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Ice sheet mass balance in Antarctica measured by GRACE and its uncertainty GRACE测量的南极洲冰盖物质平衡及其不确定性
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2015-03-01 DOI: 10.6038/CJG20150308
Chunchun Gao, Yang Lu, Zizhan Zhang, Hongling Shi, Chuandong Zhu
As a critical component of the cryosphere,the Antarctic Ice Sheet(AIS)has strongconnection with the sea level change and global climate change.Accurate quantification of the current spatial and temporal mass changes of AIS is very important to improve our understanding and prediction of its response and contribution to global change.The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)mission has provided new and useful observations to detect AIS mass balance since its launch in March 2002.There are significant differences among the GRACE estimates of the total mass change.The big difference is due in part to considerable uncertainty in the accuracy of glacial isostatic adjustment(GIA)signals,and also due to use of different time spans,different versions of GRACE products and different GRACE post-processing methods.Using 124 monthly GRACE gravity field solutions of Release 5(RL05)produced at the Center for Space Research(CSR)of the University of Texas,Austin,spanning the interval from January of 2003 through December of 2013,the mass balance of AIS is estimated by two postprocessing ways:the optimizing averaging kernel method(also named VW)and the combined filter method(the first step is called P5M11 decorrelation filter to remove correlated noise by fitting and subtracting a fifth-order polynomial to even and odd coefficient pairs at spherical harmonic orders eleven and above,the second involves smoothing with a 250 km Gaussian filter).A detailed error analysis is provided including consideration of leakage-in,leakage-out,and errors in modeling mass variations of the atmosphere,ocean and GIA.In addition,a statistical model selection criterion is employed in computation of trends from mass variation time series,and the impact of K1 tidal alias is analyzed.The results reveal that during 2003—2013,the total mass of the ice sheet decreased significantly at change rates of-163±50,-129±41and-81±27Gt/a for three GIA models:GW13,IJ05,W12 a.There was a distinct region with mass loss in the Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctic ice sheet and the Northern Antarctic Peninsula,while an increasing mass gain was concentrated in the Dronning Maud Land and the Enderby Land of East Antarctic ice sheet.Furthermore,we use hypotheses testing and information criteria evaluation to select the best trend model fitting together with sinusoidal functions of annual(365.0-d)and semi-annual(181.0-d)signals and the S2(161.0-d),K1(2725.4-d)and K2(1362.7-d)tidal aliases.We found that K1 tidal alias has a potential to falsify the acceleration estimates.Although it is not good enough to confirm the K1 tidal alias based on an eleven-year time-series,the impact of K1 tidal alias deserves further notice.By comparing the quantities of total mass balance computed by the two different processing methods and three different GIA models in the Antarctica,we find that the differences are less than 15Gt/a between two processing methods,but the largest difference is about 80 Gt/a between di
南极冰盖作为冰冻圈的重要组成部分,与海平面变化和全球气候变化有着密切的联系。准确量化当前AIS的时空质量变化,对于提高我们对AIS对全球变化的响应和贡献的认识和预测具有重要意义。重力恢复和气候实验(GRACE)任务自2002年3月发射以来,为探测AIS质量平衡提供了新的和有用的观测资料。GRACE对总质量变化的估计有显著差异。这种巨大的差异部分是由于冰川均衡调整(GIA)信号精度的相当大的不确定性,也由于使用不同的时间跨度、不同版本的GRACE产品和不同的GRACE后处理方法。利用2003年1月至2013年12月期间由美国德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校空间研究中心(CSR)制作的124个GRACE第5版(RL05)月度重力场解,通过优化平均核法(也称为VW)和组合滤波法(第一步称为P5M11去相关滤波,通过拟合和减去一个五阶多项式来去除相关噪声)两种后处理方法来估计AIS的质量平衡以及11次及以上球谐次的奇系数对,第二个涉及到用250公里高斯滤波器进行平滑)。提供了详细的误差分析,包括考虑漏入,漏出,以及在模拟大气,海洋和GIA质量变化时的误差。此外,采用统计模型选择准则计算质量变化时间序列的趋势,并分析K1潮汐混叠的影响。结果表明:2003-2013年,GW13、IJ05、W12 a 3种GIA模式的冰盖总质量以-163±50、-129±41和81±27Gt/a的变化率显著减少,南极西部冰原阿蒙森海岬和南极北部半岛存在明显的质量损失区域,而南极东部冰原Dronning Maud Land和Enderby Land的质量增加集中。此外,通过假设检验和信息准则评价,选择了与年(365.0-d)和半年(181.0-d)信号正弦函数以及S2(161.0-d)、K1(2725.4-d)和K2(1362.7-d)潮汐别名拟合的最佳趋势模型。我们发现K1潮汐别名有可能伪造加速度估计。虽然根据11年的时间序列来确定K1潮汐别名还不够好,但K1潮汐别名的影响值得进一步关注。对比两种不同处理方法和三种不同GIA模式计算的南极洲总质量平衡量,发现两种处理方法之间的差异均小于15Gt/a,但不同GIA模式之间的最大差异约为80 Gt/a。对GRACE估计AIS质量平衡的不确定度分析表明,最大的误差来源是GIA校正。结果表明,2003年1月至2013年12月,AIS对海平面上升的贡献约为+0.34±0.11mm/a。显著的质量损失增加仅限于西南极洲阿蒙森海沿岸包含松岛冰川的盆地。在分析时段内,总质量加速度为-8±10Gt/a2,相当于海平面上升+0.02±0.03mm/a2。分析结果表明,当使用相同误差修正的给定GRACE数据集时,总质量变化的差异并不高度依赖于采用哪种后处理策略,而是取决于不同的GIA模型。因此,一个更精确的GIA模型是确定GRACE在现在和未来南极冰质量变化的关键。
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引用次数: 11
澳大利亚悉尼 Long Reef Beach 中新世古土壤岩石磁学特征及环境意义 澳大利亚悉尼 Long Reef Beach 中新世古土壤岩石磁学特征及环境意义
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2015-03-01 DOI: 10.6038/CJG20150322
Tao Wang, Hu Guo, Xiuming Liu, Bin Lü, Xue-Gang Mao, Zi-Bo Zhou, Changhui Wen, Shun-Min Hou, Long-Jian Su
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引用次数: 0
Characteristics of Crustal Structure and Their Relation with Major Earthquakes in Western China 中国西部地壳结构特征及其与大地震的关系
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/CJG2.20157
Jiang Di-Di, Jiang Wei-wei, Xu Yi, Hao Tian-yao, Huang Weijian, Yu Jing-feng
Major and/or great earthquakes frequently occured in western China, where exist many striking seismotectonic zones such as Tian Shan, Altay, Pamir and Kunlun Mountains. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the gravity field in western China, inverts the depth of Moho interface by the Parker-Oldenburg method with gravity data and seismic profiles. Through comparison with the results of seismic tomography inversion, we analyze crustal structure of the study area. The results show that the study area is significantly heterogeneous in crustal structure, with main orogenic belts of high-speed while basins and major depressions of low speed. The orogenic belts in the study area are generally Moho depression areas while the basins are the Moho uplift areas. According to the calculation results and epicenter distribution of the study area, we discuss the correlation between crustal structure and major earthquakes. The earthquakes in this region are closely related to crustal heterogeneity, which mainly happen around the crustal velocity change belts and in the regions with great crustal velocity differences. Under the effect of tectonic stress, these crustal non-uniform areas are prone to major earthquakes, which is one of the tectonic reasons for high seismicity in orogenic belts and near the boundary between basins and mountains in western China.
中国西部地区大、大地震频繁发生,天山、阿勒泰、帕米尔高原、昆仑山等地震构造带较为突出。本文分析了中国西部重力场特征,利用重力资料和地震剖面,采用Parker-Oldenburg法反演了莫霍界面深度。通过与地震层析成像反演结果的对比,分析了研究区地壳结构。结果表明:研究区地壳结构非均质性明显,以高速造山带为主,以低速盆地和坳陷为主;研究区内造山带多为莫霍坳陷区,盆地多为莫霍隆起区。根据计算结果和研究区的震中分布,讨论了地壳结构与大地震的相关性。该地区的地震与地壳非均质性密切相关,主要发生在地壳速度变化带周围和地壳速度差较大的地区。在构造应力的作用下,这些地壳不均匀区域容易发生大地震,这是中国西部造山带和盆山交界地区地震活动频繁的构造原因之一。
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引用次数: 4
Basement Structure and Distribution of Mesozoic‐Paleozoic Marine Strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin 南黄海盆地中—古生代海相地层基底结构与分布
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/CJG2.20158
Zhang Xun-hua, Yang Jin-yu, L. Gang, Yan Yanqiu
The South Yellow Sea basin is a large superposed basin composed of a Paleozoic-Mesozoic marine sedimentary basin and Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrigenous sedimentary basin. This work studied the structure and stratigraphic distribution of the lower crystal basement and the upper folded basement of the two kinds of basins based on integrated geological and geophysical data. New seismic data interpretation combined with drilling data and geological correlation between land and sea are used to identify the marine Paleozoic-Mesozoic stratigraphic sequence. The depth of the top surface of the marine Paleozoic-Mesozoic strata is determined by seismic interpretation; undulation of the bottom surface is derived by magnetic inversion. The residual thickness of the Triassic Qinglong limestone and the upper Permian strata is also analyzed to understand the distribution and structure features of the marine Paleozoic-Mesozoic strata. The thickness and distribution of the marine sequence are mainly controlled by the undulation of the basement, and also influenced greatly by the Indosinian movement. The thickness of the marine Paleozoic-Mesozoic strata is comparatively stable in the central uplift. The lower Triassic Qinglong formation and the upper Permian Dalong and Longtan formations are widely distributed in the southern depression and the Wunansha uplift of the South Yellow Sea basin, while the distribution of this succession in the northern depression is very limited; in the central uplift, little is are left due to uplift and denudation. At present, the residual thickness of the lower Paleozoic remains unknown due to limited data available.
南黄海盆地是由古生代—中生代海相沉积盆地和中新生代陆源沉积盆地组成的大型叠合盆地。本文在综合地质和地球物理资料的基础上,研究了两类盆地的下结晶基底和上褶皱基底的构造和地层分布。利用新的地震资料解释,结合钻井资料和海陆地质对比,确定了海相古生代-中生代地层层序。海相古生代-中生代地层顶面深度由地震解释确定;底表面的波动是由磁反演得到的。分析了三叠系青龙灰岩和上二叠系地层的残余厚度,了解了海相古生界-中生界地层的分布和构造特征。海相层序的厚度和分布主要受基底起伏的控制,同时受印支运动的影响较大。海相古生代-中生代地层厚度在中央隆起相对稳定。下三叠统青龙组和上二叠统大龙组、龙潭组广泛分布于南黄海盆地南部坳陷和乌南沙隆起,而该序列在北部坳陷的分布非常有限;在中部隆升地区,由于隆升和剥蚀作用,几乎没有留下岩石。目前,由于资料有限,下古生界的残余厚度仍然未知。
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引用次数: 29
Experimental research on the effects of crack density based on synthetic sandstones contain controlled fractures 基于含控制裂缝的合成砂岩裂缝密度影响试验研究
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.6038/CJG20150425
P. Ding, B. Di, Jianxin Wei, Xiang-Yang Li
Fracture development and distribution in underground rocks have strong influence on rock properties, understanding the fracture system is critical to the oil and gas reservoir detection and production, groundwater resource, underground wastes storage, mining, seismology and CO2 capture and storage.Due to the complex fracture distribution and geometry in nature rocks, the lack of information about fracture parameters (fracture density, length and thickness) makes the nature rock cannot be used in laboratory experiments. Rock physics experiments require the controlled and known fracture parameters and orientation in rock samples, thus synthetic samples were used to represent fractured rocks in several previous studies. However, the fractures were represented by other week material, such as silica rubber imbedded in epoxy solid, to simulate the fractured rocks in previous studies. The materials used to construct the samples (Lucite, silica rubber, sand bonded by epoxy) were very different from nature rocks, the solid representing background matrix and the week material representing fractures have no porous and fracture space and saturated fluids. In this study, we use new construction method based on material science progress to build synthetic samples which have similar mineral component, porous structure, cementation as nature rocks. The synthetic rock containing controlled fracture geometry provides a different way to create fractured rocks to observe the seismic anisotropy influenced by fracture parameters and fluids. The synthetic rocks are tested under high pressure to observe the pressure sensitivity, and SEM is used to observe the porous structure and fractures distrubution. We build a set of synthetic rocks to observe the effect of fractures upon seismic wave velocity and anisotropy. The samples are measured with 0.5 MHz transducers. P and S wave velocity in different propagation directions of these four samples are measured when saturated by air and water.The experimental results can help in investigating the relationship between fracture density and P and S wave anisotropy in fractured reservoirs. The measurement results show that the P wave velocity and anisotropy is significantly influenced by saturating fluid. Shear wave velocity, shear wave splitting and shear wave anisotropy are less sensitive to saturating fluid but significantly affected by fracture density. P wave velocities in perpendicular direction show significant influences of fracture, the velocity decreases as the fracture density increases. Shear wave velocity in perpendicular direction decreases with the increasing fracture density, the difference between fast shear wave and slow shear wave velocity is smaller in this direction. However the slow shear wave velocity is more sensitive to fracture density than fast shear wave velocity in parallel direction, thus the difference of fast and slow shear wave velocity in parallel direction increases as the fracture density increa
裂缝在地下岩石中的发育和分布对岩石的性质有很大的影响,了解裂缝系统对油气储层的探测和开采、地下水资源、地下废弃物的储存、采矿、地震学和二氧化碳的捕集与封存都至关重要。由于天然岩石中的裂缝分布和几何形状复杂,缺乏有关裂缝参数(裂缝密度、长度和厚度)的信息,使得天然岩石无法用于实验室实验。岩石物理实验需要岩石样品中已知可控的裂缝参数和方向,因此在之前的一些研究中使用合成样品来表示裂缝岩石。然而,在以往的研究中,裂缝是用其他材料来表示的,如嵌套在环氧固体中的硅橡胶来模拟裂缝岩石。构建样品的材料(Lucite、硅橡胶、环氧胶结砂)与天然岩石有很大不同,代表背景基质的固体和代表裂缝的周材料没有孔隙和裂缝空间,流体饱和。在本研究中,我们采用基于材料科学进展的新型构建方法,构建了与天然岩石具有相似矿物成分、多孔结构、胶结性的合成样品。控制裂缝几何形状的合成岩石提供了一种不同的方法来创建裂缝岩石,以观察受裂缝参数和流体影响的地震各向异性。对合成岩石进行高压测试,观察其压力敏感性,并利用扫描电镜观察其孔隙结构和裂缝分布。为了观察裂缝对地震波速度和各向异性的影响,我们建立了一套合成岩石。样品用0.5 MHz换能器测量。在空气和水的饱和条件下,测量了这四个样品在不同传播方向上的P波和S波速度。实验结果有助于研究裂缝性储层裂缝密度与纵横波各向异性的关系。测量结果表明,饱和流体对纵波速度和各向异性有显著影响。剪切波速、剪切波分裂和剪切波各向异性对饱和流体不太敏感,但受裂缝密度的影响较大。垂直方向纵波速度受裂缝影响显著,随裂缝密度的增大而减小。垂直方向上的横波速度随裂缝密度的增大而减小,该方向上的快、慢横波速度差较小。而在平行方向上,慢横波速度比快横波速度对裂缝密度更敏感,因此平行方向上的快慢横波速度差随着裂缝密度的增大而增大。纵波速度对饱和流体更为敏感,因为水饱和时的速度高于空气饱和时的速度。在空气饱和条件下,纵波各向异性要大得多,在水饱和条件下,纵波各向异性减小。横波速度和各向异性对流体饱和度的敏感性较低,而对裂缝密度的敏感性较高,横波各向异性随裂缝密度的增加而显著增大。新的施工工艺可以为岩石物理实验提供更真实的岩石,裂缝参数可以控制。测量结果表明,纵波速度和各向异性对流体饱和度非常敏感,当岩石被高模量流体饱和时,纵波各向异性减小。剪切波速对流体不敏感,但受裂缝密度的影响较大。
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引用次数: 2
The Distribution Characters of the Stratospheric Brewer‐Dobson Circulation Inferred from Era‐Interim 从过渡时代推断的平流层Brewer - Dobson环流的分布特征
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/CJG2.20152
Wang Wei-guo, Yang Fang-yuan, Wang Hao-yue, Y. Tao, Y. Ke, LI Shu-kun, Fan Wen-Xuan
The spatial-temporal distribution characters of trace gases in the stratosphere and troposphere are affected by the Brewer-Dobson (BD) circulation. Understanding the distribution characters of the BD circulation is very important for further studying the influence of stratosphere and troposphere exchange and forecasting the global climate change. The BD circulation is described as the Lagrangian-mean circulation, which is difficult to diagnose directly from meteorological observations. The methods of the transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) equations and integrating residual meridional velocity in the vertical were used to analyze the spatial-temporal distribution characters of the BD circulation based on the ERA-Interim reanalysis data at 12:00 UTC for 1979–2011. We further compared the distribution characters of BD circulation with the result calculated by the method of DC (Downward Control) principle and studied the relationship between the stratospheric zonal mean temperature and BD circulation. The BD circulation was calculated using ERA-Interim reanalysis data for 1979–2011 by integrating residual meridional velocity in the vertical direction. The results show that the ascending centers of BD circulation varied with seasons. It ascended at 30°S in the stratosphere from December to February (DJF), while from June to August (JJA) it ascended between 25°N and 30°N. The circulation pattern in the winter hemisphere was stronger than the summer hemisphere. In March to May (MAM) and September to November (SON), the ascending centers were between equator to 5°N, and circulation were relatively symmetric between the two hemispheres. The maximum mass flux in the tropical and extratropical northern hemisphere appeared during DJF, and the minimum appeared during JJA. The mass flux in the extratropical southern hemisphere was just the opposite. Mass flux across the 100 hPa and 50 hPa pressure surface in the tropical and extratropical areas tended to decrease, and also varied obviously with the changing of season. The long-term trend of stratospheric zonal mean temperature was consistent with the long-term weakening trend of BD circulation, which indicates that the global BD circulation has been weakened. Meanwhile, the zonal mean temperature at different altitudes and latitudes varied with seasons. From the perspective of the global mass transportation, the stratospheric BD circulation has been weakened in the past 33 years, especially in the middle and lower stratosphere, which was consistent with the long-term trend of temperature. This weakened trend was consistent with the observations of stratospheric air and other model results. But the method of DC principle, GCMs model and other studies show that the stratospheric BD circulation has been enhanced in the past years. Using different methods and data would make the trend estimation of BD circulation unreliable. Therefore, further research is required to improve this estimation.
平流层和对流层中微量气体的时空分布特征受布鲁尔-多布森环流的影响。了解BD环流的分布特征对进一步研究平流层和对流层交换的影响以及预测全球气候变化具有重要意义。BD环流被描述为拉格朗日平均环流,它很难直接从气象观测中诊断出来。利用1979-2011年12时(UTC)的ERA-Interim再分析资料,利用变换欧拉平均(TEM)方程和垂直方向上的剩余经向速度积分方法,分析了BD环流的时空分布特征。进一步将双相环流的分布特征与DC(向下控制)原理计算的结果进行了比较,研究了平流层纬向平均温度与双相环流的关系。利用1979-2011年的ERA-Interim再分析数据,对垂向剩余经向速度进行积分,计算出BD环流。结果表明,BD环流上升中心随季节变化。12月- 2月(DJF)在平流层30°S方向上升,6月- 8月(JJA)在25°N - 30°N之间上升。冬季环流型强于夏季环流型。3 ~ 5月(MAM)和9 ~ 11月(SON)上升中心位于赤道~ 5°N之间,两半球环流相对对称。北半球热带和温带质量通量最大出现在DJF期间,最小出现在JJA期间。南半球温带地区的质量通量正好相反。热带和温带地区100 hPa和50 hPa气压面的质量通量呈减少趋势,且随季节变化明显。平流层纬向平均温度的长期趋势与BD环流的长期减弱趋势一致,表明全球BD环流已经减弱。同时,不同海拔和纬度的纬向平均气温随季节而变化。从全球物质运输的角度看,近33年来平流层BD环流减弱,特别是在平流层中下层,这与气温的长期趋势一致。这种减弱的趋势与平流层空气的观测结果和其他模式的结果一致。但DC原理方法、GCMs模式等研究表明,平流层BD环流在过去几年有所增强。使用不同的方法和数据会使BD循环的趋势估计不可靠。因此,需要进一步的研究来改进这种估计。
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引用次数: 7
A Multi‐Scale Scratch Analysis Method for Quantitative Interpretation of Regional Gravity Fields 区域重力场定量解释的多尺度划痕分析方法
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/CJG2.20154
Yang Wen-cai, Sun Yan-yun, Hou Zunze, Yuan Chang-qing
This paper presents new systematic methods of regional gravity data processing that combine theories based on multi-scale wavelet analysis, spectral analysis of potential fields, geophysical inversion, and information extraction. We call this data processing system as the multi-scale scratch analysis for delineation of crustal structures, deformation belts and division of continental tectonic units. The multi-scale scratch analysis contains four modules; they are spectral analysis for division of density layers, decomposition of the field by using wavelet transformation and multi-scale analysis, depth estimation and density inversion of decomposed gravity anomalies, and scratch analysis. The basic principles, application techniques and examples for each module are explained. As a complicated and sophisticated process, the multi-discipline research on regional geophysics from geophysical investigation to tectonic results requires combination of new methods and techniques coming from different disciplines, to build a wide and thick theoretic base for supporting the multi-discipline research. The multi-scale scratch analysis combines supporting bases coming from applied mathematics, geophysics, and information science respectively.
结合多尺度小波分析、位场谱分析、地球物理反演和信息提取等理论,提出了系统的区域重力数据处理新方法。我们将这种数据处理系统称为地壳构造圈定、变形带划分和大陆构造单元划分的多尺度划痕分析。多尺度划痕分析包含四个模块;分别是密度层划分的谱分析、小波变换与多尺度分析相结合的场分解、分解后的重力异常深度估计与密度反演、划痕分析。介绍了各个模块的基本原理、应用技术和示例。区域地球物理从地球物理调查到构造结果的多学科研究是一个复杂而复杂的过程,需要结合不同学科的新方法和新技术,为多学科研究奠定广泛而深厚的理论基础。多尺度划痕分析结合了应用数学、地球物理和信息科学的支撑基础。
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引用次数: 8
Terrain Evolution of China Seas and Land Since the Indo‐China Movement and Characteristics of the Stepped Landform 印支运动以来中国海陆地形演化及阶梯式地貌特征
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/CJG2.20155
Zhang Xun-hua, Wang Zhong-lei, Hou Fang-hui, Yang Jin-yu, Guo Xing-Wei
Terrain is the situation of the ground rising and falling, which is controlled by both the endogenetic and exogenic forces of the earth. The terrain reflects the internal structure, construction, and evolution of the curst. Free-air gravity anomalies are related to topography and geomorphology. It is considered that the curst that under mountains is thicker than that under plains by the equalization principle. There is a mirror image relationship between crust thickness and terrain relief. The map series of geology and geophysics of China seas and land include figures of tectonic framework and evolution of tectonic framework. The temporal evolution of the main blocks is studied in both of the maps, which elaborate the evolution of China's terrain as a “Seesaw”. This paper analyzes the geomorphological features by the free-air gravity anomaly map and Moho depth distribution map. In accordance with the principle of tectonic landform classification, the general characteristics of China seas and land is viewed as a whole which shows five terrain steps from west to east on the basis of three geomorphological ladders of Chinese land.
地形是地面上升和下降的情况,是由地球的内生力和外生力共同控制的。地形反映了地壳的内部构造、构造和演化。自由空气重力异常与地形地貌有关。根据均衡原理,认为山地下的积雪比平原下的积雪厚。地壳厚度与地形起伏呈镜像关系。中国海陆地质地球物理图系列包括构造格架和构造格架演化图。这两幅地图都研究了主要地块的时间演变,将中国地形的演变描述为“跷跷板”。利用自由空气重力异常图和莫霍深度分布图分析了该地区的地貌特征。按照构造地貌分类的原则,将中国海陆的总体特征看作一个整体,在中国陆地地貌三级阶梯的基础上,从西向东划分为五个地形阶梯。
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引用次数: 9
Borehole acoustic fields in porous formation with tilted thin fracture 倾斜薄裂缝多孔地层的井眼声场
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.6038/CJG20150128
Yang Shouguo, Xie Fu-li, Gong Dan, Zhang Cheng-guang, Zhang Bixing
As the improvement of global oil and gas exploration,the fractural reservoir becomes one of the most important objects.The fractures complicatedly influence the array waveforms of logging because of the diversity distribution of fracture zone,which causes the recognition and evaluation become one of the most difficult problems in acoustic logging.In this paper,we research the acoustic field of the borehole surrounded by aporous formation with tilt fractures by numerical simulation,and also investigate the characteristics of borehole fields in the formations with different fracture parameters.We numerically simulate the acoustic fields excited by a point source in the borehole surrounded by aporous formation with tilt fractures using the 3-D staggered grid stress-velocity finite difference method.We design a non-uniform grid finite difference method in order to satisfy the computation of thin fractures,the precision and speed of calculation are improved significantly.We process the fluid inside fractures through setting the parameters of constitutive functions as fluid limitation,which uniforms the difference equations on the fluid-porous media boundary and makes the computation more flexible.We investigate and compare many parameters influencing on the array waveforms,such as fracture width,fracture zone width,tilt angle and permeability.By the computations and analysis of borehole acoustic fields in different conditions,we can get conclusions as follows:1.The fractures barely influence body waves because the fracture width is much less than the acoustic wavelength,but the reflected shear wave and reflected Stoneley wave still could exist when Stoneley wave goes through the fracture.2.When the fractures are horizontal,only reflected Stoneley wave can be observed if the source is low frequency(2.5kHz),while the reflected shear wave and reflected Stoneley wave both exist if the source is high frequency(5kHz and above).The amplitude of reflected Stoneley wave decreases when the width of fracture reduces,though the amplitude of reflected shear wave is unchanged.The reflected shear wave still exists when the fracture width reduces to 20 m.3.The density and width of fracture zone significantly influence the amplitude of reflected waves.When the density is small,the reflected waves are weak due to the low density causes the small fractures′interaction;as the density increasing,the reflected waves get stronger.4.When the fracture cross the borehole and tilt,the reflected shear wave disappears,however the reflected Stoneley wave still exists,this is good for testing tilt fractures.5.The attenuation of Stoneley waves increases along with the permeability increases.This causes the amplitude of inflected Stoneley waves on the fracture boundary decreases,so the reflected Stoneley wave could not be observed when the fractures are long away from source.In this paper,3-D non-uniform grid finite difference method is used to numerically simulate the acoustic field
随着全球油气勘探水平的提高,裂缝性储层成为勘探的重要对象之一。由于裂缝带分布的多样性,裂缝对测井阵列波形产生了复杂的影响,使得裂缝带的识别和评价成为声波测井的难点之一。本文采用数值模拟的方法研究了含倾斜裂缝的多孔地层包围下的井眼声场,并研究了不同裂缝参数地层的井眼场特征。采用三维交错网格应力-速度有限差分法,对倾斜裂缝含孔隙地层包围井中点源激发的声场进行了数值模拟。为了满足薄裂缝的计算,设计了一种非均匀网格有限差分法,大大提高了计算精度和速度。通过将本构函数参数设置为流体限制来处理裂缝内流体,统一了流-孔介质边界上的差分方程,使计算更加灵活。研究并比较了裂缝宽度、裂缝带宽度、倾角和渗透率等参数对阵列波形的影响。通过对不同条件下钻孔声场的计算和分析,得出以下结论:1.钻孔声场的分布;由于裂缝宽度远小于声波波长,裂缝对体波影响不大,但当斯通利波穿过裂缝时,反射横波和反射斯通利波仍然存在。当裂缝处于水平状态时,低频(2.5kHz)震源只观察到反射斯通利波,高频(5kHz及以上)震源同时存在反射横波和反射斯通利波。反射斯通利波的振幅随裂缝宽度的减小而减小,而反射横波的振幅不变。当裂缝宽度减小到20 m3时,反射横波仍然存在。裂缝带的密度和宽度对反射波的振幅有显著影响。当密度较小时,由于低密度导致小裂缝相互作用,反射波较弱;随着密度的增加,反射波变强。当裂缝穿过井眼并倾斜时,反射横波消失,而反射斯通利波仍然存在,这有利于倾斜裂缝的测试。斯通利波的衰减随渗透率的增大而增大。这导致裂缝边界处的弯曲斯通利波振幅减小,因此当裂缝距离震源较远时,无法观测到反射斯通利波。本文采用三维非均匀网格有限差分法,对含裂缝和裂缝带的多孔地层包围井眼的声场进行了数值模拟。通过计算和分析得出如下结论:裂缝上的斯通利波的弯曲导致反射横波和反射斯通利波的存在。反射斯通利波的振幅随裂缝宽度的减小而减小,而反射横波对裂缝宽度的变化不敏感,这有利于探测单薄水平裂缝的存在。反射斯通利波的振幅随裂缝带密度和宽度的增大而增大,当裂缝(裂缝带)倾斜时,反射横波消失,但反射斯通利波对裂缝角度的变化不敏感,这有利于探测倾斜裂缝带的存在。
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引用次数: 3
Rupture process of 12 February 2014, Yutian M(w)6. 9 earthquake and stress change on nearby faults 2014年2月12日玉田M(w)6断裂过程。地震和附近断层的应力变化
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.6038/CJG20150116
Y. Zhou, Wm Wang, L. Xiong, Jk He
On February 12 2014,an Ms7.3earthquake hit Yutian,Xinjiang,the epicenter is at the intersection of Karakax fault and Gonggacuo fault.Earthquake triggering theory indicates that Coulomb stress on nearby faults will change because of crustal coseismic slip after earthquake,and it will affect earthquake potential risk.In this paper,we estimate focal mechanism and rupture process with far field seismic wave data,and calculate coseismic stress change on nearby faults around epicenter.The purpose is to discuss Coulomb stress change and seismic potential hazard on these faults caused by Yutian earthquake.After the earthquake,we download seismic far field wave data of which epicenter is between 30°to 90°from IRIS.We select27 high SNR(signal to noise ratio)seismic record to make theoretical seismogram.We use generalized ray theory to get synthetic seismic wave map,and sub fault parameter inverse process is based on simulated annealing algorithms.In the way of changing fault parameter to fit actual and synthetic wave form,optimum solution of every sub fault is found.Based on fault rupture inversion model and infinite elastic half space theory,we calculate Coulomb stress change on nearby faults caused by the earthquake.The inversion results show that source depth of earthquake is 10 km,dip angle is 71.9°,largest coseismic displacement is 210 cm.Seismic moment is 2.91×1019 N·m,the main seismic energy is released in former 10 second.Aftershocks are mainly distributed in three regions:north Pulu fault,east Karakax fault and centre Gonggacuo fault.Stress increased significantly on western segment of Altyn fault,central part of Pulu fault,eastern segment of Karakax fault and central segment of Gonggacuo fault.Among them the largest stress change is 0.05 MPa on Karakax fault and 0.04 MPa on Gonggacuo fault.Former research shows that,Coulomb stress change caused by earthquake larger than 0.01 MPa will dramatically increase seismic risk on faults.In our research,stress change on Pulu fault,Gonggacuo fault and Karakax fault exceed triggering threshold,so all these three faults have seismic risk.In the near future seismic potential hazard on these faults should be closely monitored.In the past 6years,3 moderately strong earthquakes happen in the study area,epicenters migrate from Gonggacuo fault to Altyn fault,from southwest to northeast.Though stress change on Altyn fault is much lower,in consideration of 9mm·a-1 slip rate,seismic risk on Altyn fault should cause enough attention.
2014年2月12日,新疆玉田发生7.3级地震,震中位于卡拉克斯断裂带和贡嘎错断裂带交汇处。地震触发理论认为,地震发生后,地壳同震滑动会使附近断层的库仑应力发生变化,从而影响地震的潜在危险性。本文利用远场地震波资料估计震源机制和破裂过程,并计算震中附近断层的同震应力变化。目的是探讨玉田地震引起的断层库仑应力变化及其地震潜在危险性。地震发生后,我们从IRIS下载震中在30°~ 90°之间的地震远场波数据。选取27条高信噪比的地震记录制作理论地震记录。采用广义射线理论得到合成地震波图,并采用模拟退火算法反演子断层参数。通过改变故障参数以适应实际波形和合成波形,找到各子故障的最优解。基于断层破裂反演模型和无限弹性半空间理论,计算了地震引起的断层附近库仑应力变化。反演结果表明,震源深度为10 km,地震倾角为71.9°,最大同震位移为210 cm。地震矩为2.91×1019 N·m,主要地震能量在前10秒释放。余震主要分布在普鲁断裂北部、卡拉克斯断裂东部和贡嘎措断裂中部三个区域。阿尔金断裂西段、普鲁断裂中段、卡拉克斯断裂东段、贡伽措断裂中段应力明显增大。其中,Karakax断裂应力变化最大,为0.05 MPa,贡嘎措断裂应力变化最大,为0.04 MPa。已有研究表明,大于0.01 MPa的地震引起的库仑应力变化会显著增加断层的地震危险性。在我们的研究中,Pulu断裂、Gonggacuo断裂和Karakax断裂的应力变化都超过了触发阈值,因此这三条断裂都具有地震风险。在不久的将来,应密切监测这些断层的潜在地震危险。近6年来,研究区共发生3次中强地震,震源由贡嘎措断裂向阿尔金断裂迁移,由西南向东北迁移。虽然Altyn断层的应力变化较小,但考虑到9mm·a-1的滑移率,Altyn断层的地震危险性应引起足够的重视。
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引用次数: 4
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地球物理学报
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