Pub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2023-10-04DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129484
David Casamichana, Eider Barba, Andres Martín-García, Iñaki Ulloa, Fabio Yuzo Nakamura, Julen Castellano
The aim of this study was to compare the external load of professional goalkeepers (GKs) in different training sessions of the microcycle. Three professional GKs (age: 28.1 ± 6.9 years; stature: 190.1 ± 1.9 cm; body mass: 84.8 ± 1.1 kg) were monitored by GPS devices during different training sessions according to the days since/until the match day (MD) at MD+1, MD-4, MD-3, MD-2 and MD-1. Different external load measures were calculated: total distance, distance covered at > 14 km · h-1, acceleration load, player load, number of dives, dive load, number of explosive efforts of displacement, number of low intensity (< 0.3 m), medium intensity (0.3-0.4 m), high intensity (> 0.4 m) and medium-high intensity jumps (> 0.3 m). The results showed that there is a decrease in the external load as the GKs' training sessions approach the match, with the lowest value of external load observed at MD-1, and the highest external loads at MD+1 and MD-4. This analysis of the external load demands of professional soccer GKs provides new information that will be useful to inform professionals when planning and implementing training and/or recovery strategies for soccer GKs during the microcycle.
{"title":"Comparison of the external load of professional goalkeepers in different weekly training sessions.","authors":"David Casamichana, Eider Barba, Andres Martín-García, Iñaki Ulloa, Fabio Yuzo Nakamura, Julen Castellano","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129484","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129484","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to compare the external load of professional goalkeepers (GKs) in different training sessions of the microcycle. Three professional GKs (age: 28.1 ± 6.9 years; stature: 190.1 ± 1.9 cm; body mass: 84.8 ± 1.1 kg) were monitored by GPS devices during different training sessions according to the days since/until the match day (MD) at MD+1, MD-4, MD-3, MD-2 and MD-1. Different external load measures were calculated: total distance, distance covered at > 14 km · h<sup>-1</sup>, acceleration load, player load, number of dives, dive load, number of explosive efforts of displacement, number of low intensity (< 0.3 m), medium intensity (0.3-0.4 m), high intensity (> 0.4 m) and medium-high intensity jumps (> 0.3 m). The results showed that there is a decrease in the external load as the GKs' training sessions approach the match, with the lowest value of external load observed at MD-1, and the highest external loads at MD+1 and MD-4. This analysis of the external load demands of professional soccer GKs provides new information that will be useful to inform professionals when planning and implementing training and/or recovery strategies for soccer GKs during the microcycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10955749/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140208287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2023-06-10DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.131821
Marina M Reiner, Markus Tilp, Masatoshi Nakamura, Andreas Konrad
Previous training studies with comprehensive stretching durations have reported that an increase in range of motion (ROM) can be related to decreases in muscle stiffness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the association between the passive muscle stiffness of three muscle groups (triceps surae, quadriceps, hamstrings) to the respective joint ROM. Thirty-six healthy male soccer players volunteered in this study. After a standardized warm-up, the muscle stiffness was tested via shear wave elastography in six muscles (gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris long head). The hip extension, hip flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion ROM were also assessed with a modified Thomas test, a sit and reach test, and a standing wall push test, respectively. We found significant moderate to large correlations between hip flexion ROM and muscle stiffness for the semimembranosus (rP = -0.43; P = 0.01), biceps femoris long head (rP = -0.45; P = 0.01), and overall hamstring stiffness (rP = -0.50; P < 0.01). No significant correlations were found for triceps surae (rP = -0.12; P = 0.51 to 0.67) and rectus femoris muscle stiffness (rP = 0.25; P = 0.14) with ankle dorsiflexion and hip extension ROM, respectively. We conclude that muscle stiffness is an important contributor to hip flexion ROM, but less important for hip extension or ankle joint ROM. Additional contributors to ROM might be tendon stiffness or stretch/pain tolerance.
以往对综合拉伸持续时间的训练研究表明,活动范围(ROM)的增加与肌肉僵硬度的降低有关。因此,本研究旨在分析三组肌肉(肱三头肌、股四头肌、腘绳肌)的被动肌肉僵硬度与各自关节活动度之间的关联。36 名健康的男性足球运动员自愿参与了这项研究。经过标准化热身后,通过剪切波弹性成像测试了六块肌肉(腓肠肌内侧和外侧、股直肌、半腱肌、半膜肌和股二头肌长头)的肌肉硬度。髋关节伸展、髋关节屈曲和踝关节背屈的活动度也分别通过改良托马斯测试、坐位伸展测试和站立推墙测试进行了评估。我们发现,髋关节屈曲 ROM 与半膜肌肌肉僵硬度(rP = -0.43;P = 0.01)、股二头肌长头(rP = -0.45;P = 0.01)和腿筋整体僵硬度(rP = -0.50;P < 0.01)之间存在明显的中度至高度相关性。肱三头肌(rP = -0.12;P = 0.51 至 0.67)和股直肌僵硬度(rP = 0.25;P = 0.14)分别与踝关节背屈和髋关节伸展 ROM 无明显相关性。我们的结论是,肌肉僵硬是影响髋关节屈曲 ROM 的重要因素,但对髋关节伸展或踝关节 ROM 的影响较小。肌腱僵硬或拉伸/疼痛耐受性可能是影响 ROM 的其他因素。
{"title":"Is muscle stiffness a determinant for range of motion in the leg muscles?","authors":"Marina M Reiner, Markus Tilp, Masatoshi Nakamura, Andreas Konrad","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.131821","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.131821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous training studies with comprehensive stretching durations have reported that an increase in range of motion (ROM) can be related to decreases in muscle stiffness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the association between the passive muscle stiffness of three muscle groups (triceps surae, quadriceps, hamstrings) to the respective joint ROM. Thirty-six healthy male soccer players volunteered in this study. After a standardized warm-up, the muscle stiffness was tested via shear wave elastography in six muscles (gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris long head). The hip extension, hip flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion ROM were also assessed with a modified Thomas test, a sit and reach test, and a standing wall push test, respectively. We found significant moderate to large correlations between hip flexion ROM and muscle stiffness for the semimembranosus (rP = -0.43; P = 0.01), biceps femoris long head (rP = -0.45; P = 0.01), and overall hamstring stiffness (rP = -0.50; P < 0.01). No significant correlations were found for triceps surae (rP = -0.12; P = 0.51 to 0.67) and rectus femoris muscle stiffness (rP = 0.25; P = 0.14) with ankle dorsiflexion and hip extension ROM, respectively. We conclude that muscle stiffness is an important contributor to hip flexion ROM, but less important for hip extension or ankle joint ROM. Additional contributors to ROM might be tendon stiffness or stretch/pain tolerance.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10955752/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140208315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-05-25DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.125592
Claudio A Casal, Joseph A Stone, Iyán Iván-Baragaño, José L Losada
This study aimed to examine the effect of goalkeeper distribution on offensive team performance, during the 2018/2019 and 2019-2020 seasons of the Women Spanish La Liga. A total of 10,868 distributions, during 376 matches were analyzed by systematic observation. Two UEFA PRO coaches designed an ad hoc observation instrument "GOALDFOOT" and one observer coded the data after a training process. An intra-observer reliability kappa index of 0.94 was established. Results show how the offensive effectiveness of the goalkeepers was similar to outfield players, with 0.4% of possessions ending in a goal, 2.2% ending in an attempt on goal, with 79.4% ending unsuccessfully. The goalkeeper lost possession from their distribution 32.5% of the time. Multivariate analysis identified several predictors of goalkeepers' distributions. The results show that teams classified in the middle zone of the final classification of the regular league had 1.2 times more probability of being successful compared with the lowest ranked teams (p < 0.05). Goalkeeper's distribution beginning during Open play after a transition, represented an increase success rate of almost 3 times compared to being performed from a free kick (p < 0.05). Passes from outfield players to a goalkeeper made from distant zones to the own goal, decreased the probability of success (p < 0.001). The pitch location of the distribution outcome near to the opponent goal offered the best probability of success. In conclusion, the most effective offensive sequences occur with dynamic transitions initiated with short passes. This information can provide coaches and players with insights to improve the offensive performance of goalkeepers.
{"title":"Effect of goalkeepers' offensive participation on team performance in the women Spanish La Liga: a multinomial logistic regression analysis.","authors":"Claudio A Casal, Joseph A Stone, Iyán Iván-Baragaño, José L Losada","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.125592","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.125592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to examine the effect of goalkeeper distribution on offensive team performance, during the 2018/2019 and 2019-2020 seasons of the Women Spanish La Liga. A total of 10,868 distributions, during 376 matches were analyzed by systematic observation. Two UEFA PRO coaches designed an ad hoc observation instrument \"GOALDFOOT\" and one observer coded the data after a training process. An intra-observer reliability kappa index of 0.94 was established. Results show how the offensive effectiveness of the goalkeepers was similar to outfield players, with 0.4% of possessions ending in a goal, 2.2% ending in an attempt on goal, with 79.4% ending unsuccessfully. The goalkeeper lost possession from their distribution 32.5% of the time. Multivariate analysis identified several predictors of goalkeepers' distributions. The results show that teams classified in the middle zone of the final classification of the regular league had 1.2 times more probability of being successful compared with the lowest ranked teams (p < 0.05). Goalkeeper's distribution beginning during Open play after a transition, represented an increase success rate of almost 3 times compared to being performed from a free kick (p < 0.05). Passes from outfield players to a goalkeeper made from distant zones to the own goal, decreased the probability of success (p < 0.001). The pitch location of the distribution outcome near to the opponent goal offered the best probability of success. In conclusion, the most effective offensive sequences occur with dynamic transitions initiated with short passes. This information can provide coaches and players with insights to improve the offensive performance of goalkeepers.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-07-19DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127389
Vicente de Dios-Álvarez, Julen Castellano, Alexis Padrón-Cabo, Ezequiel Rey
The aim of the study was to determine whether the physical performance of young soccer player during various small sided games (SSGs) underloads, replicates or overloads the requirements of the worst-case scenarios (WCS) during match play. A total of 521 SSGs' individual observations and 15 different formats of SSGs with different areas per player (ApP) (ApP100: < 100; ApP200: ranged from 101 to 200; ApP300: > 201, all in m2 · player-1) were taken into consideration. Whole (90-min average; OM) and 15-, 5- and 1-min worst-case scenarios (WCS15, WCS5 and WCS1, respectively) were analysed. Total distance covered relative (m · min-1) (TDCR), high-speed distance relative (m · min-1) (HSDR), very high-speed distance relative (m · min-1) (VHSDR) and sprint distance relative (m · min-1) (SDR), player load relative (PLR) and both total (ACCR) and high intensity relative accelerations (n · min-1) (ACCHR) were collected. All external load measures analysed were significantly higher in WCS1 compared to WCS of longer duration and SSGs with different ApP (p < 0.001). The analysis demonstrated interactions between game type and player positions (p < 0.001) for TDCR, VHSDR, PLR and ACCHR. The SSG formats did not sufficiently stimulate the WCS for locomotor demands (VHSDR and SDR). SSGs played on an ApP100 overestimated the mechanical values compared to WCS15 and WCS5. The analysed SSG formats did not sufficiently stimulate players to cope with all external load demands that occurred during WCS1. This study provides useful information for practitioners on the heightened impact of different SSG formats on external load in relation to the WCS of competitive match play.
{"title":"Do small-sided games prepare players for the worst-case scenarios of match play in elite young soccer players?","authors":"Vicente de Dios-Álvarez, Julen Castellano, Alexis Padrón-Cabo, Ezequiel Rey","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127389","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the study was to determine whether the physical performance of young soccer player during various small sided games (SSGs) underloads, replicates or overloads the requirements of the worst-case scenarios (WCS) during match play. A total of 521 SSGs' individual observations and 15 different formats of SSGs with different areas per player (ApP) (ApP100: < 100; ApP200: ranged from 101 to 200; ApP300: > 201, all in m<sup>2</sup> · player<sup>-1</sup>) were taken into consideration. Whole (90-min average; OM) and 15-, 5- and 1-min worst-case scenarios (WCS15, WCS5 and WCS1, respectively) were analysed. Total distance covered relative (m · min<sup>-1</sup>) (TDCR), high-speed distance relative (m · min<sup>-1</sup>) (HSDR), very high-speed distance relative (m · min<sup>-1</sup>) (VHSDR) and sprint distance relative (m · min<sup>-1</sup>) (SDR), player load relative (PLR) and both total (ACCR) and high intensity relative accelerations (n · min<sup>-1</sup>) (ACCHR) were collected. All external load measures analysed were significantly higher in WCS1 compared to WCS of longer duration and SSGs with different ApP (p < 0.001). The analysis demonstrated interactions between game type and player positions (p < 0.001) for TDCR, VHSDR, PLR and ACCHR. The SSG formats did not sufficiently stimulate the WCS for locomotor demands (VHSDR and SDR). SSGs played on an ApP100 overestimated the mechanical values compared to WCS15 and WCS5. The analysed SSG formats did not sufficiently stimulate players to cope with all external load demands that occurred during WCS1. This study provides useful information for practitioners on the heightened impact of different SSG formats on external load in relation to the WCS of competitive match play.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-07-19DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127385
Robert M Malina, Miroslav Králík, Sławomir M Kozieł, Sean P Cumming, Jan M Konarski, Paulo Sousa-E-Silva, Diogo V Martinho, Antonio J Figueiredo, Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
Estimated ages at take-off (TO) and at peak height velocity (PHV) based on two models and maturity status based upon age at PHV and skeletal age (SA) were compared in a longitudinal sample of male soccer players. In addition, estimated ages at PHV in 13 longitudinal samples of soccer players were compared. The longitudinal height records of 58 players of European ancestry, measured annually on four or five occasions between 11 and 16 years, were modeled with Superimposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) and Functional Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) to estimate ages at TO and PHV. SAs were assessed with the Fels method. Ages at PHV in 13 longitudinal samples of soccer players (Europe 7, Japan 6) were evaluated with meta-analysis. Estimated ages at TO, 11.2 ± 0.8 (SITAR) and 11.0 ± 0.8 (FCPA) years, and at PHV, 13.6 ± 0.9 (SITAR) and 13.7 ± 0.0 (FCPA) years, were similar. An earlier age at PHV was associated with advanced skeletal maturity status (rho = -0.77 at ~14 years). Ages at PHV among European players indicated a north (later) - south (earlier) gradient, and were later than ages at PHV among Japanese players. In summary, ages at TO and PHV were similar with SITAR and FPCA, and ages at PHV were most strongly correlated with SA at ~14 years. Mean ages at PHV showed a north-south gradient among European samples, and were later compared to Japanese samples.
{"title":"Ages at peak height velocity in male soccer players 11-16 years: relationships with skeletal age and comparisons among longitudinal studies.","authors":"Robert M Malina, Miroslav Králík, Sławomir M Kozieł, Sean P Cumming, Jan M Konarski, Paulo Sousa-E-Silva, Diogo V Martinho, Antonio J Figueiredo, Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127385","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127385","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Estimated ages at take-off (TO) and at peak height velocity (PHV) based on two models and maturity status based upon age at PHV and skeletal age (SA) were compared in a longitudinal sample of male soccer players. In addition, estimated ages at PHV in 13 longitudinal samples of soccer players were compared. The longitudinal height records of 58 players of European ancestry, measured annually on four or five occasions between 11 and 16 years, were modeled with Superimposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) and Functional Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) to estimate ages at TO and PHV. SAs were assessed with the Fels method. Ages at PHV in 13 longitudinal samples of soccer players (Europe 7, Japan 6) were evaluated with meta-analysis. Estimated ages at TO, 11.2 ± 0.8 (SITAR) and 11.0 ± 0.8 (FCPA) years, and at PHV, 13.6 ± 0.9 (SITAR) and 13.7 ± 0.0 (FCPA) years, were similar. An earlier age at PHV was associated with advanced skeletal maturity status (rho = -0.77 at ~14 years). Ages at PHV among European players indicated a north (later) - south (earlier) gradient, and were later than ages at PHV among Japanese players. In summary, ages at TO and PHV were similar with SITAR and FPCA, and ages at PHV were most strongly correlated with SA at ~14 years. Mean ages at PHV showed a north-south gradient among European samples, and were later compared to Japanese samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-05-30DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127383
Zbigniew Obmiński, Blair T Crewther, Christian J Cook
Boxing is a combat sport linked to muscle damage (e.g., soreness, rising creatine kinase [CK]) and energetic biomarkers (e.g., urea, glucose). These factors have not, however, been examined dynamically in terms of day-to-day, lagged and reciprocal effects during normal training. This study investigated the dynamic interplay between muscle damage and energetics in male boxers during a short training block. Thirteen amateur boxers were monitored over 16 consecutive days during early-season training. The participants were assessed each morning for plasma CK, urea, glucose, and creatinine (days 1 and 16 only) concentrations, before self-reporting muscle soreness (1-10 scale). Within-person contemporaneous (lag-0) and temporal (lag-1) networks were estimated using multilevel vector autoregression. Muscle soreness, CK, urea, and glucose presented different trajectories with training, but with some heterogeneity reflecting within-person variances (47% to 78%). The contemporaneous network yielded a significant positive edge (or correlation) between CK and soreness (r = 0.44), along with negative CK-glucose and glucose-urea edges. More significant edges emerged in the temporal network, with soreness linked to CK (r = 0.19), glucose (r = -0.28) and urea (r = 0.22), whilst the CK-glucose edge sign switched. In summary, daily fluctuations in muscle damage and energetic activity, which presented in a normal physiological range, were highly variable among boxers during early-season training. Within-person networks indicated some interrelatedness between CK, soreness, urea, and glucose, although the nature and presence of these relationships were contingent on temporal ordering. These inconsistences reflect the pleiotropy of energetic biomarkers in training and recovery.
{"title":"Disentangling the dynamic interplay between muscle damage and energetics in male boxers during a short training block.","authors":"Zbigniew Obmiński, Blair T Crewther, Christian J Cook","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127383","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Boxing is a combat sport linked to muscle damage (e.g., soreness, rising creatine kinase [CK]) and energetic biomarkers (e.g., urea, glucose). These factors have not, however, been examined dynamically in terms of day-to-day, lagged and reciprocal effects during normal training. This study investigated the dynamic interplay between muscle damage and energetics in male boxers during a short training block. Thirteen amateur boxers were monitored over 16 consecutive days during early-season training. The participants were assessed each morning for plasma CK, urea, glucose, and creatinine (days 1 and 16 only) concentrations, before self-reporting muscle soreness (1-10 scale). Within-person contemporaneous (lag-0) and temporal (lag-1) networks were estimated using multilevel vector autoregression. Muscle soreness, CK, urea, and glucose presented different trajectories with training, but with some heterogeneity reflecting within-person variances (47% to 78%). The contemporaneous network yielded a significant positive edge (or correlation) between CK and soreness (r = 0.44), along with negative CK-glucose and glucose-urea edges. More significant edges emerged in the temporal network, with soreness linked to CK (r = 0.19), glucose (<i>r</i> = -0.28) and urea (<i>r</i> = 0.22), whilst the CK-glucose edge sign switched. In summary, daily fluctuations in muscle damage and energetic activity, which presented in a normal physiological range, were highly variable among boxers during early-season training. Within-person networks indicated some interrelatedness between CK, soreness, urea, and glucose, although the nature and presence of these relationships were contingent on temporal ordering. These inconsistences reflect the pleiotropy of energetic biomarkers in training and recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-08-08DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127387
Victor Moreno-Perez, Víctor Sotos-Martínez, Alejandro Lopez-Valenciano, Roberto Lopez Del-Campo, Ricardo Resta, Juan Del Coso
The aim of this study was to examine match running patterns before a hamstring muscle injury occurs during a match in male professional football players. A total of 281 male professional football players belonging to 7 teams from LaLiga were prospectively monitored over three seasons. Among these, 36 players suffered a non-contact hamstring muscle injury during an official match. The injuries were recorded by the medical staff, including the minute when the injury occurred. Running distances at different speed thresholds for 5 min and 15 min before the injury were compared to mean values of the previous 5 matches for the same time points. There were a total of 44 non-contact hamstring muscle injuries, which represents a hamstring muscle injury incidence of 3.34 injuries/1000 h of match exposure. The average time loss for these injuries was 33 ± 28 days (range 7 to 117 days). In the 15 min prior to the injury, players ran a similar distance as in control matches (p from 0.22 to 0.08). However, players ran a greater distance in the 5-min period before the injury than in control matches at 21.0-23.9 km/h (p < 0.001) and at ≥ 24 km/h (p < 0.001). The odds ratio for a hamstring muscle injury was 7.147 for those players who ran > 30.0 m at ≥ 21 km/h in a 5-min period (p < 0.001). Hamstring muscle injuries during competition were preceded by 5 min of higher running demands at > 21 km/h, compared with control matches. This suggests that a short period of unusual running increases the risk of hamstring muscle injury in professional football players.
{"title":"Hamstring muscle injury is preceded by a short period of higher running demands in professional football players.","authors":"Victor Moreno-Perez, Víctor Sotos-Martínez, Alejandro Lopez-Valenciano, Roberto Lopez Del-Campo, Ricardo Resta, Juan Del Coso","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127387","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to examine match running patterns before a hamstring muscle injury occurs during a match in male professional football players. A total of 281 male professional football players belonging to 7 teams from <i>LaLiga</i> were prospectively monitored over three seasons. Among these, 36 players suffered a non-contact hamstring muscle injury during an official match. The injuries were recorded by the medical staff, including the minute when the injury occurred. Running distances at different speed thresholds for 5 min and 15 min before the injury were compared to mean values of the previous 5 matches for the same time points. There were a total of 44 non-contact hamstring muscle injuries, which represents a hamstring muscle injury incidence of 3.34 injuries/1000 h of match exposure. The average time loss for these injuries was 33 ± 28 days (range 7 to 117 days). In the 15 min prior to the injury, players ran a similar distance as in control matches (<i>p</i> from 0.22 to 0.08). However, players ran a greater distance in the 5-min period before the injury than in control matches at 21.0-23.9 km/h (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and at ≥ 24 km/h (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The odds ratio for a hamstring muscle injury was 7.147 for those players who ran > 30.0 m at ≥ 21 km/h in a 5-min period (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Hamstring muscle injuries during competition were preceded by 5 min of higher running demands at > 21 km/h, compared with control matches. This suggests that a short period of unusual running increases the risk of hamstring muscle injury in professional football players.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-07-24DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129479
Lorcan S Daly, Ciarán Ó Catháin, David T Kelly
This study investigated the association of physiological attributes with in-game workload measures during competitive Gaelic football match-play. Fifty-two male developmental level Gaelic football players (mean ± SD; age: 22.9 ± 3.8 years) underwent measurements of anthropometric characteristics, running speed, muscular strength and power, blood lactate (BLa), running economy and aerobic capacity during two separate testing visits. Global Positioning System units (18-Hz) were used to record players in-game workloads during a competitive match 1-week following the baseline physiological assessments. Results indicated that players body fat percentage, drop jump height (DJ) and running velocity at 4 mmol · L-1 BLa were significantly associated with the number of high-speed runs completed (Adjusted R2 26.8% to 39.5%; p < 0.05) while 20 m running speed, running velocity at 2 mmol · L-1 BLa and DJ were significantly associated with the number of accelerations completed (Adjusted R2 17.2% to 22.0%; p < 0.05) during match-play. Additionally, aerobic capacity and body fat percentage were significantly associated with total distance (Adjusted R2 14.4% to 22.4%; p < 0.05) while body fat percentage, DJ and 20 m running speed were significantly associated with high-speed distance (Adjusted R2 17.8% to 22.0%; p < 0.05). Players were also divided into higher-standard and lower-standard groups using a median split of these physiological attributes. Players in the higher-standard groups completed significantly more high-speed runs and accelerations and covered significantly larger total and high-speed distances (+10.4% to +36.8%; ES = 0.67 to 0.88; p < 0.05) when compared to the lower-standard groups. This study demonstrates that superior levels of physical conditioning are associated with larger in-game workloads during Gaelic football match-play.
{"title":"Do players with superior physiological attributes outwork their less-conditioned counterparts? A study in Gaelic football.","authors":"Lorcan S Daly, Ciarán Ó Catháin, David T Kelly","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129479","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the association of physiological attributes with in-game workload measures during competitive Gaelic football match-play. Fifty-two male developmental level Gaelic football players (mean ± SD; age: 22.9 ± 3.8 years) underwent measurements of anthropometric characteristics, running speed, muscular strength and power, blood lactate (BLa), running economy and aerobic capacity during two separate testing visits. Global Positioning System units (18-Hz) were used to record players in-game workloads during a competitive match 1-week following the baseline physiological assessments. Results indicated that players body fat percentage, drop jump height (DJ) and running velocity at 4 mmol · L<sup>-1</sup> BLa were significantly associated with the number of high-speed runs completed (Adjusted R<sup>2</sup> 26.8% to 39.5%; <i>p</i> < 0.05) while 20 m running speed, running velocity at 2 mmol · L<sup>-1</sup> BLa and DJ were significantly associated with the number of accelerations completed (Adjusted R<sup>2</sup> 17.2% to 22.0%; <i>p</i> < 0.05) during match-play. Additionally, aerobic capacity and body fat percentage were significantly associated with total distance (Adjusted R<sup>2</sup> 14.4% to 22.4%; <i>p</i> < 0.05) while body fat percentage, DJ and 20 m running speed were significantly associated with high-speed distance (Adjusted R<sup>2</sup> 17.8% to 22.0%; <i>p</i> < 0.05). Players were also divided into higher-standard and lower-standard groups using a median split of these physiological attributes. Players in the higher-standard groups completed significantly more high-speed runs and accelerations and covered significantly larger total and high-speed distances (+10.4% to +36.8%; ES = 0.67 to 0.88; p < 0.05) when compared to the lower-standard groups. This study demonstrates that superior levels of physical conditioning are associated with larger in-game workloads during Gaelic football match-play.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71066078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-05-25DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.125590
Thomas Huyghe, Julio Calleja-González, Stephen P Bird, Pedro E Alcaraz
A rapidly emerging area of interest in high-pressure environments is that of pupillometry, where handheld quantitative infrared pupillometers (HQIPs) are able to track psycho-physiological fatigue in a fast, objective, valid, reliable, and non-invasive manner. However, the application of HQIPs in the context of athlete monitoring is yet to be determined. Therefore, the main aim of this pilot study was to examine the potential usefulness of a HQIP to monitor game-induced fatigue inside a professional female basketball setting by determining its (1) test-retest repeatability, (2) relationship with other biomarkers of game-induced fatigue, and (3) time-course from rested to fatigued states. A non-ophthalmologic practitioner performed a standardized Pupil Light Reflex (PLR) test using a medically graded HQIP among 9 professional female basketball players (2020-2021 Euro Cup) at baseline, 24-h pre-game (GD-1), 24-h post-game (GD+1) and 48-h post-game (GD+2). This was repeated over four subsequent games, equalling a total of 351 observations per eye. Two out of seven pupillometrics displayed good ICCs (0.95-0.99) (MinD and MaxD). Strong significant relationships were found between MaxD, MinD, and all registered biomarkers of game-induced fatigue (r = 0.69-0.82, p < 0.05), as well as between CV, MCV, and cognitive, lower-extremity muscle, and physiological fatigue markers (r = 0.74-0.76, p < 0.05). Three pupillometrics were able to detect a significant difference between rested and fatigued states. In particular, PC (right) (F = 5.173, η2 = 0.115 p = 0.028) and MCV (right) (F = 3.976, η2 = 0.090 p = 0.049) significantly decreased from baseline to GD+2, and LAT (left) (F = 4.023, η2 = 0.109 p = 0.009) significantly increased from GD-1 to GD+2. HQIPs have opened a new window of opportunity for monitoring game-induced fatigue in professional female basketball players. However, future research initiatives across larger and heterogenous samples, and longer investigation periods, are required to expand upon these preliminary findings.
{"title":"Pupillometry as a new window to player fatigue? A glimpse inside the eyes of a Euro Cup Women's Basketball team.","authors":"Thomas Huyghe, Julio Calleja-González, Stephen P Bird, Pedro E Alcaraz","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.125590","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.125590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A rapidly emerging area of interest in high-pressure environments is that of pupillometry, where handheld quantitative infrared pupillometers (HQIPs) are able to track psycho-physiological fatigue in a fast, objective, valid, reliable, and non-invasive manner. However, the application of HQIPs in the context of athlete monitoring is yet to be determined. Therefore, the main aim of this pilot study was to examine the potential usefulness of a HQIP to monitor game-induced fatigue inside a professional female basketball setting by determining its (1) test-retest repeatability, (2) relationship with other biomarkers of game-induced fatigue, and (3) time-course from rested to fatigued states. A non-ophthalmologic practitioner performed a standardized Pupil Light Reflex (PLR) test using a medically graded HQIP among 9 professional female basketball players (2020-2021 Euro Cup) at baseline, 24-h pre-game (GD-1), 24-h post-game (GD+1) and 48-h post-game (GD+2). This was repeated over four subsequent games, equalling a total of 351 observations per eye. Two out of seven pupillometrics displayed good ICCs (0.95-0.99) (MinD and MaxD). Strong significant relationships were found between MaxD, MinD, and all registered biomarkers of game-induced fatigue (r = 0.69-0.82, p < 0.05), as well as between CV, MCV, and cognitive, lower-extremity muscle, and physiological fatigue markers (r = 0.74-0.76, p < 0.05). Three pupillometrics were able to detect a significant difference between rested and fatigued states. In particular, PC (right) (F = 5.173, <i>η</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.115 p = 0.028) and MCV (right) (F = 3.976, <i>η</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.090 p = 0.049) significantly decreased from baseline to GD+2, and LAT (left) (F = 4.023, <i>η</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.109 p = 0.009) significantly increased from GD-1 to GD+2. HQIPs have opened a new window of opportunity for monitoring game-induced fatigue in professional female basketball players. However, future research initiatives across larger and heterogenous samples, and longer investigation periods, are required to expand upon these preliminary findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-07-19DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129471
Andreja Milutinović, Vladimir Jakovljević, Milinko Dabović, Aaron T Scanlan, Dragan Radovanović, Aleksandra Orlova, Emilija Stojanović
The aim of this study was to compare knee extensor and flexor strength recovery following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction between bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) and hamstring tendon (HT) grafts in international male soccer players undergoing comparable 6-month rehabilitation programmes. Seventeen players underwent ACL reconstruction with either an autogenous BPTB graft or HT graft. Knee extensor and flexor peak torques were measured at 3 months and 6 months in the injured and contralateral legs following surgery using isokinetic dynamometry. The moderate-large asymmetries in knee extensor peak torque between legs at 3 months across graft types (BPTB: p = 0.002, g = -0.94; HT: p = 0.02, g = -0.55) were reduced to trivial asymmetries at 6 months (BPTB: p = 0.30, g = -0.19; HT: p = 0.40, g = -0.16), with a non-significant difference in limb symmetry index (LSI) between grafts at 6 months (p = 0.62, g = -0.24). Similarly, moderate-large asymmetries in knee flexor peak torque between legs at 3 months across graft types (BPTB: p = 0.13, g = -0.50; HT: p = 0.01, g = -0.97) were reduced to trivial-small asymmetries at 6 months (BPTB: p = 0.25, g = 0.18; HT: p = 0.01, g = -0.47); however, a superior LSI was evident with BPTB compared to HT grafts at 6 months (p = 0.007, g = 1.43, large). Strength and conditioning professionals working with soccer players who are rehabilitating from ACL reconstruction after receiving a HT graft should give adequate attention to delivering suitable hamstring exercises that ensure optimal strength restoration.
{"title":"A comparison in knee flexor and extensor strength following ACL reconstruction in international, male soccer players receiving patellar tendon or hamstrings grafts.","authors":"Andreja Milutinović, Vladimir Jakovljević, Milinko Dabović, Aaron T Scanlan, Dragan Radovanović, Aleksandra Orlova, Emilija Stojanović","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129471","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to compare knee extensor and flexor strength recovery following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction between bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) and hamstring tendon (HT) grafts in international male soccer players undergoing comparable 6-month rehabilitation programmes. Seventeen players underwent ACL reconstruction with either an autogenous BPTB graft or HT graft. Knee extensor and flexor peak torques were measured at 3 months and 6 months in the injured and contralateral legs following surgery using isokinetic dynamometry. The <i>moderate-large</i> asymmetries in knee extensor peak torque between legs at 3 months across graft types (BPTB: p = 0.002, g = -0.94; HT: p = 0.02, g = -0.55) were reduced to <i>trivial</i> asymmetries at 6 months (BPTB: p = 0.30, g = -0.19; HT: p = 0.40, g = -0.16), with a non-significant difference in limb symmetry index (LSI) between grafts at 6 months (p = 0.62, g = -0.24). Similarly, <i>moderate-large</i> asymmetries in knee flexor peak torque between legs at 3 months across graft types (BPTB: p = 0.13, g = -0.50; HT: p = 0.01, g = -0.97) were reduced to <i>trivial-small</i> asymmetries at 6 months (BPTB: p = 0.25, g = 0.18; HT: p = 0.01, g = -0.47); however, a superior LSI was evident with BPTB compared to HT grafts at 6 months (p = 0.007, g = 1.43, <i>large</i>). Strength and conditioning professionals working with soccer players who are rehabilitating from ACL reconstruction after receiving a HT graft should give adequate attention to delivering suitable hamstring exercises that ensure optimal strength restoration.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}