Pub Date : 2021-09-06DOI: 10.4067/s0717-92002021000200245
M. Francos, Marc Lemus-Canovas
Many studies of Mediterranean ecosystems have analyzed vegetation recovery after a wildfire based on fieldwork or remote sensing; however, only a few have adopted a multi-approach assessment. The aim of this study is to determine the viability of a multi-approach using vegetation and remote sensing to observe vegetation recovery time in areas with different wildfire severity. The study area is located in a Mediterranean forest of North-east Spain. After a wildfire, low-, medium- and high- severities with an unburned control were delimited and inventoried at short-, medium- and long-terms using a 20-m transect; measurements were taken in a 1-m width. In each area, vegetal richness (S), diversity (H’) and density (D) were measured using fieldwork. The differenced Normalized Burnt Ratio (dNBR) and Mean Decrease Accuracy (%incMSE) were calculated and quantified. Both methods result to be accurate in studying plant density. The dNBR index decreases over time as an effect of the disappearance of fire disturbance. Topographic and vegetation variables help explain the fire severity at very-short and short-terms, while at medium- and long-terms any explanatory power is virtually lost. Partial dependence allowed us to identify those areas that suffered higher fire severity and vegetal evolution over time.
{"title":"Field observations and remote sensing techniques for evaluation of vegetal recovery after different wildfire severity in a Mediterranean ecosystem","authors":"M. Francos, Marc Lemus-Canovas","doi":"10.4067/s0717-92002021000200245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-92002021000200245","url":null,"abstract":"Many studies of Mediterranean ecosystems have analyzed vegetation recovery after a wildfire based on fieldwork or remote sensing; however, only a few have adopted a multi-approach assessment. The aim of this study is to determine the viability of a multi-approach using vegetation and remote sensing to observe vegetation recovery time in areas with different wildfire severity. The study area is located in a Mediterranean forest of North-east Spain. After a wildfire, low-, medium- and high- severities with an unburned control were delimited and inventoried at short-, medium- and long-terms using a 20-m transect; measurements were taken in a 1-m width. In each area, vegetal richness (S), diversity (H’) and density (D) were measured using fieldwork. The differenced Normalized Burnt Ratio (dNBR) and Mean Decrease Accuracy (%incMSE) were calculated and quantified. Both methods result to be accurate in studying plant density. The dNBR index decreases over time as an effect of the disappearance of fire disturbance. Topographic and vegetation variables help explain the fire severity at very-short and short-terms, while at medium- and long-terms any explanatory power is virtually lost. Partial dependence allowed us to identify those areas that suffered higher fire severity and vegetal evolution over time.","PeriodicalId":55338,"journal":{"name":"BOSQUE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46673699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-06DOI: 10.4067/s0717-92002021000200231
P. Schuller, D. Walling, A. Iroumé, César Quilodrán, A. Castillo
Fingerprinting techniques were incorporated into a paired catchment investigation in southern Chile to quantify the contribution of three fine sediment sources (catchment surfaces, forest roads and stream channels) to catchment suspended sediment yields during forest harvesting and replanting operations. Optimum composite fingerprints for use in sediment source discrimination and apportionment comprised 137Cs and 210Pbex for the control catchment (LUC) throughout the study and for the treatment catchment (LUT) during the pre-harvest period, and 137Cs and soil organic matter during harvest and post-harvest periods for LUT. Prior to harvesting, the dominant sediment source to the sediment load in both catchments was the stream channel and remained relatively constant throughout the study for LUC. For the entire study period the total suspended sediment yield from LUT (3,160 kg ha-1) approximately doubled that from LUC (1,650 kg ha-1). Most of this difference is accounted for by the increase in sediment output during the rainy months following clearcutting. The disturbance associated with forest operations in LUT caused the contributions to the load from the catchment slopes and forest roads to increase markedly (total contributions 835 and 795 kg ha-1, respectively). However, the total contribution from the stream channel for LUT during the study period (1,530 kg ha-1) remained similar to that from LUC. The results of the investigation demonstrated that any attempt to reduce sediment loading from forest harvesting would require adopting best management practices to reduce sediment mobilization from catchment surfaces and forest roads.
指纹技术被纳入智利南部的一项成对集水区调查，以量化三种精细沉积物来源（集水区表面、森林道路和溪流通道）在森林采伐和重新种植操作期间对集水区悬浮沉积物产量的贡献。用于沉积物来源判别和分配的最佳复合指纹包括整个研究期间控制流域（LUC）和收获前处理流域（LUT）的137Cs和210Pbex，以及收获和收获后LUT的137 Cs和土壤有机质。在收获之前，两个集水区的主要泥沙来源是河道，并且在整个土地利用变化研究过程中保持相对恒定。在整个研究期间，LUT的总悬浮泥沙产量（3160 kg ha-1）大约是LUC的两倍（1650 kg ha-1。这种差异的大部分原因是清除后雨季沉积物产量的增加。LUT中与森林作业相关的干扰导致集水区斜坡和森林道路对负荷的贡献显著增加（总贡献分别为835和795 kg ha-1）。然而，在研究期间，河道对LUT的总贡献（1530 kg ha-1）与LUC的贡献相似。调查结果表明，任何减少森林采伐沉积物负荷的尝试都需要采取最佳管理做法，以减少集水区表面和森林道路的沉积物流动。
{"title":"Quantifying the temporal variation of the contribution of fine sediment sources to sediment yields from Chilean forested catchments during harvesting operations","authors":"P. Schuller, D. Walling, A. Iroumé, César Quilodrán, A. Castillo","doi":"10.4067/s0717-92002021000200231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-92002021000200231","url":null,"abstract":"Fingerprinting techniques were incorporated into a paired catchment investigation in southern Chile to quantify the contribution of three fine sediment sources (catchment surfaces, forest roads and stream channels) to catchment suspended sediment yields during forest harvesting and replanting operations. Optimum composite fingerprints for use in sediment source discrimination and apportionment comprised 137Cs and 210Pbex for the control catchment (LUC) throughout the study and for the treatment catchment (LUT) during the pre-harvest period, and 137Cs and soil organic matter during harvest and post-harvest periods for LUT. Prior to harvesting, the dominant sediment source to the sediment load in both catchments was the stream channel and remained relatively constant throughout the study for LUC. For the entire study period the total suspended sediment yield from LUT (3,160 kg ha-1) approximately doubled that from LUC (1,650 kg ha-1). Most of this difference is accounted for by the increase in sediment output during the rainy months following clearcutting. The disturbance associated with forest operations in LUT caused the contributions to the load from the catchment slopes and forest roads to increase markedly (total contributions 835 and 795 kg ha-1, respectively). However, the total contribution from the stream channel for LUT during the study period (1,530 kg ha-1) remained similar to that from LUC. The results of the investigation demonstrated that any attempt to reduce sediment loading from forest harvesting would require adopting best management practices to reduce sediment mobilization from catchment surfaces and forest roads.","PeriodicalId":55338,"journal":{"name":"BOSQUE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44575974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002021000100089
A. K. Marcon, Gisley Paula Vidolin, D. Biondi
Araucaria angustifolia is one of the main species of the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and has been threatened by extinction. Additionally, a low number of regenerating individuals can be seen in forest remnants. For these reasons, this study aimed at evaluating the functional structure of Canoas River Basin (state of Santa Catarina, Brazil) using landscape ecology metrics, and at verifying whether or not the proximity between remnants is compatible with this species displacement of the main dispersers. Thus, a landscape structure analysis was performed using metrics of area, shape, edge and connectivity of habitat fragments based on satellite images. Landscape metrics were related to maximum distances of displacement of dispersers and to effective dispersion distance based on a genetic estimate derived from secondary data. Results indicate that Canoas River Basin has natural vegetation cover in 19.6 % of its territory and is highly fragmented. A total of 80.8 % of the fragments have an area smaller than 50 ha. The proximity between patches concerning the mean displacement of dispersers (87 m) is zero for 100 % of fragments. The proximity is zero in 43.5 % landscape, considering the effective seed dispersion based on the genetic estimate of dispersion distance. Therefore, the connectivity between fragments is very low, which may justify the fact that this species is often not found in the regenerating components of forest inventories.
{"title":"Functional structure of the landscape and seed dispersal of Araucaria angustifolia in Canoas River Basin (Southern Brazil)","authors":"A. K. Marcon, Gisley Paula Vidolin, D. Biondi","doi":"10.4067/S0717-92002021000100089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002021000100089","url":null,"abstract":"Araucaria angustifolia is one of the main species of the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and has been threatened by extinction. Additionally, a low number of regenerating individuals can be seen in forest remnants. For these reasons, this study aimed at evaluating the functional structure of Canoas River Basin (state of Santa Catarina, Brazil) using landscape ecology metrics, and at verifying whether or not the proximity between remnants is compatible with this species displacement of the main dispersers. Thus, a landscape structure analysis was performed using metrics of area, shape, edge and connectivity of habitat fragments based on satellite images. Landscape metrics were related to maximum distances of displacement of dispersers and to effective dispersion distance based on a genetic estimate derived from secondary data. Results indicate that Canoas River Basin has natural vegetation cover in 19.6 % of its territory and is highly fragmented. A total of 80.8 % of the fragments have an area smaller than 50 ha. The proximity between patches concerning the mean displacement of dispersers (87 m) is zero for 100 % of fragments. The proximity is zero in 43.5 % landscape, considering the effective seed dispersion based on the genetic estimate of dispersion distance. Therefore, the connectivity between fragments is very low, which may justify the fact that this species is often not found in the regenerating components of forest inventories.","PeriodicalId":55338,"journal":{"name":"BOSQUE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48349571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002021000100081
Mahtab Jabbari, J. Rad, Z. Khabir, S. R. M. Mirkala
Up to now, oribatid mite richness and diversity have not been studied in oak forests of Iran. This study aimed at determining the relationships among Oribatid mite composition, richness and diversity as well as ecological factors such as elevation, soil pH and soil moisture, tree species and stand density in oak forests in northwestern Iran. Thirty samples were randomly arranged at three elevation levels (1,000-1,300 m, 1,300-1,500 m and 1,500-1,650 m). Results indicated that 42 oribatid mite species were recorded in the study area. Nine and six species were exclusively observed in the elevations 1,100-1,300 and 1,300-1,500 m, respectively; while five mite species were commonly recorded in these two elevation categories. The study revealed that oribatid mite composition was affected by elevation gradient; however, the mean differences of species richness and diversity indices were not significant among elevation categories. Moreover, there were no significant correlations either between the densities of most frequent species of oribatid mite species and soil pH (except for Tectoribates sp.), soil moisture (except for Tectocepheus velatus), elevation, density of Quercus infectoria and density of Quercus libani in study area. Generally, variations in oribatid mite composition were more affected by physiographic factors e.g., altitude than by soil properties and oak species densities, nevertheless no environmental factors influenced oribatid mite richness and diversity in this region.
{"title":"Oribatid mite (Acari, Oribatida) richness and diversity in Oak forests of West Azerbaijan Province (Northwestern Iran)","authors":"Mahtab Jabbari, J. Rad, Z. Khabir, S. R. M. Mirkala","doi":"10.4067/S0717-92002021000100081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002021000100081","url":null,"abstract":"Up to now, oribatid mite richness and diversity have not been studied in oak forests of Iran. This study aimed at determining the relationships among Oribatid mite composition, richness and diversity as well as ecological factors such as elevation, soil pH and soil moisture, tree species and stand density in oak forests in northwestern Iran. Thirty samples were randomly arranged at three elevation levels (1,000-1,300 m, 1,300-1,500 m and 1,500-1,650 m). Results indicated that 42 oribatid mite species were recorded in the study area. Nine and six species were exclusively observed in the elevations 1,100-1,300 and 1,300-1,500 m, respectively; while five mite species were commonly recorded in these two elevation categories. The study revealed that oribatid mite composition was affected by elevation gradient; however, the mean differences of species richness and diversity indices were not significant among elevation categories. Moreover, there were no significant correlations either between the densities of most frequent species of oribatid mite species and soil pH (except for Tectoribates sp.), soil moisture (except for Tectocepheus velatus), elevation, density of Quercus infectoria and density of Quercus libani in study area. Generally, variations in oribatid mite composition were more affected by physiographic factors e.g., altitude than by soil properties and oak species densities, nevertheless no environmental factors influenced oribatid mite richness and diversity in this region.","PeriodicalId":55338,"journal":{"name":"BOSQUE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48609441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002021000100023
Marco Jesús Utello, Santiago Ignacio Fiandino, Juan Carlos Tarico, M. Demaestri, José Omar Plevich
In Prosopis caldenia forests, currently, the main activity is cattle rearing. Almost all research focuses on the herbaceous component, losing sight of the value of the forest resource and the implications of its management on the forage resource. The objective of this work is to evaluate forage availability based on forest cover, apply a model of diameter classes that allows predicting the evolution of forest mass and establish the relationship between the evolution of forest cover and forage availability. For this, forage availability was measured under and outside the projection of woody canopies, in two covers: open (10-15 m2 ha-1) and closed (25-30 m2 ha-1). Afterwards, through a model of diameter classes, it was sought to predict how the parameters of forest mass would evolve. The results of the herbaceous component showed that, up to 15 m2 ha-1 of basal area (BA), there is no significant decrease in forage availability (approximately 2,700 kg ha-1). Regarding the forestry component, in a projected period of 10 years, 6.68 m3 ha-1 would be obtained, representing 9.61 % of total standing volume. The relationship between canopy coverage and BA showed increase of 3.18 % per BA unit (R2 = 0.96). This would allow projecting their participation by diameter class to propose improvement cuts that allow conducting these systems at coverage levels that do not significantly affect forage yield.
{"title":"Aportes en la toma de decisiones para el manejo forestal con ganadería integrada del bosque de Prosopis caldenia del centro de Argentina","authors":"Marco Jesús Utello, Santiago Ignacio Fiandino, Juan Carlos Tarico, M. Demaestri, José Omar Plevich","doi":"10.4067/S0717-92002021000100023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002021000100023","url":null,"abstract":"In Prosopis caldenia forests, currently, the main activity is cattle rearing. Almost all research focuses on the herbaceous component, losing sight of the value of the forest resource and the implications of its management on the forage resource. The objective of this work is to evaluate forage availability based on forest cover, apply a model of diameter classes that allows predicting the evolution of forest mass and establish the relationship between the evolution of forest cover and forage availability. For this, forage availability was measured under and outside the projection of woody canopies, in two covers: open (10-15 m2 ha-1) and closed (25-30 m2 ha-1). Afterwards, through a model of diameter classes, it was sought to predict how the parameters of forest mass would evolve. The results of the herbaceous component showed that, up to 15 m2 ha-1 of basal area (BA), there is no significant decrease in forage availability (approximately 2,700 kg ha-1). Regarding the forestry component, in a projected period of 10 years, 6.68 m3 ha-1 would be obtained, representing 9.61 % of total standing volume. The relationship between canopy coverage and BA showed increase of 3.18 % per BA unit (R2 = 0.96). This would allow projecting their participation by diameter class to propose improvement cuts that allow conducting these systems at coverage levels that do not significantly affect forage yield.","PeriodicalId":55338,"journal":{"name":"BOSQUE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46325629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002021000100099
Pramod Sivan, K. S. Rao, K. Rajput
Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) is well known as a source for textile fibers and as an alternate source for cellulosic fibers for paper and pulp industry. Formation of reaction xylem alters the chemical properties of fibers, which may affect its uses. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on the occurrence of reaction xylem in kenaf. The present study examines reaction xylem (i.e. tension wood and its opposite side) formed in response to bending of stems in Kenaf by anatomical, histochemical and biochemical methods. The reaction xylem found on the upper side of leaning stems showed an eccentric growth pattern, thin walls, shorter and wider fibers without gelatinous layer, decrease of vessel or ray density as compared to wood formed on opposite sides. Histochemical localization of lignin using Weisner reaction and Maule’s test indicated presence of more syringyl units in the fiber wall of tension wood. Gravimetric quantification of cell wall polymers showed relatively more amount of holocellulose and hemicellulose in tension wood (69 and 46 %, respectively) compared to those of opposite wood (63 and 42 %, respectively). There was no significant difference noticed in the klason lignin content between opposite (17.4 %) and tension wood (16.7 %). Lignin characterization by the thioacidolysis method revealed that the tension wood lignin in kenaf was composed of more amount of syringyl and p-hydroxyphenyl monomers compared to that of opposite side wood. This analysis also suggests that the tension wood lignin is rich in β-aryl ether linkages in syringyl units resulting in high S/G ratio.
{"title":"Anatomy and cell wall chemistry of tension wood in Hibiscus cannabinus","authors":"Pramod Sivan, K. S. Rao, K. Rajput","doi":"10.4067/S0717-92002021000100099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002021000100099","url":null,"abstract":"Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) is well known as a source for textile fibers and as an alternate source for cellulosic fibers for paper and pulp industry. Formation of reaction xylem alters the chemical properties of fibers, which may affect its uses. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on the occurrence of reaction xylem in kenaf. The present study examines reaction xylem (i.e. tension wood and its opposite side) formed in response to bending of stems in Kenaf by anatomical, histochemical and biochemical methods. The reaction xylem found on the upper side of leaning stems showed an eccentric growth pattern, thin walls, shorter and wider fibers without gelatinous layer, decrease of vessel or ray density as compared to wood formed on opposite sides. Histochemical localization of lignin using Weisner reaction and Maule’s test indicated presence of more syringyl units in the fiber wall of tension wood. Gravimetric quantification of cell wall polymers showed relatively more amount of holocellulose and hemicellulose in tension wood (69 and 46 %, respectively) compared to those of opposite wood (63 and 42 %, respectively). There was no significant difference noticed in the klason lignin content between opposite (17.4 %) and tension wood (16.7 %). Lignin characterization by the thioacidolysis method revealed that the tension wood lignin in kenaf was composed of more amount of syringyl and p-hydroxyphenyl monomers compared to that of opposite side wood. This analysis also suggests that the tension wood lignin is rich in β-aryl ether linkages in syringyl units resulting in high S/G ratio.","PeriodicalId":55338,"journal":{"name":"BOSQUE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42978428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002021000100043
Pedro Lima Filho, R. F. Gomes, Juçara Garcia Ribeiro, A. H. M. D. Abreu, F. A. M. Santos, P. S. S. Leles
Sewage sludge biosolids, product from urban sewage treatment, are rich in organic matter and nutrients with potential use in forestry. This work aimed at evaluating the growth of Ceiba speciosa, Peltophorum dubium and Sapindus saponaria and the concentration of nutrients and heavy metals in different soil layers under the application of biosolids as planting fertilizer. Two sequential experiments were set up. First in a pot, to determine the best dose for the growth of C. speciosa, using 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 and 6.4 liters of biosolids per pit and the absolute witness. Six months after the planting of C. speciosa seedlings, it was concluded that the best dose provided was around 3.9 liters. The field experiment was carried out using the three tree species with witness treatment or application of 3.0 liters of biosolids per pit, at the time of planting. Growth evaluations occurred at 4 and 12 months after planting and it was observed that C. speciosa and P. dubium responded to the application of biosolids. At 12 months, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and heavy metals contents were evaluated in different layers of the soil. It was found that the pits that received biosolids presented significantly higher values for phosphorus (except 75-100 cm soil layer) and heavy metals. There was no leaching of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil layers. Heavy metals contents were below the maximum values for levels in the soil profile stipulated by legislation.
{"title":"Biosolids as planting fertilization of tree species of the Atlantic forest and concentration of nutrients in soil layers","authors":"Pedro Lima Filho, R. F. Gomes, Juçara Garcia Ribeiro, A. H. M. D. Abreu, F. A. M. Santos, P. S. S. Leles","doi":"10.4067/S0717-92002021000100043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002021000100043","url":null,"abstract":"Sewage sludge biosolids, product from urban sewage treatment, are rich in organic matter and nutrients with potential use in forestry. This work aimed at evaluating the growth of Ceiba speciosa, Peltophorum dubium and Sapindus saponaria and the concentration of nutrients and heavy metals in different soil layers under the application of biosolids as planting fertilizer. Two sequential experiments were set up. First in a pot, to determine the best dose for the growth of C. speciosa, using 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 and 6.4 liters of biosolids per pit and the absolute witness. Six months after the planting of C. speciosa seedlings, it was concluded that the best dose provided was around 3.9 liters. The field experiment was carried out using the three tree species with witness treatment or application of 3.0 liters of biosolids per pit, at the time of planting. Growth evaluations occurred at 4 and 12 months after planting and it was observed that C. speciosa and P. dubium responded to the application of biosolids. At 12 months, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and heavy metals contents were evaluated in different layers of the soil. It was found that the pits that received biosolids presented significantly higher values for phosphorus (except 75-100 cm soil layer) and heavy metals. There was no leaching of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil layers. Heavy metals contents were below the maximum values for levels in the soil profile stipulated by legislation.","PeriodicalId":55338,"journal":{"name":"BOSQUE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48398598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002021000100067
M. Karlin, R. Zapata, R. Coirini
Soil and above-ground dead biomass are important carbon pools in drylands. They depend on local controls and patterns that should be studied. The objective of this work is to understand and quantify the influence of the vegetation canopy in the regulation of soil and dead biomass carbon stocks in woodlands of Monte region in Argentina. The hypothesis is that soil and dead biomass carbon stocks are lower in the intercanopy and higher under the canopy, independently of the type of canopy. Thirty sampling plots were selected, identifying three treatments: tree canopy, intercanopy and shrub canopy. In each sampling plot, soil and dead biomass were sampled. Four physiognomic-functional groups were identified. Prosopis woodlands accumulated about 38 Mg ha-1 of dead organic carbon (from soil, litter, and dead wood), followed by Suaeda woodlands with almost 35 Mg ha-1. Mixed woodlands showed average values around 27 Mg ha-1, while Bulnesia woodlands around 25 Mg ha-1. The vegetation canopy, and consequently, litter and dead wood input affected soil organic carbon in topsoil. Shrubs such as Larrea spp. had a restricted ability to enrich soil compared to Prosopis spp. Soil, litter and dead wood are significant pools of carbon and should be included in programs on reducing emissions in arid regions. The hypothesis is accepted partially; there is a remarked contrast in carbon content between soils under the tree canopy and off the canopy. However, the effect of shrub canopy is intermediate between both treatments.
{"title":"Soil organic carbon and dead biomass pools in woodlands from Monte region (Argentina)","authors":"M. Karlin, R. Zapata, R. Coirini","doi":"10.4067/S0717-92002021000100067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002021000100067","url":null,"abstract":"Soil and above-ground dead biomass are important carbon pools in drylands. They depend on local controls and patterns that should be studied. The objective of this work is to understand and quantify the influence of the vegetation canopy in the regulation of soil and dead biomass carbon stocks in woodlands of Monte region in Argentina. The hypothesis is that soil and dead biomass carbon stocks are lower in the intercanopy and higher under the canopy, independently of the type of canopy. Thirty sampling plots were selected, identifying three treatments: tree canopy, intercanopy and shrub canopy. In each sampling plot, soil and dead biomass were sampled. Four physiognomic-functional groups were identified. Prosopis woodlands accumulated about 38 Mg ha-1 of dead organic carbon (from soil, litter, and dead wood), followed by Suaeda woodlands with almost 35 Mg ha-1. Mixed woodlands showed average values around 27 Mg ha-1, while Bulnesia woodlands around 25 Mg ha-1. The vegetation canopy, and consequently, litter and dead wood input affected soil organic carbon in topsoil. Shrubs such as Larrea spp. had a restricted ability to enrich soil compared to Prosopis spp. Soil, litter and dead wood are significant pools of carbon and should be included in programs on reducing emissions in arid regions. The hypothesis is accepted partially; there is a remarked contrast in carbon content between soils under the tree canopy and off the canopy. However, the effect of shrub canopy is intermediate between both treatments.","PeriodicalId":55338,"journal":{"name":"BOSQUE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46676277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002021000100131
D. Dantas, M. Terra, L. P. B. Schorr, N. Calegário
The increasing awareness of global climate change has drawn attention to the role of forests as mitigators of this process as they act as carbon sinks to the atmosphere. Understanding the process of carbon storage in forests and its drivers, as well as presenting consistent models for their estimation, is a current demand. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of machine learning techniques: support vector machines (SVM) and to propose a new nonlinear model extracted from the training of an artificial neural network (ANN) in the modeling of above ground carbon stock in a secondary semideciduous forest. SVM and ANN construction and training process considered independent variables selected by stepwise: minimum DBH (diameter of breast height - 1.3 m), maximum DBH, mean DBH, total height and number of trees, all by plot. SVM and the model extracted from ANN were applied to the data set intended for validation. Both techniques presented satisfactory performance in modeling carbon stock by plot, with homogeneous distribution and low dispersion of residues and predicted values close to those observed. Analysis criteria indicated superior performance of the model extracted from the artificial neural network, which presented a mean relative error of 6.94 %, while the support vector machine presented 13.52 %, combined with lower bias values and higher correlation between predictions and observations.
{"title":"Machine learning for carbon stock prediction in a tropical forest in Southeastern Brazil","authors":"D. Dantas, M. Terra, L. P. B. Schorr, N. Calegário","doi":"10.4067/S0717-92002021000100131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002021000100131","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing awareness of global climate change has drawn attention to the role of forests as mitigators of this process as they act as carbon sinks to the atmosphere. Understanding the process of carbon storage in forests and its drivers, as well as presenting consistent models for their estimation, is a current demand. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of machine learning techniques: support vector machines (SVM) and to propose a new nonlinear model extracted from the training of an artificial neural network (ANN) in the modeling of above ground carbon stock in a secondary semideciduous forest. SVM and ANN construction and training process considered independent variables selected by stepwise: minimum DBH (diameter of breast height - 1.3 m), maximum DBH, mean DBH, total height and number of trees, all by plot. SVM and the model extracted from ANN were applied to the data set intended for validation. Both techniques presented satisfactory performance in modeling carbon stock by plot, with homogeneous distribution and low dispersion of residues and predicted values close to those observed. Analysis criteria indicated superior performance of the model extracted from the artificial neural network, which presented a mean relative error of 6.94 %, while the support vector machine presented 13.52 %, combined with lower bias values and higher correlation between predictions and observations.","PeriodicalId":55338,"journal":{"name":"BOSQUE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44670130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002021000100111
Jair Augusto Zanon, Francisca Alcivania Melo Silva, R. B. Silva, Ricardo Cordeiro de Paula, Lucas Florêncio Mariano
The Vale do Ribeira region has a large extension of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and in most cities, low environmental impact activities predominate, such as sand mining. Sand mining has been trying to adapt their industrial activities to low environmental impact, aiming at the protection of permanent preservation areas (PPAs) of riparian forests. The objective of this work was to conduct a case study focused on monitoring and initial growth of forest species by 18 months. This study was performed in a riparian forest site on the Ribeira de Iguape River, Registro, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in a PPA with extraction of river bed sand. Forest species height, stem diameter and mortality index, and rainfall were evaluated in the period. Non-pioneer species accounted for 42.7 % of the forest, while pioneer species accounted for 53.1 %. These proportions are in accordance with local legislation, which establishes a lower limit of 40 % in planting for both groups. Drought periods and leaf-cutting ants at the beginning of growth stages contributed to a higher mortality index and irregular development of some species, however, even during such adversities, forest species indicated resistance to these conditions. Pioneer species had more important development, with emphasis on Senna multijuga, Alchornea triplinervia, Citharexylum myrianthum and Trema micranta, these species must be taken into consideration during the first stages of a project which aims at recovering degraded areas in riparian forests of Atlantic Forest.
Vale do Ribeira地区有巴西大西洋森林的大片延伸，在大多数城市，低环境影响活动占主导地位，如采砂。采砂一直在努力使其工业活动适应低环境影响，旨在保护河岸森林的永久保护区。这项工作的目的是进行一项案例研究，重点是监测18个月前森林物种的初始生长情况。这项研究是在巴西圣保罗州Registro Ribeira de Iguape河的河岸森林现场进行的，采用PPA提取河床砂。对该时期的森林物种高度、树干直径和死亡率指数以及降雨量进行了评估。非先锋物种占森林的42.7%，先锋物种占53.1%。这些比例符合当地立法，该立法规定两组植物的种植下限为40%。干旱期和生长初期的割叶蚁导致了一些物种的死亡率较高和发育不规律，然而，即使在这种逆境中，森林物种也表现出对这些条件的抵抗力。先锋物种有着更重要的发展，重点是Senna multijuga、Alchorena triplinervia、Citharexylum myrantum和Trema micranta，在旨在恢复大西洋森林河岸林退化区域的项目的第一阶段，必须考虑这些物种。
{"title":"Impact of sand mining: A case study of initial growth of forest species for recovery of degraded areas","authors":"Jair Augusto Zanon, Francisca Alcivania Melo Silva, R. B. Silva, Ricardo Cordeiro de Paula, Lucas Florêncio Mariano","doi":"10.4067/S0717-92002021000100111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002021000100111","url":null,"abstract":"The Vale do Ribeira region has a large extension of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and in most cities, low environmental impact activities predominate, such as sand mining. Sand mining has been trying to adapt their industrial activities to low environmental impact, aiming at the protection of permanent preservation areas (PPAs) of riparian forests. The objective of this work was to conduct a case study focused on monitoring and initial growth of forest species by 18 months. This study was performed in a riparian forest site on the Ribeira de Iguape River, Registro, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in a PPA with extraction of river bed sand. Forest species height, stem diameter and mortality index, and rainfall were evaluated in the period. Non-pioneer species accounted for 42.7 % of the forest, while pioneer species accounted for 53.1 %. These proportions are in accordance with local legislation, which establishes a lower limit of 40 % in planting for both groups. Drought periods and leaf-cutting ants at the beginning of growth stages contributed to a higher mortality index and irregular development of some species, however, even during such adversities, forest species indicated resistance to these conditions. Pioneer species had more important development, with emphasis on Senna multijuga, Alchornea triplinervia, Citharexylum myrianthum and Trema micranta, these species must be taken into consideration during the first stages of a project which aims at recovering degraded areas in riparian forests of Atlantic Forest.","PeriodicalId":55338,"journal":{"name":"BOSQUE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43404479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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