Accumulation and depletion including withdrawal period for oxytetracycline (OTC) and oxolinic acid (OXA) in pompano (Trachinotus blochii) were determined following oral administration. Pompano were cultured in 250-L fiberglass tanks in a flow-through system provided with aeration. Observed average temperature was 30oC; salinity was 30 ppt. Fish were starved for 2 days then fed with OTC medicated diet (75mg/kg fish/day) or OXA medicated diet (30 mg/kg fish/day) 3 times a day for 10 successive days at 2% body weight and thereafter switched to regular diet for 45 days. Muscle and blood samples were taken at regular intervals during and after cessation of medication. OTC residues in the muscle and blood were analysed using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Peak OTC accumulation was observed at day 10 of treatment. Higher OTC accumulation was observed in the muscle (0.88+0.27 µg/g) than in the blood (0.3+0.09 µg/ml). OXA accumulation peaked on day 5 of treatment; higher OXA accumulation was observed in the muscle (0.11+0.06 µg/g) compared to blood (0.005+0.0001 ug/ml). Withdrawal period at 30oC for OTC in pompano muscle was 19 days (570 degree-days) and 17 days (510 degree-days) in the blood. For OXA, the withdrawal period in pompano muscle and blood at 30oC temperature was 3 days (90 degree-days).
{"title":"Accumulation and depletion of oxytetracycline (OTC) and oxolinic acid (OXA) in Pompano, Trachinotus blochii","authors":"E. A. Tendencia","doi":"10.48045/001c.37646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.37646","url":null,"abstract":"Accumulation and depletion including withdrawal period for oxytetracycline (OTC) and oxolinic acid (OXA) in pompano (Trachinotus blochii) were determined following oral administration. Pompano were cultured in 250-L fiberglass tanks in a flow-through system provided with aeration. Observed average temperature was 30oC; salinity was 30 ppt. Fish were starved for 2 days then fed with OTC medicated diet (75mg/kg fish/day) or OXA medicated diet (30 mg/kg fish/day) 3 times a day for 10 successive days at 2% body weight and thereafter switched to regular diet for 45 days. Muscle and blood samples were taken at regular intervals during and after cessation of medication. OTC residues in the muscle and blood were analysed using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Peak OTC accumulation was observed at day 10 of treatment. Higher OTC accumulation was observed in the muscle (0.88+0.27 µg/g) than in the blood (0.3+0.09 µg/ml). OXA accumulation peaked on day 5 of treatment; higher OXA accumulation was observed in the muscle (0.11+0.06 µg/g) compared to blood (0.005+0.0001 ug/ml). Withdrawal period at 30oC for OTC in pompano muscle was 19 days (570 degree-days) and 17 days (510 degree-days) in the blood. For OXA, the withdrawal period in pompano muscle and blood at 30oC temperature was 3 days (90 degree-days).","PeriodicalId":55306,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41642872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Mandrioli, E. Soto, Z. Yazdi, E. Volpe, F. Errani, S. Ciulli, A. Camus
Sturgeon aquaculture is an emerging worldwide industry both for human consumption as well as for conservation. Several transmissible diseases limit this industry including mycosis by dematiaceous fungi such as Veronaea botryosa. This study reports the first diagnosis of phaeohyphomycosis in a beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) in Italy.
{"title":"Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in a beluga sturgeon (Huso huso)","authors":"L. Mandrioli, E. Soto, Z. Yazdi, E. Volpe, F. Errani, S. Ciulli, A. Camus","doi":"10.48045/001c.37808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.37808","url":null,"abstract":"Sturgeon aquaculture is an emerging worldwide industry both for human consumption as well as for conservation. Several transmissible diseases limit this industry including mycosis by dematiaceous fungi such as Veronaea botryosa. This study reports the first diagnosis of phaeohyphomycosis in a beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) in Italy.","PeriodicalId":55306,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43540993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Türe, A. Cebeci̇, E. Aygür, F. Balci, N. Çaliskan, E.K. Polat
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a growing issue in aquaculture, and phage therapy offers an alternative approach to the use of antibiotics. Phages for phage therapy can be isolated, identified and enumerated using a Double-Layer Agar (DLA) technique. While some phages form large and well-defined plaques that can be enumerated when plated with the DLA technique, some produce small and turbid plaques that are difficult to detect and count. A phage, Aeromonas phages-T65, was isolated from Aeromonas hydrophila, which formed small and turbid plaques making it hard to count. The use of antibiotics and chemicals have been suggested as a way to increase plaque size for easy detection and enumeration of phage plaques. To increase the plaque size of Aeromonas phages-T65, antibiotics and glycerol were added to the culture media, and tested at different concentrations. Application of penicillin-streptomycin and/or glycerol showed an increase in plaque size and the biggest improvement in plaque size were observed using either 40 U/μl penicillin-streptomycin or a 5 % glycerol in the top agar layer of the DLA technique. These findings suggest that such modifications could be implemented into the standard DLA overlay method to investigate new Aeromonas phages for the development of phage therapy against Aeromonas spp. in aquaculture.
{"title":"Effect of Antibiotics and Glycerol on Improving Bacteriophage Detection and Enumeration","authors":"M. Türe, A. Cebeci̇, E. Aygür, F. Balci, N. Çaliskan, E.K. Polat","doi":"10.48045/001c.37068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.37068","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a growing issue in aquaculture, and phage therapy offers an alternative approach to the use of antibiotics. Phages for phage therapy can be isolated, identified and enumerated using a Double-Layer Agar (DLA) technique. While some phages form large and well-defined plaques that can be enumerated when plated with the DLA technique, some produce small and turbid plaques that are difficult to detect and count. A phage, Aeromonas phages-T65, was isolated from Aeromonas hydrophila, which formed small and turbid plaques making it hard to count. The use of antibiotics and chemicals have been suggested as a way to increase plaque size for easy detection and enumeration of phage plaques. To increase the plaque size of Aeromonas phages-T65, antibiotics and glycerol were added to the culture media, and tested at different concentrations. Application of penicillin-streptomycin and/or glycerol showed an increase in plaque size and the biggest improvement in plaque size were observed using either 40 U/μl penicillin-streptomycin or a 5 % glycerol in the top agar layer of the DLA technique. These findings suggest that such modifications could be implemented into the standard DLA overlay method to investigate new Aeromonas phages for the development of phage therapy against Aeromonas spp. in aquaculture.","PeriodicalId":55306,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42484209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Neuhaus, R. Pund, M. Runge, D. W. Kleingeld, E. Nardy, U. Fischer
This work describes the first detection of WSSV genomic DNA in decapods introduced into Germany via food for human consumption. A batch of cooked, frozen, packed and labelled red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) was imported into an EU member state and subsequently moved to Germany. Some individual crayfish of this batch sampled as a labelled consumer package during an official routine food control showed signs of White spot disease at food inspection. To confirm the presence or absence of White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) DNA, PCR analysis was performed. All samples of affected red swamp crayfish tested positive for WSSV DNA. The food batch was immediately blocked by the competent veterinary authority and destroyed. Although the introduction of infectious WSSV into the EU could be ruled out this case indicates the risk of global trading and the importance of appropriate border controls in order to prevent the introduction of listed or emerging aquatic animal diseases via consignments of products of aquatic animal origin.
{"title":"First report of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) DNA in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in Germany","authors":"H. Neuhaus, R. Pund, M. Runge, D. W. Kleingeld, E. Nardy, U. Fischer","doi":"10.48045/001c.37059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.37059","url":null,"abstract":"This work describes the first detection of WSSV genomic DNA in decapods introduced into Germany via food for human consumption. A batch of cooked, frozen, packed and labelled red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) was imported into an EU member state and subsequently moved to Germany. Some individual crayfish of this batch sampled as a labelled consumer package during an official routine food control showed signs of White spot disease at food inspection. To confirm the presence or absence of White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) DNA, PCR analysis was performed. All samples of affected red swamp crayfish tested positive for WSSV DNA. The food batch was immediately blocked by the competent veterinary authority and destroyed. Although the introduction of infectious WSSV into the EU could be ruled out this case indicates the risk of global trading and the importance of appropriate border controls in order to prevent the introduction of listed or emerging aquatic animal diseases via consignments of products of aquatic animal origin.","PeriodicalId":55306,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45912165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Gomes, T. Bento, L. Oliveira, H. Silva, C. Chaves
The finding of a leucistic specimen of Helicolenus dactylopterus on the demersal waters of Portuguese Atlantic coast is reported. The H. dactylopterus morphological, meristic and morphometric characters described here matched with previous descriptions of the species, and a similarity of 98% within the genus was observed with regards to sequence alignment to the gene cytochrome c oxidase. However, a more specific gene may need to be applied to achieve specific genetic identification to the species level. Leucism does not seem to affect the condition of the fish as these factors were within normal ranges.
{"title":"First record of leucism in the Blackbelly rosefish Helicolenus dactylopterus (Actinopterygii: Scorpaeniformes: Sebastidae), with notes on the lack of intragenic genetic divergence on the gene cytochrome c oxidase I (5’-COI) for the genus Helicolenus","authors":"P. Gomes, T. Bento, L. Oliveira, H. Silva, C. Chaves","doi":"10.48045/001c.37065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.37065","url":null,"abstract":"The finding of a leucistic specimen of Helicolenus dactylopterus on the demersal waters of Portuguese Atlantic coast is reported. The H. dactylopterus morphological, meristic and morphometric characters described here matched with previous descriptions of the species, and a similarity of 98% within the genus was observed with regards to sequence alignment to the gene cytochrome c oxidase. However, a more specific gene may need to be applied to achieve specific genetic identification to the species level. Leucism does not seem to affect the condition of the fish as these factors were within normal ranges.","PeriodicalId":55306,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45337790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Romano, M. Klosterhoff, A. de Medeiros, S. Oliveira, V. F. Pedrosa
In non-infectious diseases in fish, neoplasms are of great interest to pathologists because of their similarity to those found in other vertebrates, some of which are generated by similar carcinogens, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), induced by chlorinated compounds, algae toxins, and mycotoxins. We have studied 100 specimens of Odontesthes bonaerensis coming from a highly eutrophic lake, San Roque Lake, in Argentina. Hepatomegaly was macroscopically observed in 24 specimens, with external irregular nodular lesions, necrotic, and hemorrhagic areas. The neoplasms were classified according to the WHO for human HCC, in which 20 neoplasms presented a histopathological pattern of the conventional HCC type. Among the neoplasms, four presented a histopathological pattern of sarcomatoid HCC. In the immunohistochemistry, both Hep Par 1, CD34, CD133, and S100 antibodies were positive in all types of HCC and the transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed an ultrastructure similar to that described in the literature for mammalian and human HCC. The etiology of these HCC could not be confirmed, but taking into account the chronic presence of cyanobacteria with frequent algal blooms, we suggest that they are responsible for these neoplasms, especially considering the hepatic carcinogenic activity of algae peptides such as microcystin.
{"title":"Occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in wild pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis (Teleostei, Atherinidae)","authors":"L. Romano, M. Klosterhoff, A. de Medeiros, S. Oliveira, V. F. Pedrosa","doi":"10.48045/001c.36981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.36981","url":null,"abstract":"In non-infectious diseases in fish, neoplasms are of great interest to pathologists because of their similarity to those found in other vertebrates, some of which are generated by similar carcinogens, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), induced by chlorinated compounds, algae toxins, and mycotoxins. We have studied 100 specimens of Odontesthes bonaerensis coming from a highly eutrophic lake, San Roque Lake, in Argentina. Hepatomegaly was macroscopically observed in 24 specimens, with external irregular nodular lesions, necrotic, and hemorrhagic areas. The neoplasms were classified according to the WHO for human HCC, in which 20 neoplasms presented a histopathological pattern of the conventional HCC type. Among the neoplasms, four presented a histopathological pattern of sarcomatoid HCC. In the immunohistochemistry, both Hep Par 1, CD34, CD133, and S100 antibodies were positive in all types of HCC and the transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed an ultrastructure similar to that described in the literature for mammalian and human HCC. The etiology of these HCC could not be confirmed, but taking into account the chronic presence of cyanobacteria with frequent algal blooms, we suggest that they are responsible for these neoplasms, especially considering the hepatic carcinogenic activity of algae peptides such as microcystin.","PeriodicalId":55306,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44493745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Scarfe, F. Padrós, D. Iatridou, A. Bravo, D. Palić, A. Fabris
Aquatic animals need veterinary care as any other animal species but sometimes this care is inadequately managed. The role of veterinarians in conventional farmed animal health prevention and control are undoubtedly some of the activities most commonly recognised to the veterinary profession. Although poultry, swine, beef, and other terrestrial animals have been historically considered as the main source for animal protein production, it is very important to highlight that nowadays, fisheries and aquaculture represent a substantial sources of animal protein for human consumption. Global fisheries have reached a non-sustainable breakpoint and, in this scenario, aquaculture emerges as the sustainable alternative for animal protein production for the future. Animal health and welfare, and particularly the control of impact of the diseases in finfish, crustacean and mollusc farming still represents a very important challenge for aquatic animal veterinarians. The ornamental fish sector is also a relevant area, and untapped resource for aquatic animal professionals. However, these needs are not followed by the same level of veterinary services required, indicating that there is still a lot of work to be done in this direction. Disease control and prevention, and aquatic animal health promotion across these different areas is a very challenging task for the future, and represent a tremendous source of opportunity for aquatic veterinarians.
{"title":"Workshop Report: Aquatic Animal Health Education","authors":"D. Scarfe, F. Padrós, D. Iatridou, A. Bravo, D. Palić, A. Fabris","doi":"10.48045/001c.36867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.36867","url":null,"abstract":"Aquatic animals need veterinary care as any other animal species but sometimes this care is inadequately managed. The role of veterinarians in conventional farmed animal health prevention and control are undoubtedly some of the activities most commonly recognised to the veterinary profession. Although poultry, swine, beef, and other terrestrial animals have been historically considered as the main source for animal protein production, it is very important to highlight that nowadays, fisheries and aquaculture represent a substantial sources of animal protein for human consumption. Global fisheries have reached a non-sustainable breakpoint and, in this scenario, aquaculture emerges as the sustainable alternative for animal protein production for the future. Animal health and welfare, and particularly the control of impact of the diseases in finfish, crustacean and mollusc farming still represents a very important challenge for aquatic animal veterinarians. The ornamental fish sector is also a relevant area, and untapped resource for aquatic animal professionals. However, these needs are not followed by the same level of veterinary services required, indicating that there is still a lot of work to be done in this direction. Disease control and prevention, and aquatic animal health promotion across these different areas is a very challenging task for the future, and represent a tremendous source of opportunity for aquatic veterinarians.","PeriodicalId":55306,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43341930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The importance of long-term data collection to understand the historical and evolutionary ecology of marine diseases: the eastern oyster disease system in the USA as a case study","authors":"R. Carnegie","doi":"10.48045/001c.36859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.36859","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55306,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41758326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aquaculture is set to provide an increasing contribution to global seafood production and consumption by 2050. To facilitate sustainable growth and generation of safe, tradeable products attention must be focused on integration of diverse sustainability metrics into the supply chain – maximising the benefits to producers and consumers whilst minimising negative impacts on organisms grown in farms, and the environment in which aquaculture takes place. The One Health Aquaculture concept proposes a set of success metrics spanning animal-, human-, and environmental- health which may be used to underpin a new evidence, policy, and legislative framework for aquaculture sustainability.
{"title":"One Health Aquaculture – a personal perspective","authors":"G. Stentiford","doi":"10.48045/001c.35858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.35858","url":null,"abstract":"Aquaculture is set to provide an increasing contribution to global seafood production and consumption by 2050. To facilitate sustainable growth and generation of safe, tradeable products attention must be focused on integration of diverse sustainability metrics into the supply chain – maximising the benefits to producers and consumers whilst minimising negative impacts on organisms grown in farms, and the environment in which aquaculture takes place. The One Health Aquaculture concept proposes a set of success metrics spanning animal-, human-, and environmental- health which may be used to underpin a new evidence, policy, and legislative framework for aquaculture sustainability.","PeriodicalId":55306,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42129115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The question whether fish are worthy of moral consideration, and thus, can be included in humanity’s expanding moral circle, was first raised in the 1990s. After the turn of the millennium, “fish welfare” was used by more and more scientists in the field of aquaculture, animal advocates, politicians, legislators, the fish farming industry, and consumers (Kristiansen and Bracke, 2020). For several years, the widespread view amongst the scientific community was that welfare was intimately connected with the absence of stress and disease. There is no doubt that, stress, health, and welfare are strongly interrelated, but not in a simplistic manner. Stress response is an essential, genetically embedded, adaptive mechanism designed to secure survival and other critical biological functions. Therefore, it is crucial to determine, in a species- and life-stage specific way, at what point do we cross the red line that stress does impair fish welfare. We should also characterise allostatic load and overload, as well as coping styles and behavioural traits, over time and across situations, leading to differential stress response among proactive and reactive individuals. This is important as due to different gene x environmental interactions a given individual may show a different response following exposure to a stressor of the same nature, duration, and intensity, based on its cognitive capacity, cognitive ability and appraisal of the controllability and predictability of the situation or challenge (Korte et al., 2007).
{"title":"Welfare of farmed fish: moral considerations, science, and problems of implementation","authors":"M. Pavlidis","doi":"10.48045/001c.35754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.35754","url":null,"abstract":"The question whether fish are worthy of moral consideration, and thus, can be included in humanity’s expanding moral circle, was first raised in the 1990s. After the turn of the millennium, “fish welfare” was used by more and more scientists in the field of aquaculture, animal advocates, politicians, legislators, the fish farming industry, and consumers (Kristiansen and Bracke, 2020). For several years, the widespread view amongst the scientific community was that welfare was intimately connected with the absence of stress and disease. There is no doubt that, stress, health, and welfare are strongly interrelated, but not in a simplistic manner. Stress response is an essential, genetically embedded, adaptive mechanism designed to secure survival and other critical biological functions. Therefore, it is crucial to determine, in a species- and life-stage specific way, at what point do we cross the red line that stress does impair fish welfare. We should also characterise allostatic load and overload, as well as coping styles and behavioural traits, over time and across situations, leading to differential stress response among proactive and reactive individuals. This is important as due to different gene x environmental interactions a given individual may show a different response following exposure to a stressor of the same nature, duration, and intensity, based on its cognitive capacity, cognitive ability and appraisal of the controllability and predictability of the situation or challenge (Korte et al., 2007).","PeriodicalId":55306,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42729708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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