) and biomarkers) of the Eq34-10 shale (high TOC) and the Eq40-5 shale (low TOC) were studied. The results suggest that (a) the organic matter in the inter-salt shale was predominantly derived from endogenous lower aquatic organisms, algae and bacteria; (b) there was a hot arid palaeoclimate and a low degree of chemical weathering conditions during the deposition of the inter-salt shale; (c) the inter-salt shale deposited in an extreme restriction hyper-saline lacustrine and reducing environment, and the salinity of the palaeolake decreases with the increase of the input of terrigenous clastic materials; and (d) the inter-salt shale deposited under an arid and semi-arid climate condition with an intermittent warm and humid climate. In summary, lake palaeoproductivity under the control of palaeoclimate change is the key and direct factor controlling the development of inter-salt organic-rich shale of Qianjiang Formation in Jianghan Basin.
{"title":"Geochemical characteristics of terrigenous saline lacustrine shale in the Qianjiang Depression, Jianghan Basin, China: implications for controls on the formation of the inter-salt organic-rich shale","authors":"Nan Jia, Zixiang Wang, Lina Sun","doi":"10.1017/S1755691022000020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691022000020","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The inter-salt shale of the Qianjiang Formation in Jianghan Basin is a typical and important continental saline lake shale oil system in China. To achieve a better understanding of the formation of the inter-salt organic-rich shale, the mineral, major and trace elements and organic geochemical characteristics (total organic carbon (TOC) and biomarkers) of the Eq34-10 shale (high TOC) and the Eq40-5 shale (low TOC) were studied. The results suggest that (a) the organic matter in the inter-salt shale was predominantly derived from endogenous lower aquatic organisms, algae and bacteria; (b) there was a hot arid palaeoclimate and a low degree of chemical weathering conditions during the deposition of the inter-salt shale; (c) the inter-salt shale deposited in an extreme restriction hyper-saline lacustrine and reducing environment, and the salinity of the palaeolake decreases with the increase of the input of terrigenous clastic materials; and (d) the inter-salt shale deposited under an arid and semi-arid climate condition with an intermittent warm and humid climate. In summary, lake palaeoproductivity under the control of palaeoclimate change is the key and direct factor controlling the development of inter-salt organic-rich shale of Qianjiang Formation in Jianghan Basin.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"113 1","pages":"99 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43739226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Visualization of the iridocorneal angle, which contains the aqueous humor circulatory system and controls intraocular pressure, is important for diagnosing and managing glaucoma; however, the presence of keratoconus, keratoglobus, or severe myopia may enable direct angle visualization without gonioscopy contact lenses or applying a coupling gel. We present the first report of a case in which the iridocorneal angle was viewed directly in an eye with keratoconus using the RetCam without applying gel to the cornea. This method overcame the inability to view the angle directly in a normal eye because of the total internal reflection.
{"title":"Case Report: Getting a Peek at the Angle of a Patient with Severe Keratoconus.","authors":"Rumi Kawashima, Kenji Matsushita, Kazuhiko Ohnuma, Naoyuki Maeda, Shizuka Koh, Kohji Nishida","doi":"10.3389/fopht.2022.843224","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fopht.2022.843224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visualization of the iridocorneal angle, which contains the aqueous humor circulatory system and controls intraocular pressure, is important for diagnosing and managing glaucoma; however, the presence of keratoconus, keratoglobus, or severe myopia may enable direct angle visualization without gonioscopy contact lenses or applying a coupling gel. We present the first report of a case in which the iridocorneal angle was viewed directly in an eye with keratoconus using the RetCam without applying gel to the cornea. This method overcame the inability to view the angle directly in a normal eye because of the total internal reflection.</p>","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"18 1","pages":"843224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11182185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78768699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501761812-013
Barometer, Diurnal Range of, in Fine and Cloudy Weather, 448. in Clear and Foggy Weather at Ben Nevis, 471. Influence of High Winds on, 490. Mean Hourly Values, 436. —— Reduction to Sea-level of Ben Nevis, 496, 506, 546. Barometers, Difference at Sea-level of Ben Nevis and Fort-William, 513. Temperature Correction of, 541. Ben Xevis in Clear and Foggy Weather, Meteorology of, 465. Black Bulb Readings, 519. Bossekop, 462. Braemar, Low Temperature at, 532. BUCHAN (ALEXANDER), 448, 490, 496. BUCHANAN (J. Y.), 465.
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501761812-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501761812-013","url":null,"abstract":"Barometer, Diurnal Range of, in Fine and Cloudy Weather, 448. in Clear and Foggy Weather at Ben Nevis, 471. Influence of High Winds on, 490. Mean Hourly Values, 436. —— Reduction to Sea-level of Ben Nevis, 496, 506, 546. Barometers, Difference at Sea-level of Ben Nevis and Fort-William, 513. Temperature Correction of, 541. Ben Xevis in Clear and Foggy Weather, Meteorology of, 465. Black Bulb Readings, 519. Bossekop, 462. Braemar, Low Temperature at, 532. BUCHAN (ALEXANDER), 448, 490, 496. BUCHANAN (J. Y.), 465.","PeriodicalId":55171,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","volume":"42 1","pages":"551 - 552"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44356713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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