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Comparison of the external load of professional goalkeepers in different weekly training sessions. 比较职业门将在每周不同训练中的外部负荷。
IF 5.6 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129484
David Casamichana, Eider Barba, Andres Martín-García, Iñaki Ulloa, Fabio Yuzo Nakamura, Julen Castellano

The aim of this study was to compare the external load of professional goalkeepers (GKs) in different training sessions of the microcycle. Three professional GKs (age: 28.1 ± 6.9 years; stature: 190.1 ± 1.9 cm; body mass: 84.8 ± 1.1 kg) were monitored by GPS devices during different training sessions according to the days since/until the match day (MD) at MD+1, MD-4, MD-3, MD-2 and MD-1. Different external load measures were calculated: total distance, distance covered at > 14 km · h-1, acceleration load, player load, number of dives, dive load, number of explosive efforts of displacement, number of low intensity (< 0.3 m), medium intensity (0.3-0.4 m), high intensity (> 0.4 m) and medium-high intensity jumps (> 0.3 m). The results showed that there is a decrease in the external load as the GKs' training sessions approach the match, with the lowest value of external load observed at MD-1, and the highest external loads at MD+1 and MD-4. This analysis of the external load demands of professional soccer GKs provides new information that will be useful to inform professionals when planning and implementing training and/or recovery strategies for soccer GKs during the microcycle.

本研究旨在比较职业门将(GK)在不同微循环训练中的外部负荷。三名职业门将(年龄:28.1±6.9 岁;身材:190.1±1.9 厘米;体重:84.8±1.1 千克)在不同的训练课程中接受了 GPS 设备的监测,监测结果按照比赛日(MD)之后/之前的天数(MD+1、MD-4、MD-3、MD-2 和 MD-1)计算。计算了不同的外部负荷指标:总距离、> 14 公里-小时-1 的覆盖距离、加速负荷、球员负荷、俯冲次数、俯冲负荷、爆发力位移次数、低强度(< 0.3 米)、中等强度(0.3-0.4 米)、高强度(> 0.4 米)和中高强度跳跃(> 0.3 米)次数。结果表明,随着比赛的临近,GKs 训练课的外部负荷有所下降,在 MD-1 时外部负荷值最低,而在 MD+1 和 MD-4 时外部负荷最高。这项对职业足球守门员外部负荷需求的分析提供了新的信息,对专业人员规划和实施足球守门员微循环期间的训练和/或恢复策略很有帮助。
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引用次数: 0
Is muscle stiffness a determinant for range of motion in the leg muscles? 肌肉僵硬是腿部肌肉活动范围的决定因素吗?
IF 5.6 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-10 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.131821
Marina M Reiner, Markus Tilp, Masatoshi Nakamura, Andreas Konrad

Previous training studies with comprehensive stretching durations have reported that an increase in range of motion (ROM) can be related to decreases in muscle stiffness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the association between the passive muscle stiffness of three muscle groups (triceps surae, quadriceps, hamstrings) to the respective joint ROM. Thirty-six healthy male soccer players volunteered in this study. After a standardized warm-up, the muscle stiffness was tested via shear wave elastography in six muscles (gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris long head). The hip extension, hip flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion ROM were also assessed with a modified Thomas test, a sit and reach test, and a standing wall push test, respectively. We found significant moderate to large correlations between hip flexion ROM and muscle stiffness for the semimembranosus (rP = -0.43; P = 0.01), biceps femoris long head (rP = -0.45; P = 0.01), and overall hamstring stiffness (rP = -0.50; P < 0.01). No significant correlations were found for triceps surae (rP = -0.12; P = 0.51 to 0.67) and rectus femoris muscle stiffness (rP = 0.25; P = 0.14) with ankle dorsiflexion and hip extension ROM, respectively. We conclude that muscle stiffness is an important contributor to hip flexion ROM, but less important for hip extension or ankle joint ROM. Additional contributors to ROM might be tendon stiffness or stretch/pain tolerance.

以往对综合拉伸持续时间的训练研究表明,活动范围(ROM)的增加与肌肉僵硬度的降低有关。因此,本研究旨在分析三组肌肉(肱三头肌、股四头肌、腘绳肌)的被动肌肉僵硬度与各自关节活动度之间的关联。36 名健康的男性足球运动员自愿参与了这项研究。经过标准化热身后,通过剪切波弹性成像测试了六块肌肉(腓肠肌内侧和外侧、股直肌、半腱肌、半膜肌和股二头肌长头)的肌肉硬度。髋关节伸展、髋关节屈曲和踝关节背屈的活动度也分别通过改良托马斯测试、坐位伸展测试和站立推墙测试进行了评估。我们发现,髋关节屈曲 ROM 与半膜肌肌肉僵硬度(rP = -0.43;P = 0.01)、股二头肌长头(rP = -0.45;P = 0.01)和腿筋整体僵硬度(rP = -0.50;P < 0.01)之间存在明显的中度至高度相关性。肱三头肌(rP = -0.12;P = 0.51 至 0.67)和股直肌僵硬度(rP = 0.25;P = 0.14)分别与踝关节背屈和髋关节伸展 ROM 无明显相关性。我们的结论是,肌肉僵硬是影响髋关节屈曲 ROM 的重要因素,但对髋关节伸展或踝关节 ROM 的影响较小。肌腱僵硬或拉伸/疼痛耐受性可能是影响 ROM 的其他因素。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of goalkeepers' offensive participation on team performance in the women Spanish La Liga: a multinomial logistic regression analysis. 守门员参与进攻对西班牙女子足球甲级联赛球队成绩的影响:多项式逻辑回归分析。
IF 5.6 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.125592
Claudio A Casal, Joseph A Stone, Iyán Iván-Baragaño, José L Losada

This study aimed to examine the effect of goalkeeper distribution on offensive team performance, during the 2018/2019 and 2019-2020 seasons of the Women Spanish La Liga. A total of 10,868 distributions, during 376 matches were analyzed by systematic observation. Two UEFA PRO coaches designed an ad hoc observation instrument "GOALDFOOT" and one observer coded the data after a training process. An intra-observer reliability kappa index of 0.94 was established. Results show how the offensive effectiveness of the goalkeepers was similar to outfield players, with 0.4% of possessions ending in a goal, 2.2% ending in an attempt on goal, with 79.4% ending unsuccessfully. The goalkeeper lost possession from their distribution 32.5% of the time. Multivariate analysis identified several predictors of goalkeepers' distributions. The results show that teams classified in the middle zone of the final classification of the regular league had 1.2 times more probability of being successful compared with the lowest ranked teams (p < 0.05). Goalkeeper's distribution beginning during Open play after a transition, represented an increase success rate of almost 3 times compared to being performed from a free kick (p < 0.05). Passes from outfield players to a goalkeeper made from distant zones to the own goal, decreased the probability of success (p < 0.001). The pitch location of the distribution outcome near to the opponent goal offered the best probability of success. In conclusion, the most effective offensive sequences occur with dynamic transitions initiated with short passes. This information can provide coaches and players with insights to improve the offensive performance of goalkeepers.

本研究旨在考察2018/2019赛季和2019-2020赛季女子西甲联赛中门将分布对进攻球队表现的影响。通过系统性观察,共分析了 376 场比赛中的 10 868 次门将分球。两名欧足联专业教练设计了一个临时观察工具 "GOALDFOOT",一名观察员在训练过程后对数据进行编码。观察者内部的可靠性卡帕指数为 0.94。结果显示,门将的进攻效率与外场球员相似,0.4% 的控球以进球告终,2.2% 的控球以试图射门告终,79.4% 的控球以失败告终。32.5%的情况下,守门员会从他们的分配中失去控球权。多变量分析确定了门将分布的几个预测因素。结果显示,与排名最低的球队相比,在常规联赛最终分类中处于中间区域的球队的成功概率要高出 1.2 倍(p < 0.05)。门将在转换后的公开赛中开始分球,与任意球相比,成功率提高了近 3 倍(p < 0.05)。外场球员传球给门将,从远距离区域传到本方球门,会降低成功概率(p < 0.001)。分配结果的球场位置靠近对方球门的成功概率最高。总之,最有效的进攻序列发生在以短传启动的动态转换中。这一信息可为教练和球员提供启示,以提高门将的进攻表现。
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引用次数: 0
Do small-sided games prepare players for the worst-case scenarios of match play in elite young soccer players? 小场比赛是否能让球员为精英青少年足球运动员在比赛中的最坏情况做好准备?
IF 5.6 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127389
Vicente de Dios-Álvarez, Julen Castellano, Alexis Padrón-Cabo, Ezequiel Rey

The aim of the study was to determine whether the physical performance of young soccer player during various small sided games (SSGs) underloads, replicates or overloads the requirements of the worst-case scenarios (WCS) during match play. A total of 521 SSGs' individual observations and 15 different formats of SSGs with different areas per player (ApP) (ApP100: < 100; ApP200: ranged from 101 to 200; ApP300: > 201, all in m2 · player-1) were taken into consideration. Whole (90-min average; OM) and 15-, 5- and 1-min worst-case scenarios (WCS15, WCS5 and WCS1, respectively) were analysed. Total distance covered relative (m · min-1) (TDCR), high-speed distance relative (m · min-1) (HSDR), very high-speed distance relative (m · min-1) (VHSDR) and sprint distance relative (m · min-1) (SDR), player load relative (PLR) and both total (ACCR) and high intensity relative accelerations (n · min-1) (ACCHR) were collected. All external load measures analysed were significantly higher in WCS1 compared to WCS of longer duration and SSGs with different ApP (p < 0.001). The analysis demonstrated interactions between game type and player positions (p < 0.001) for TDCR, VHSDR, PLR and ACCHR. The SSG formats did not sufficiently stimulate the WCS for locomotor demands (VHSDR and SDR). SSGs played on an ApP100 overestimated the mechanical values compared to WCS15 and WCS5. The analysed SSG formats did not sufficiently stimulate players to cope with all external load demands that occurred during WCS1. This study provides useful information for practitioners on the heightened impact of different SSG formats on external load in relation to the WCS of competitive match play.

本研究旨在确定青少年足球运动员在各种小型比赛(SSGs)中的体能表现是否低于、复制或超过了比赛中最坏情况(WCS)的要求。共进行了 521 次单项小场比赛观察和 15 种不同形式的小场比赛观察,球员人均面积(ApP)各不相同(ApP100:< ApP100:小于 100;ApP200:从 101 到 200;ApP300:大于 201:> 均以平方米-球员-1 为单位)。对全程(90 分钟平均值;OM)和 15、5 和 1 分钟最差情况(分别为 WCS15、WCS5 和 WCS1)进行了分析。收集了相对总路程(米-分-1)(TDCR)、相对高速路程(米-分-1)(HSDR)、相对超高速路程(米-分-1)(VHSDR)和相对短跑路程(米-分-1)(SDR)、相对运动员负荷(PLR)以及总加速度(ACCR)和高强度相对加速度(n-分-1)(ACCHR)。与持续时间较长的 WCS 和 ApP 不同的 SSG 相比,WCS1 的所有外部负荷分析指标都明显较高(p < 0.001)。分析表明,在 TDCR、VHSDR、PLR 和 ACCHR 方面,游戏类型和运动员位置之间存在相互作用(p < 0.001)。SSG形式不能充分刺激WCS的运动需求(VHSDR和SDR)。与 WCS15 和 WCS5 相比,在 ApP100 上播放的 SSG 高估了机械值。所分析的 SSG 形式无法充分刺激运动员应对 WCS1 期间出现的所有外部负荷需求。这项研究为从业人员提供了有用的信息,帮助他们了解不同的 SSG 形式对外部负荷的影响与竞技比赛的 WCS 之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Do players with superior physiological attributes outwork their less-conditioned counterparts? A study in Gaelic football. 生理条件优越的球员会比身体条件较差的球员更努力吗?盖尔足球研究。
IF 5.6 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129479
Lorcan S Daly, Ciarán Ó Catháin, David T Kelly

This study investigated the association of physiological attributes with in-game workload measures during competitive Gaelic football match-play. Fifty-two male developmental level Gaelic football players (mean ± SD; age: 22.9 ± 3.8 years) underwent measurements of anthropometric characteristics, running speed, muscular strength and power, blood lactate (BLa), running economy and aerobic capacity during two separate testing visits. Global Positioning System units (18-Hz) were used to record players in-game workloads during a competitive match 1-week following the baseline physiological assessments. Results indicated that players body fat percentage, drop jump height (DJ) and running velocity at 4 mmol · L-1 BLa were significantly associated with the number of high-speed runs completed (Adjusted R2 26.8% to 39.5%; p < 0.05) while 20 m running speed, running velocity at 2 mmol · L-1 BLa and DJ were significantly associated with the number of accelerations completed (Adjusted R2 17.2% to 22.0%; p < 0.05) during match-play. Additionally, aerobic capacity and body fat percentage were significantly associated with total distance (Adjusted R2 14.4% to 22.4%; p < 0.05) while body fat percentage, DJ and 20 m running speed were significantly associated with high-speed distance (Adjusted R2 17.8% to 22.0%; p < 0.05). Players were also divided into higher-standard and lower-standard groups using a median split of these physiological attributes. Players in the higher-standard groups completed significantly more high-speed runs and accelerations and covered significantly larger total and high-speed distances (+10.4% to +36.8%; ES = 0.67 to 0.88; p < 0.05) when compared to the lower-standard groups. This study demonstrates that superior levels of physical conditioning are associated with larger in-game workloads during Gaelic football match-play.

本研究调查了盖尔足球比赛中生理特征与比赛中工作量测量之间的关系。52 名男子盖尔足球运动员(平均值 ± SD;年龄:22.9 ± 3.8 岁)在两次单独的测试中接受了人体测量特征、跑步速度、肌肉力量和功率、血乳酸(BLa)、跑步经济性和有氧能力的测量。在进行基线生理评估一周后的一场竞技比赛中,使用全球定位系统装置(18 赫兹)记录球员在比赛中的工作量。结果表明,球员的体脂率、落跳高度(DJ)和在 4 mmol - L-1 BLa 下的跑步速度与完成高速跑的次数显著相关(调整后的 R2 为 26.8% 至 39.5%;p < 0.05),而 20 米跑步速度、在 2 mmol - L-1 BLa 下的跑步速度和 DJ 与完成加速跑的次数显著相关(调整后的 R2 为 17.2% 至 22.0%;p < 0.05)。此外,有氧能力和体脂率与总距离显著相关(调整后 R2 为 14.4% 至 22.4%;p < 0.05),而体脂率、DJ 和 20 米跑速度与高速距离显著相关(调整后 R2 为 17.8% 至 22.0%;p < 0.05)。还根据这些生理特征的中位数将球员分为高标准组和低标准组。与低标准组相比,高标准组球员完成的高速跑和加速度明显更多,总距离和高速距离也明显更大(+10.4% 至 +36.8%;ES = 0.67 至 0.88;p < 0.05)。这项研究表明,在盖尔足球比赛中,较高水平的体能调节与较大的赛内工作量有关。
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引用次数: 0
Pupillometry as a new window to player fatigue? A glimpse inside the eyes of a Euro Cup Women's Basketball team. 瞳孔测量是了解球员疲劳的新窗口?欧洲杯女子篮球队眼中的一瞥。
IF 5.6 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.125590
Thomas Huyghe, Julio Calleja-González, Stephen P Bird, Pedro E Alcaraz

A rapidly emerging area of interest in high-pressure environments is that of pupillometry, where handheld quantitative infrared pupillometers (HQIPs) are able to track psycho-physiological fatigue in a fast, objective, valid, reliable, and non-invasive manner. However, the application of HQIPs in the context of athlete monitoring is yet to be determined. Therefore, the main aim of this pilot study was to examine the potential usefulness of a HQIP to monitor game-induced fatigue inside a professional female basketball setting by determining its (1) test-retest repeatability, (2) relationship with other biomarkers of game-induced fatigue, and (3) time-course from rested to fatigued states. A non-ophthalmologic practitioner performed a standardized Pupil Light Reflex (PLR) test using a medically graded HQIP among 9 professional female basketball players (2020-2021 Euro Cup) at baseline, 24-h pre-game (GD-1), 24-h post-game (GD+1) and 48-h post-game (GD+2). This was repeated over four subsequent games, equalling a total of 351 observations per eye. Two out of seven pupillometrics displayed good ICCs (0.95-0.99) (MinD and MaxD). Strong significant relationships were found between MaxD, MinD, and all registered biomarkers of game-induced fatigue (r = 0.69-0.82, p < 0.05), as well as between CV, MCV, and cognitive, lower-extremity muscle, and physiological fatigue markers (r = 0.74-0.76, p < 0.05). Three pupillometrics were able to detect a significant difference between rested and fatigued states. In particular, PC (right) (F = 5.173, η2 = 0.115 p = 0.028) and MCV (right) (F = 3.976, η2 = 0.090 p = 0.049) significantly decreased from baseline to GD+2, and LAT (left) (F = 4.023, η2 = 0.109 p = 0.009) significantly increased from GD-1 to GD+2. HQIPs have opened a new window of opportunity for monitoring game-induced fatigue in professional female basketball players. However, future research initiatives across larger and heterogenous samples, and longer investigation periods, are required to expand upon these preliminary findings.

瞳孔测量法是高压环境中一个迅速崛起的领域,手持式定量红外瞳孔测量仪(HQIPs)能够以快速、客观、有效、可靠和无创的方式跟踪心理生理疲劳。然而,HQIPs 在运动员监测方面的应用还有待确定。因此,本试验研究的主要目的是通过确定 HQIP(1)测试-重复测试的可重复性;(2)与其他比赛疲劳生物标志物的关系;(3)从休息状态到疲劳状态的时间过程,检验 HQIP 在专业女子篮球比赛中监测比赛疲劳的潜在作用。一名非眼科医生在基线、赛前 24 小时(GD-1)、赛后 24 小时(GD+1)和赛后 48 小时(GD+2)对 9 名职业女篮运动员(2020-2021 年欧洲杯)使用医学分级 HQIP 进行了标准化瞳孔光反射(PLR)测试。这一过程在随后的四场比赛中重复进行,每只眼睛共观察 351 次。七项瞳孔测量中有两项显示出良好的 ICCs(0.95-0.99)(MinD 和 MaxD)。在 MaxD、MinD 和所有已登记的游戏诱发疲劳生物标志物(r = 0.69-0.82,p < 0.05)之间,以及在 CV、MCV 和认知、下肢肌肉和生理疲劳标志物(r = 0.74-0.76,p < 0.05)之间,都发现了很强的显着关系。三种瞳孔测量法能够检测出休息状态和疲劳状态之间的显著差异。其中,PC(右)(F = 5.173,η2 = 0.115 p = 0.028)和 MCV(右)(F = 3.976,η2 = 0.090 p = 0.049)从基线到 GD+2 显著下降,而 LAT(左)(F = 4.023,η2 = 0.109 p = 0.009)从 GD-1 到 GD+2 显著增加。HQIPs 为监测职业女篮运动员比赛引起的疲劳打开了一扇新的机会之窗。然而,未来的研究还需要在更大的异质样本和更长的调查期内进行,以扩展这些初步发现。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of training type and area size variations on the physiological and session rating of perceived exertion responses during male judo matches. 在男子柔道比赛中,训练类型和区域大小的变化对生理反应和会话感知消耗反应评级的影响。
IF 5.6 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127381
Nizar Houcine, Ibrahim Ouergui, Anissa Bouassida, Emerson Franchini, Ezdine Bouhlel

Modified exercise prescription in judo is commonly used to activate the energy systems in different magnitudes. In order to study the physiological and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses according to area sizes (i.e., 4 m × 4 m, 6 m × 6 m and 8 m × 8 m) and training mode variations (i.e., groundwork, ne-waza; standing combat only, tachi-waza; and free combat, free randori), eighteen male judo athletes (age: 22.6 ± 1.8 years) were randomly assigned, on separate days, to 9 experimental conditions (3 area sizes × 3 training modes) with each condition lasting 4 min. Delta lactate [La] was calculated based on the blood lactate values measured before and after every condition. Heart rate (HR) was measured during and after each bout and RPE recorded at the end of each combat. The results showed that mean and peak HR, percentage of maximum HR (% HRmax), delta [La] values and RPE scores were lower in 4 m × 4 m compared to 6 m × 6 m and 8 m × 8 m, and in groundwork training mode compared to standing combat and free randori (all p < 0.001). Furthermore, the 6 m × 6 m condition induced lower delta [La] values than 8 m × 8 m (p < 0.001) and free randori resulted in higher RPE scores than standing combat (p = 0.001). In conclusion, different training variables can be easily manipulated in a variety of different ways to specifically activate the energetic systems. Focusing on groundwork, the 6 m × 6 m area size was found to be the most suitable condition to induce a higher cardiovascular response, while the standing combat and free randori in 6 m × 6 m resulted in increased glycolytic activation compared to the groundwork condition.

柔道运动中通常使用修改后的运动处方来激活不同强度的能量系统。为了研究不同面积(即 4 m × 4 m、6 m × 6 m 和 8 m × 8 m)和不同训练模式(即:地面练习,ne-waza;仅站立格斗,tachi-waza;自由格斗,free randori)下的生理反应和感知用力值(RPE)、18 名男性柔道运动员(年龄:22.6 ± 1.8 岁)在不同的日期被随机分配到 9 种实验条件(3 种面积大小 × 3 种训练模式)中,每种条件持续 4 分钟。Δ乳酸[La]是根据每个条件前后测量的血乳酸值计算得出的。在每次训练期间和之后测量心率(HR),并在每次战斗结束时记录 RPE。结果显示,与 6 米×6 米和 8 米×8 米相比,4 米×4 米的平均心率和峰值心率、最大心率百分比(% HRmax)、δ[La]值和 RPE 分数较低;与站立搏击和自由搏击相比,地面训练模式的平均心率和峰值心率、最大心率百分比(% HRmax)、δ[La]值和 RPE 分数较低(均 p <0.001)。此外,6 米 × 6 米条件下的 delta [La] 值低于 8 米 × 8 米条件下的 delta [La] 值(p < 0.001),自由转体导致的 RPE 分数高于站立格斗(p = 0.001)。总之,不同的训练变量可以很容易地通过各种不同的方式进行操作,从而有针对性地激活能量系统。就地面运动而言,6 米×6 米的场地大小最适合诱发较高的心血管反应,而与地面运动条件相比,6 米×6 米的站立搏击和自由兰多里导致糖酵解激活增加。
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引用次数: 0
The validity of automatic methods for estimating skeletal age in young athletes: a comparison of the BAUSport ultrasound system and BoneXpert with the radiographic method of Fels. 估算年轻运动员骨骼年龄的自动方法的有效性:BAUSport 超声波系统和 BoneXpert 与 Fels 放射学方法的比较。
IF 5.6 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127380
Sean P Cumming, Ramon Pi-Rusiñol, Gil Rodas, Franchek Drobnic, Alan D Rogol

This study examined the validity of two automated methods (BAUSport, BoneXpert software using Fels, Greulich-Pyle, Tanner-Whithouse III protocols) for estimating skeletal age (SA) in young athletes in comparison to a reference standard (Fels). 85 male and female athletes, nine to seventeen years of age, from multiple sports were assessed for SA as part of an annual medical and health screening programme. Intra-class correlations demonstrated high degrees of association between the automatic methods for estimating SA (BAUSport r = .98; BoneXpert r = .96-.99) and the discrepancy between SA and chronological age (SA-CA) (BAUSport r = .93; BoneXpert r = .88-.97), with the reference standard. Concordance analyses for the categorisation of participants as early, on-time and late maturing also demonstrated substantial levels of agreement for both methods (BAUSport Kappa = .71; BoneXpert Fels Kappa = .63) with the reference standard. Bland-Altman plots comparing the automatic methods with the reference standard identified statistically significant fixed biases, ranging in magnitude from small to large. Collectively, these results suggest that BoneXpert and BAUSport can provide comparable estimates of SA and SA-CA in young athletes relative to the Fels method. Biases in the estimation of SA should, however, be considered and the automatic methods should be implemented as part of a comprehensive growth and maturity screening protocol. The non-invasive nature of the BAUSport method affords particular advantages (no radiation exposure, portability) in contexts where the regular estimation of SA is recommended.

这项研究检验了两种自动方法(BAUSport、使用 Fels、Greulich-Pyle、Tanner-Whithouse III 协议的 BoneXpert 软件)在估算年轻运动员骨骼年龄(SA)方面的有效性,并与参考标准(Fels)进行了比较。作为年度医疗和健康检查计划的一部分,85 名来自多个运动项目的 9 至 17 岁男女运动员接受了骨骼年龄评估。类内相关性表明,自动估算SA的方法(BAUSport r = .98;BoneXpert r = .96-.99)和SA与实际年龄(SA-CA)之间的差异(BAUSport r = .93;BoneXpert r = .88-.97)与参考标准之间存在高度关联。对参与者进行早熟、准时成熟和晚熟分类的一致性分析表明,两种方法与参考标准的一致性也达到了相当高的水平(BAUSport Kappa = .71;BoneXpert Fels Kappa = .63)。将自动方法与参考标准进行比较的 Bland-Altman 图确定了具有统计学意义的固定偏差,偏差程度从大到小不等。总之,这些结果表明,相对于 Fels 方法,BoneXpert 和 BAUSport 可为年轻运动员提供具有可比性的 SA 和 SA-CA 估计值。不过,应考虑到SA估计值的偏差,并将自动方法作为全面生长和成熟度筛查方案的一部分。BAUSport 方法的非侵入性具有特别的优势(无辐射暴露、便携性),可用于建议定期估算 SA 值的场合。
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引用次数: 0
Are EFI data valuable? Evidence from the 2022 FIFA World Cup group stage. EFI 数据有价值吗?来自 2022 年世界杯小组赛的证据。
IF 5.6 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127382
Xiaobin Wei, Yifan Zhao, Hui Chen, Peter Krustrup, Morten B Randers, Chong Chen

The 2022 World Cup used new Enhanced Football Intelligence (EFI) data, stoppage time calculation methods and substitution rules that were introduced by FIFA. The aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness of EFI in match analysis and to identify the key indicators that influence the match and provide a reference for coaches' tactical design and training. Data were derived from the FIFA website, including EFI data for 48 matches at the group stage of the Qatar World Cup. A total of 46 indicators were used for analysis and the average values of the corresponding indicators for the different competition results were used in the analysis to identify the key index that determines the outcome of the competition. Apart from scoring more goals and having more assists, winning teams had significantly more attempts on target than drawing and losing teams (p < 0.05); Winning teams had significantly more attempts inside the penalty area, completed defensive line breaks and receptions behind the defensive line than losing teams (p < 0.05). There is no difference in possession between matches with different results (p > 0.05). Goals were significantly correlated with completed defensive line breaks and receptions behind the defensive line (r = 0.27-0.30, p < 0.01). Attempts on target was significantly positively correlated with receptions, final third entries and line breaks (r = 0.31-0.67, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with defensive pressures applied (r = -0.35, p < 0.01). The efficiency of the offense is more important. Teams need to have more receptions, final third entries and line breaks to get more shots on target rather than possession. This study may help coaches to interpret the game from a multi-dimensional perspective and coaches can use EFI to help their teams improve their match performance.

2022 年世界杯使用了国际足联新推出的增强足球智能(EFI)数据、补时时间计算方法和换人规则。本研究旨在探索 EFI 在比赛分析中的有效性,找出影响比赛的关键指标,为教练的战术设计和训练提供参考。数据来源于国际足联网站,包括卡塔尔世界杯小组赛阶段 48 场比赛的 EFI 数据。共有 46 项指标被用于分析,分析中使用了不同比赛结果中相应指标的平均值,以确定决定比赛结果的关键指标。除了进球数和助攻数较多外,获胜球队的射门次数明显多于平局球队和输球球队(P < 0.05);获胜球队在禁区内的射门次数、完成的防线突破次数和防线后的接应次数明显多于输球球队(P < 0.05)。不同结果的比赛在控球率方面没有差异(P > 0.05)。进球与完成防线突破和防线后接应明显相关(r = 0.27-0.30,p < 0.01)。射门得分与接球、最后三分入球和防线突破呈明显正相关(r = 0.31-0.67,p < 0.01),与防守压力呈负相关(r = -0.35,p < 0.01)。进攻效率更为重要。球队需要有更多的接球、最后三秒的进球和突破,以获得更多的射门机会,而不是控球率。这项研究可以帮助教练从多维角度解读比赛,教练可以利用 EFI 帮助球队提高比赛成绩。
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引用次数: 0
Does sodium bicarbonate based extra-cellular buffering support reduce high intensity exercise-induced fatigue and enhance short-term recovery assessed by selected blood biochemical indices? 以碳酸氢钠为基础的细胞外缓冲支持能否减轻高强度运动引起的疲劳,并通过选定的血液生化指标评估增强短期恢复?
IF 5.6 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.125591
Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Joanna Kamińska, Bryan Saunders, Andrzej Pokrywka, Igor Łoniewski, Michal Steffl, Tomasz Podgórski

Exercise-induced metabolic processes induce muscle acidification which contributes to a reduction in the ability to perform repeated efforts. Alkalizing agents such as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) prevent large blood pH changes, however, there is no evidence on whether regulation of acid-base balance may also support whole body homeostasis monitored through heamatological and biochemical blood markers in a dose-dependent manner. Thirty Cross-Fit-trained participants were studied in a randomized, multi cross-over, placebo (PLA)-controlled double-blind manner in which they performed a control session (CTRL, without supplementation), three NaHCO3 visits (three different doses) and PLA (sodium chloride in an equimolar amount of sodium as NaHCO3). Each visit consisted of two 30-s Wingate tests separated by CrossFit-specific benchmarks (Wall Balls and Burpees - both performed for 3 min). Blood samples were collected at rest, immediately post-exercise and after 45 min recovery. Significant differences between visits appeared for blood pH, percentage of lymphocytes and granulocytes, red blood cells count and haemoglobin concentration at post-exercise and 45-min recovery, and for white blood cells count, percentage of monocytes, concentration of magnesium and creatinine at 45-min recovery. Most of the observed differences for heamatological and biochemical markers were significant compared to CTRL, but not different after PLA. NaHCO3 supplementation compared to PLA did not significantly affect exercise or recovery shifts in studied blood indicators. However, the changes in these markers after NaHCO3 and PLA in relation to CTRL indicate a possible role of sodium.

运动引起的新陈代谢过程会导致肌肉酸化,从而降低重复运动的能力。碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)等碱性制剂可防止血液 pH 值发生较大变化,但没有证据表明酸碱平衡的调节是否也能以剂量依赖的方式支持通过血液血液学和生化指标监测的全身平衡。我们对 30 名接受过 Cross-Fit 训练的参与者进行了随机、多交叉、安慰剂(PLA)对照双盲研究,其中他们分别进行了一次对照训练(CTRL,无补充剂)、三次 NaHCO3 访问(三种不同剂量)和 PLA(氯化钠与 NaHCO3 的钠等摩尔量)。每次检查包括两次 30 秒的 Wingate 测试,中间以 CrossFit 特定基准(壁球和 Burpees - 均为 3 分钟)隔开。在休息、运动后立即和恢复 45 分钟后采集血液样本。在运动后和 45 分钟恢复期,血液 pH 值、淋巴细胞和粒细胞百分比、红细胞计数和血红蛋白浓度,以及在 45 分钟恢复期,白细胞计数、单核细胞百分比、镁浓度和肌酐在各访问之间存在显著差异。观察到的大多数血液学和生化指标与 CTRL 相比差异显著,但与 PLA 相比差异不大。与 PLA 相比,补充 NaHCO3 对所研究的血液指标的运动或恢复变化没有明显影响。不过,与 CTRL 相比,补充 NaHCO3 和 PLA 后这些指标的变化表明钠可能起了作用。
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Biology of Sport
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