Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-09-20DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129478
Kinga Humińska-Lisowska, Jolanta Chmielowiec, Krzysztof Chmielowiec, Aleksandra Strońska, Paweł Cięszczyk, Michał Spieszny, Jolanta Masiak, Milena Lachowicz, Olga Surała, Anna Grzywacz
HTR1A (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A) and its polymorphic variants are highly important for athletes in different aspects, allowing us to hypothesize their biological influences. Hence, to investigate at least part of the relationship mentioned in the case literature, it was decided to study the association of the selected HTR1A polymorphism with personality traits measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). The participants consisted of 250 mixed martial arts (combat sport) athletes and 209 healthy male participants (control group). The personality traits were measured for the Revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R). Genetic material was isolated from whole blood collected from patients, and then all samples were genotyped using the real-time PCR method. Statistical analysis was performed using a 2 × 3 factorial ANOVA. The research revealed a statistically significant effect of a complex factor of rs6295 of the HTR1A serotonin receptor gene with combat sport/control and with Novelty Seeking (F2,453 = 6.126; p = 0.0024; η2 = 0.026) and Harm Avoidance (F2,453 = 3.709; p = 0.0252; η2 = 0.016). The presence of the HTR1A GG genotype (rs6295) was found to be associated with higher scores in self-management and lower scores in harm avoidance, indicating genetic predispositions in the strength group towards better results in combat sports.
{"title":"Association between polymorphism rs6295 of <i>HTR1A</i> serotonin receptor gene and personality traits among athletes of combat sport.","authors":"Kinga Humińska-Lisowska, Jolanta Chmielowiec, Krzysztof Chmielowiec, Aleksandra Strońska, Paweł Cięszczyk, Michał Spieszny, Jolanta Masiak, Milena Lachowicz, Olga Surała, Anna Grzywacz","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129478","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>HTR1A</i> (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A) and its polymorphic variants are highly important for athletes in different aspects, allowing us to hypothesize their biological influences. Hence, to investigate at least part of the relationship mentioned in the case literature, it was decided to study the association of the selected <i>HTR1A</i> polymorphism with personality traits measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). The participants consisted of 250 mixed martial arts (combat sport) athletes and 209 healthy male participants (control group). The personality traits were measured for the Revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R). Genetic material was isolated from whole blood collected from patients, and then all samples were genotyped using the real-time PCR method. Statistical analysis was performed using a 2 × 3 factorial ANOVA. The research revealed a statistically significant effect of a complex factor of rs6295 of the <i>HTR1A</i> serotonin receptor gene with combat sport/control and with Novelty Seeking (F<sub>2,453</sub> = 6.126; <i>p</i> = 0.0024; η<sup>2</sup> = 0.026) and Harm Avoidance (F<sub>2,453</sub> = 3.709; <i>p</i> = 0.0252; η<sup>2</sup> = 0.016). The presence of the <i>HTR1A</i> GG genotype (rs6295) was found to be associated with higher scores in self-management and lower scores in harm avoidance, indicating genetic predispositions in the strength group towards better results in combat sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-08-08DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129474
Takeshi Koyama, Jun Nishikawa, Kaishi Yaguchi, Takayuki Irino, Akira Rikukawa
This study aimed to compare the physical demands of playing opponents of different skill levels in basketball. Eighteen men's college basketball players wore accelerometers to measure the relative accumulated acceleration load (AAL), estimated equivalent distance, and frequencies of sprint, jump, and exertion events during games against professional teams (Pro), teams at the same competition level (Collegiate), and teams comprising intra-team members in practice games (Scrimmage). Internal responses were calculated using the relative rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). A repeated measures analysis of variance, Bonferroni post-hoc tests, and standardized Cohen's effect sizes were calculated to compare the physical demands and internal responses across matches played against different levels of opponents. The results showed that in the game against the Pro, AAL (arbitrary units), sprint events (cases per min), and exertion events (cases per min) were significantly (p < .05) higher than those in games against the Collegiate and Scrimmage teams. As the competitive level of the opponents increased, the relative external load of the participants also increased. Conversely, internal responses measured using sRPE were lower after games against the Pro than those against the Collegiate. Internal and external loads may vary from each other depending on contextual factors.
{"title":"A comparison of the physical demands generated by playing different opponents in basketball friendly matches.","authors":"Takeshi Koyama, Jun Nishikawa, Kaishi Yaguchi, Takayuki Irino, Akira Rikukawa","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129474","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to compare the physical demands of playing opponents of different skill levels in basketball. Eighteen men's college basketball players wore accelerometers to measure the relative accumulated acceleration load (AAL), estimated equivalent distance, and frequencies of sprint, jump, and exertion events during games against professional teams (Pro), teams at the same competition level (Collegiate), and teams comprising intra-team members in practice games (Scrimmage). Internal responses were calculated using the relative rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). A repeated measures analysis of variance, Bonferroni post-hoc tests, and standardized Cohen's effect sizes were calculated to compare the physical demands and internal responses across matches played against different levels of opponents. The results showed that in the game against the Pro, AAL (arbitrary units), sprint events (cases per min), and exertion events (cases per min) were significantly (<i>p</i> < .05) higher than those in games against the Collegiate and Scrimmage teams. As the competitive level of the opponents increased, the relative external load of the participants also increased. Conversely, internal responses measured using sRPE were lower after games against the Pro than those against the Collegiate. Internal and external loads may vary from each other depending on contextual factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-09-07DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127390
Blair T Crewther, Zbigniew Obmiński, Dariusz Turowski, Beata Szczepańska, Helena Mroczkowska
Testosterone (T) has been conceptualized as a biomarker of individual differences, yet T associations with the Big Five personality traits are inconsistent. Athletes provide a suitable model for evaluation here, as T co-expresses traits related to male-to-male competition and fitness with cortisol (C) playing a moderating role. This study investigated associations between the Big Five traits, T, and C in adolescent male athletes. One hundred and twenty male ice hockey players (aged 14-19 years) were assessed for blood total (T, C) and free (FT, FC) hormones, body-size dimensions (i.e., body mass, height, body mass index [BMI]), the Big Five personality traits (i.e., extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness), and trait anxiety. Correlational and regression (with age and BMI as covariates) analyses identified a positive effect of FT on extraversion, but a negative FT effect on neuroticism and anxiety (p < 0.05). Significant FT × FC interactions emerged for extraversion and agreeableness. Slope testing revealed that FT had a positive effect on extraversion at the FC mean and +1 SD, and a negative effect on agreeableness with FC at +1 SD. In conclusion, adolescent male athletes with a higher serum FT concentration tended to express higher extraversion, but lower neuroticism and anxiety. The FT association with extraversion was moderated by FC concentration, as was agreeableness. Therefore, high-FT athletes presented a behavioural disposition that favours dominance and resiliency, with some dependencies on FC availability. Since all association effect sizes were weak, replicate studies on larger adolescent samples are needed.
睾酮(T)已被概念化为个体差异的生物标志物,但睾酮与五大人格特质之间的关联并不一致。在此,运动员提供了一个合适的评估模型,因为睾酮与皮质醇(C)共同表达与男女竞争和体能相关的特质,而皮质醇(C)起着调节作用。本研究调查了青少年男性运动员的五大特质、T 和 C 之间的关联。对 120 名男性冰上曲棍球运动员(14-19 岁)进行了血液总激素(T、C)和游离激素(FT、FC)、体型维度(即体重、身高、体重指数 [BMI])、五大人格特质(即外向性、神经质、宜人性、自觉性、开放性)和特质焦虑的评估。相关分析和回归分析(以年龄和体重指数作为协变量)发现,FT 对外向性有正向影响,但对神经质和焦虑有负向影响(P < 0.05)。外向性和宜人性出现了显著的 FT × FC 交互作用。斜率测试显示,FT 在 FC 平均值和 +1SD(+1 SD)时对外向性有正向影响,而在 FC +1SD(+1 SD)时对宜人性有负向影响。总之,血清中 FT 浓度较高的青少年男性运动员往往表现出较高的外向性,但神经质和焦虑程度较低。FT与外向性的关系受FC浓度的调节,而与合意性的关系也是如此。因此,高 FT 运动员的行为倾向倾向于支配性和应变性,但与 FC 的可用性有一定关系。由于所有关联的效应大小都较弱,因此需要在更大的青少年样本中进行重复研究。
{"title":"Associations between the Big Five personality traits, testosterone, and cortisol in adolescent male athletes.","authors":"Blair T Crewther, Zbigniew Obmiński, Dariusz Turowski, Beata Szczepańska, Helena Mroczkowska","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127390","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Testosterone (T) has been conceptualized as a biomarker of individual differences, yet T associations with the Big Five personality traits are inconsistent. Athletes provide a suitable model for evaluation here, as T co-expresses traits related to male-to-male competition and fitness with cortisol (C) playing a moderating role. This study investigated associations between the Big Five traits, T, and C in adolescent male athletes. One hundred and twenty male ice hockey players (aged 14-19 years) were assessed for blood total (T, C) and free (FT, FC) hormones, body-size dimensions (i.e., body mass, height, body mass index [BMI]), the Big Five personality traits (i.e., extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness), and trait anxiety. Correlational and regression (with age and BMI as covariates) analyses identified a positive effect of FT on extraversion, but a negative FT effect on neuroticism and anxiety (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Significant FT × FC interactions emerged for extraversion and agreeableness. Slope testing revealed that FT had a positive effect on extraversion at the FC mean and +1 SD, and a negative effect on agreeableness with FC at +1 SD. In conclusion, adolescent male athletes with a higher serum FT concentration tended to express higher extraversion, but lower neuroticism and anxiety. The FT association with extraversion was moderated by FC concentration, as was agreeableness. Therefore, high-FT athletes presented a behavioural disposition that favours dominance and resiliency, with some dependencies on FC availability. Since all association effect sizes were weak, replicate studies on larger adolescent samples are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-07-24DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129476
María L Pérez Armendáriz, Konstaninos Spyrou, Pedro E Alcaraz
This scoping review aimed to characterize and quantify the external load demands of professional female team sports, in terms of total distance [TD], moderate-speed [MSR] and high-speed running [HSR], sprint, accelerations [ACC], and decelerations [DEC]. A search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until 15/04/2023. The Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS) was used. Eighty-six articles were eligible for inclusion in this review, with 40 in soccer, 23 in rugby (6 rugby union, 3 rugby league, and 14 rugby sevens), 8 in field hockey, 8 in basketball, 6 in handball, and 1 in futsal. Soccer is the most investigated sport, and players perform ~9500 m TD, of which ~580 m is performed in HSR, and with a great number of ACC, DEC, and sprints. Rugby league and union players cover a greater distance (~5450 m) when compared to rugby sevens (~1550 m); however, rugby sevens is more demanding in terms of high-intensity actions. Field hockey players perform ~5400 m TD with high-intensity and sprint actions. Women's indoor sports are less studied, and basketball players cover ~5300 m TD, of which 7% is performed in MSR. Handball players perform ~3500 m TD and cover ~423 m in MSR and ~141 m in HSR, and futsal players perform ~5 m × min-1 in HSR and they do a great number of high-intensity activities (HSR, ACC, and DEC). Considering the high physical demands experienced by female athletes, professionals could use the present results for training and return to competition schedules.
{"title":"Match demands of female team sports: a scoping review.","authors":"María L Pérez Armendáriz, Konstaninos Spyrou, Pedro E Alcaraz","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129476","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129476","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This scoping review aimed to characterize and quantify the external load demands of professional female team sports, in terms of total distance [TD], moderate-speed [MSR] and high-speed running [HSR], sprint, accelerations [ACC], and decelerations [DEC]. A search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until 15/04/2023. The Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS) was used. Eighty-six articles were eligible for inclusion in this review, with 40 in soccer, 23 in rugby (6 rugby union, 3 rugby league, and 14 rugby sevens), 8 in field hockey, 8 in basketball, 6 in handball, and 1 in futsal. Soccer is the most investigated sport, and players perform ~9500 m TD, of which ~580 m is performed in HSR, and with a great number of ACC, DEC, and sprints. Rugby league and union players cover a greater distance (~5450 m) when compared to rugby sevens (~1550 m); however, rugby sevens is more demanding in terms of high-intensity actions. Field hockey players perform ~5400 m TD with high-intensity and sprint actions. Women's indoor sports are less studied, and basketball players cover ~5300 m TD, of which 7% is performed in MSR. Handball players perform ~3500 m TD and cover ~423 m in MSR and ~141 m in HSR, and futsal players perform ~5 m × min<sup>-1</sup> in HSR and they do a great number of high-intensity activities (HSR, ACC, and DEC). Considering the high physical demands experienced by female athletes, professionals could use the present results for training and return to competition schedules.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-07-19DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127388
Lena Kristin Bache-Mathiesen, Thor Einar Andersen, Torstein Dalen-Lorentsen, Montassar Tabben, Karim Chamari, Benjamin Clarsen, Morten Wang Fagerland
The relationship between recent (acute) training load relative to long-term (chronic) training load may be associated with sports injury risk. We explored the potential for modelling acute and chronic loads separately to address current statistical methodology limitations. We also determined whether there was any evidence of an interaction in the association between acute and chronic training loads and injury risk in football. A men's Qatar Stars League football cohort (1 465 players, 1 977 injuries), where training load was defined as the number of minutes of activity, and a Norwegian elite U-19 football cohort (81 players, 60 injuries), where training load was defined as the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Mixed logistic regression was run with training load on the current day (acute load) and cumulative past training load estimated by distributed lag non-linear models (chronic load) as independent variables. Injury was the outcome. An interaction between acute and chronic training load was modelled. In both football populations, we observed that the risk of injury on the current day for different values of acute training load was highest for players with low chronic load, followed by high and then medium chronic load. The slopes varied substantially between different levels of chronic training load, indicating an interaction. Modelling acute and chronic loads separately in regression models is a suitable statistical approach for analysing the association between relative training load and injury risk in injury prevention research. Sports scientists should also consider the potential for interactions between acute and chronic load.
{"title":"A new statistical approach to training load and injury risk: separating the acute from the chronic load.","authors":"Lena Kristin Bache-Mathiesen, Thor Einar Andersen, Torstein Dalen-Lorentsen, Montassar Tabben, Karim Chamari, Benjamin Clarsen, Morten Wang Fagerland","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127388","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relationship between recent (acute) training load relative to long-term (chronic) training load may be associated with sports injury risk. We explored the potential for modelling acute and chronic loads separately to address current statistical methodology limitations. We also determined whether there was any evidence of an interaction in the association between acute and chronic training loads and injury risk in football. A men's Qatar Stars League football cohort (1 465 players, 1 977 injuries), where training load was defined as the number of minutes of activity, and a Norwegian elite U-19 football cohort (81 players, 60 injuries), where training load was defined as the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Mixed logistic regression was run with training load on the current day (acute load) and cumulative past training load estimated by distributed lag non-linear models (chronic load) as independent variables. Injury was the outcome. An interaction between acute and chronic training load was modelled. In both football populations, we observed that the risk of injury on the current day for different values of acute training load was highest for players with low chronic load, followed by high and then medium chronic load. The slopes varied substantially between different levels of chronic training load, indicating an interaction. Modelling acute and chronic loads separately in regression models is a suitable statistical approach for analysing the association between relative training load and injury risk in injury prevention research. Sports scientists should also consider the potential for interactions between acute and chronic load.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-09-07DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.131090
Paul S Bradley
This study aimed to contextualise and benchmark the positional role demands during the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. With FIFA's official approval, all sixty-four games were analysed during the competition (n=722) using a multi-camera computerised tracking system. During a typical FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 match, defensive and central midfielders covered 8-19% more total distance than other positional roles (P<0.01; Effect Size [ES]: 0.8-2.5). The distances covered at higher intensities (≥20 and ≥25 km · h-1) were 16-92% and 36-138% higher for wide midfielders and wide forwards compared to central defenders, defensive and central midfielders as well as centre forwards (P<0.01; ES: 0.7-2.2 and ES: 0.6-1.4). Defensive and central midfielders covered a greater proportion of their distance at higher intensities (≥20 and ≥25 km · h-1) out-of-possession (71-83%; P<0.01; ES: 1.4-3.0), whilst attacking midfielders, wide and centre forwards more in-possession (55-68%; P<0.01; ES: 1.6-3.3). Nine out of the top ten sprint speeds attained at the tournament were from wide positional roles (35.3-35.7 km · h-1). All positional roles demonstrated a second half reduction in total distance covered compared to the first half (P<0.01; ES: 0.8-1.3). A decline between halves for the distances covered at higher intensities (≥20 and ≥25 km · h-1) were more evident in attacking midfielders, wide defenders and midfielders than for other positional roles (P<0.01; ES: 0.3-0.7). Defensive midfielders and centre forwards were found to have the highest coefficient of variation (CV: 30.9-35.9% and 67.7-67.8%) for the distances covered at higher intensities (≥20 and ≥25 km · h-1) compared to other positional roles. The current findings provide valuable contextual information about the contemporary positional demands of international football. This could be useful in the development and prescription of specific training regimes for national teams.
{"title":"'Setting the Benchmark' Part 1: The Contextualised Physical Demands of Positional Roles in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022.","authors":"Paul S Bradley","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.131090","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.131090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to contextualise and benchmark the positional role demands during the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. With FIFA's official approval, all sixty-four games were analysed during the competition (n=722) using a multi-camera computerised tracking system. During a typical FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 match, defensive and central midfielders covered 8-19% more total distance than other positional roles (P<0.01; Effect Size [ES]: 0.8-2.5). The distances covered at higher intensities (≥20 and ≥25 km · h<sup>-1</sup>) were 16-92% and 36-138% higher for wide midfielders and wide forwards compared to central defenders, defensive and central midfielders as well as centre forwards (<i>P</i><0.01; ES: 0.7-2.2 and ES: 0.6-1.4). Defensive and central midfielders covered a greater proportion of their distance at higher intensities (≥20 and ≥25 km · h<sup>-1</sup>) out-of-possession (71-83%; <i>P</i><0.01; ES: 1.4-3.0), whilst attacking midfielders, wide and centre forwards more in-possession (55-68%; <i>P</i><0.01; ES: 1.6-3.3). Nine out of the top ten sprint speeds attained at the tournament were from wide positional roles (35.3-35.7 km · h<sup>-1</sup>). All positional roles demonstrated a second half reduction in total distance covered compared to the first half (<i>P</i><0.01; ES: 0.8-1.3). A decline between halves for the distances covered at higher intensities (≥20 and ≥25 km · h<sup>-1</sup>) were more evident in attacking midfielders, wide defenders and midfielders than for other positional roles (<i>P</i><0.01; ES: 0.3-0.7). Defensive midfielders and centre forwards were found to have the highest coefficient of variation (CV: 30.9-35.9% and 67.7-67.8%) for the distances covered at higher intensities (≥20 and ≥25 km · h<sup>-1</sup>) compared to other positional roles. The current findings provide valuable contextual information about the contemporary positional demands of international football. This could be useful in the development and prescription of specific training regimes for national teams.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-08-08DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127386
Jordi Ferrandis, Juan Del Coso, Víctor Moreno-Pérez, Roberto López-Del Campo, Ricardo Resta, Joaquín González-Rodenas
The aim of this study was to compare physical and technical match performance variables in football players who competed in the Spanish second division for one season and were promoted to the top (first) division in the following season. A total of 97 male outfield football players who were promoted from the second to the first division of the Spanish professional football league within the same team were analysed. Data were recorded using the TRACAB (ChyronHego, New York, USA) multicamera computerised optical tracking system during five seasons (2015-2016 to 2019-2020). A one-way ANOVA repeated measures analysis showed that players executed a greater number of high-intensity running (HIR) efforts (P < 0.001; ES: 0.258), as well as covering greater HIR distance (P < 0.010; ES: 0.106) and total running distance (TD) (P < 0.010; ES: 0.080), when they played in the first division compared with the second division. Moreover, players performed a lower number of passes (P < 0.01; ES = 0.116), short passes (P < 0.01; ES = 0.106), long passes (P < 0.05; ES = 0.067), dribbles (P < 0.001; ES = 0.146) and shots (P < 0.01; ES = 0.074) in the first division compared to the second division. No significant differences were found for any of the defensive variables evaluated. In conclusion, being promoted from the second to the first division of professional football requires players to adapt to greater physical demands and a reduced number of technical actions.
{"title":"Changes in physical and technical match performance variables in football players promoted from the Spanish Second Division to the First Division.","authors":"Jordi Ferrandis, Juan Del Coso, Víctor Moreno-Pérez, Roberto López-Del Campo, Ricardo Resta, Joaquín González-Rodenas","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127386","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to compare physical and technical match performance variables in football players who competed in the Spanish second division for one season and were promoted to the top (first) division in the following season. A total of 97 male outfield football players who were promoted from the second to the first division of the Spanish professional football league within the same team were analysed. Data were recorded using the TRACAB (ChyronHego, New York, USA) multicamera computerised optical tracking system during five seasons (2015-2016 to 2019-2020). A one-way ANOVA repeated measures analysis showed that players executed a greater number of high-intensity running (HIR) efforts (P < 0.001; ES: 0.258), as well as covering greater HIR distance (P < 0.010; ES: 0.106) and total running distance (TD) (P < 0.010; ES: 0.080), when they played in the first division compared with the second division. Moreover, players performed a lower number of passes (P < 0.01; ES = 0.116), short passes (P < 0.01; ES = 0.106), long passes (P < 0.05; ES = 0.067), dribbles (P < 0.001; ES = 0.146) and shots (P < 0.01; ES = 0.074) in the first division compared to the second division. No significant differences were found for any of the defensive variables evaluated. In conclusion, being promoted from the second to the first division of professional football requires players to adapt to greater physical demands and a reduced number of technical actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-08-08DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129470
Martin Kierot, Mattia Stendahl, Konstantin Warneke, Klaus Wirth, Andreas Konrad, Torsten Brauner, Michael Keiner
In ice hockey, speed strength is one of the major physical key performance indicators, which is significantly influenced by maximum strength. The objective of this study was to evaluate the age-dependent relationship of off-ice maximum strength and vertical jump performance with on-ice linear sprint performance, considering age and performance level. Ninety-one male youth and adult professional ice hockey players (age: 19.3 ± 5.49 years) were recruited and divided into four age groups: under 16, 18, 21 years old and professional elite players (Pro) (i.e., > 21 years). They were tested in maximal isometric strength, squat jump (loaded and unloaded), countermovement jump and on-ice sprint performance (15 m and 30 m linear sprint; 15 m flying linear sprint). Statistical analysis revealed that on-ice sprint performance correlated with isometric strength performance (r = |0.34|-|0.63|) and with off-ice jump performance (r = |0.61|-|0.77|) without an influence of age group or performance level. However, performance differed between age groups and performance level, the largest differences being found between the youngest age group (U16) and the Pro group (g = 0.966-3.281). The present study shows that maximum strength influences on-ice sprint performances in ice hockey players, as well as performance differences between age groups and professional players. Strength and jumping performance should therefore be included in regular performance testing in ice hockey. Since performance differences are observed for almost all strength and speed-strength performances of the youth teams to the Pros, training of these variables is strongly recommended to improve in the transition phase from junior to elite level.
{"title":"Maximum strength and power as determinants of on-ice sprint performance in elite U16 to adult ice hockey players.","authors":"Martin Kierot, Mattia Stendahl, Konstantin Warneke, Klaus Wirth, Andreas Konrad, Torsten Brauner, Michael Keiner","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129470","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In ice hockey, speed strength is one of the major physical key performance indicators, which is significantly influenced by maximum strength. The objective of this study was to evaluate the age-dependent relationship of off-ice maximum strength and vertical jump performance with on-ice linear sprint performance, considering age and performance level. Ninety-one male youth and adult professional ice hockey players (age: 19.3 ± 5.49 years) were recruited and divided into four age groups: under 16, 18, 21 years old and professional elite players (Pro) (i.e., > 21 years). They were tested in maximal isometric strength, squat jump (loaded and unloaded), countermovement jump and on-ice sprint performance (15 m and 30 m linear sprint; 15 m flying linear sprint). Statistical analysis revealed that on-ice sprint performance correlated with isometric strength performance (r = |0.34|-|0.63|) and with off-ice jump performance (r = |0.61|-|0.77|) without an influence of age group or performance level. However, performance differed between age groups and performance level, the largest differences being found between the youngest age group (U16) and the Pro group (g = 0.966-3.281). The present study shows that maximum strength influences on-ice sprint performances in ice hockey players, as well as performance differences between age groups and professional players. Strength and jumping performance should therefore be included in regular performance testing in ice hockey. Since performance differences are observed for almost all strength and speed-strength performances of the youth teams to the Pros, training of these variables is strongly recommended to improve in the transition phase from junior to elite level.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-08-08DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129472
Xabier Monasterio, Sean P Cumming, Jon Larruskain, David M Johnson, Susana M Gil, Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona, Jose A Lekue, Gontzal Diaz-Beitia, Juan M Santisteban, Sean Williams
This study aimed to explore the interaction between growth rate on specific injury incidence and burden on pre-, circa- and post-peak height velocity (PHV) periods. Injury and stature data collected during the 2000-2020 seasons in an elite football academy were retrospectively analysed. Only players with height measurements from childhood until the attainment of adult height were included in the study (N = 84). Growth data were smoothed using a cubic spline to calculate daily growth rate and height. Growth rate was categorised into three groups: fast (> 7.2 cm/year), moderate (3.5-7.2 cm/year) and slow (< 3.5 cm/year). Percentage of observed adult height was used to classify players as pre-PHV (< 88%), circa-PHV (88-95%) or post-PHV (> 95%). Overall and specific injury incidence and burden and rate ratios for comparisons between growth rate groups were calculated on pre-, circa- and post-PHV periods, separately. Overall injury incidence and burden were greater in pre-PHV players with quicker growth rates compared to players growing moderately and slowly. All in all, players with more rapid growth-rates were at higher risk for growth-related injuries in all pre-, circa- and post-PHV periods. Post-PHV, the incidence and burden of joint/ligament injuries were 2.4 and 2.6-times greater in players growing slowly compared to players growing moderately. Practitioners should monitor growth rate and maturity status and consider their interaction to facilitate the design of targeted injury risk reduction strategies.
{"title":"The combined effects of growth and maturity status on injury risk in an elite football academy.","authors":"Xabier Monasterio, Sean P Cumming, Jon Larruskain, David M Johnson, Susana M Gil, Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona, Jose A Lekue, Gontzal Diaz-Beitia, Juan M Santisteban, Sean Williams","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129472","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to explore the interaction between growth rate on specific injury incidence and burden on pre-, circa- and post-peak height velocity (PHV) periods. Injury and stature data collected during the 2000-2020 seasons in an elite football academy were retrospectively analysed. Only players with height measurements from childhood until the attainment of adult height were included in the study (N = 84). Growth data were smoothed using a cubic spline to calculate daily growth rate and height. Growth rate was categorised into three groups: fast (> 7.2 cm/year), moderate (3.5-7.2 cm/year) and slow (< 3.5 cm/year). Percentage of observed adult height was used to classify players as pre-PHV (< 88%), circa-PHV (88-95%) or post-PHV (> 95%). Overall and specific injury incidence and burden and rate ratios for comparisons between growth rate groups were calculated on pre-, circa- and post-PHV periods, separately. Overall injury incidence and burden were greater in pre-PHV players with quicker growth rates compared to players growing moderately and slowly. All in all, players with more rapid growth-rates were at higher risk for growth-related injuries in all pre-, circa- and post-PHV periods. Post-PHV, the incidence and burden of joint/ligament injuries were 2.4 and 2.6-times greater in players growing slowly compared to players growing moderately. Practitioners should monitor growth rate and maturity status and consider their interaction to facilitate the design of targeted injury risk reduction strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2023-07-21DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129481
Alexis Padrón-Cabo, David Solleiro-Duran, Miguel Lorenzo-Martínez, Fabio Y Nakamura, Miguel Ángel Campos-Vázquez, Ezequiel Rey
The aims of this study were to: (a) determine the differences in external load quantification between arbitrary and individual speed thresholds over the weekly microcycle in professional soccer players, and (b) analyse the association between internal load and different external load quantification strategies (ELQSs). Ten professional outfield players were monitored during training sessions and official matches using 10 Hz GPS devices over a 6-week in-season period. The absolute and relative ("R" before the distance category) distances covered were calculated for the following external load variables: medium-intensity running distance (MIR), high-intensity running (HIR), sprint distance (SD), and very high-intensity running (VHIR). Individualized thresholds were determined based on maximal sprinting speed (MSS) and the last speed achieved during the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT) of each player. In terms of match-day workload, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between arbitrary and individualized strategies (i.e., MSS and VIFT) for the distance covered in MIR, HIR, SD, VHIR, RHIR, RSD, and RVHIR. The MSS strategy compared to arbitrary thresholds revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) for distance covered in HIR, RHIR, and VHIR during all training sessions. The present results showed that arbitrary thresholds lead to underestimation of external load absolute and relative metrics compared to the MSS strategy throughout the microcycle. The VIFT strategy mainly revealed differences in external load quantification regarding MD compared to arbitrary thresholds. Individualized speed threshold strategies did not achieve better associations with internal load measures in comparison with arbitrary thresholds in professional soccer players.
{"title":"Application of arbitrary and individualized load quantification strategies over the weekly microcycle in professional soccer players.","authors":"Alexis Padrón-Cabo, David Solleiro-Duran, Miguel Lorenzo-Martínez, Fabio Y Nakamura, Miguel Ángel Campos-Vázquez, Ezequiel Rey","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129481","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aims of this study were to: (a) determine the differences in external load quantification between arbitrary and individual speed thresholds over the weekly microcycle in professional soccer players, and (b) analyse the association between internal load and different external load quantification strategies (ELQSs). Ten professional outfield players were monitored during training sessions and official matches using 10 Hz GPS devices over a 6-week in-season period. The absolute and relative (\"R\" before the distance category) distances covered were calculated for the following external load variables: medium-intensity running distance (MIR), high-intensity running (HIR), sprint distance (SD), and very high-intensity running (VHIR). Individualized thresholds were determined based on maximal sprinting speed (MSS) and the last speed achieved during the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (V<sub>IFT</sub>) of each player. In terms of match-day workload, significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) were observed between arbitrary and individualized strategies (i.e., MSS and V<sub>IFT</sub>) for the distance covered in MIR, HIR, SD, VHIR, RHIR, RSD, and RVHIR. The MSS strategy compared to arbitrary thresholds revealed significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for distance covered in HIR, RHIR, and VHIR during all training sessions. The present results showed that arbitrary thresholds lead to underestimation of external load absolute and relative metrics compared to the MSS strategy throughout the microcycle. The V<sub>IFT</sub> strategy mainly revealed differences in external load quantification regarding MD compared to arbitrary thresholds. Individualized speed threshold strategies did not achieve better associations with internal load measures in comparison with arbitrary thresholds in professional soccer players.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765452/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71066015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}