Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.3
J. Satkūnas, G. Žalūdienė
The history of geological cartography of the present territory of Lithuania starts with a map published by Jean Etienne Guettard in 1764 and followed by maps by Stanisław Staszic in 1806, Ignacy Domeyko in 1837, and Frederic Dubois de Montpereaux in 1830. A new period of investigations and compilation of geological maps starts about 1840 and is closely related with the development of stratigraphic knowledge; therefore, this period marks the beginning of mapping using the stratigraphic concept (Helmersen 1841). The Geological Committee in St. Petersburg, founded in 1882, at the very beginning of its activities started the compilation of a geological map including the present territory of Lithuania. The works of Antony Karol Giedroyc (Antanas Karolis Giedraitis) were published in 1895 (Giedroyc 1895), and the volume included a map which displays the occurrences of Quaternary and Pre-Quaternary (Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Jurassic) sediments and rocks. The map is constructed on the basis of direct observations and descriptions of outcrops and exposures of Quaternary sediments and Pre-Quaternary rocks carried out by the author, also based on evidence by local people. The main occurrences (provinces) of Pre-Quaternary rocks mapped by Giedroyc are confirmed by the modern geological mapping of the 20th century; therefore, the map of Giedroyc (1895) is regarded as a pioneering work of modern geological mapping using international stratigraphic standards.
立陶宛目前领土的地质制图历史始于1764年Jean Etienne Guettard出版的地图，随后是Stanisław Staszic(1806年)，Ignacy Domeyko(1837年)和Frederic Dubois de Montpereaux(1830年)的地图。1840年前后，与地层学知识的发展密切相关，开始了一个新的地质测绘时期;因此，这一时期标志着使用地层学概念进行制图的开始(Helmersen 1841)。圣彼得堡地质委员会成立于1882年，在其活动之初就开始编制包括立陶宛现在领土在内的地质图。安东尼·卡罗尔·吉德罗伊(Antanas Karolis Giedraitis)的作品出版于1895年(Giedroyc 1895)，其中包括一张显示第四纪和前第四纪(第三纪、白垩纪和侏罗纪)沉积物和岩石的分布图。该地图是根据作者对第四纪沉积物和前第四纪岩石的露头和暴露进行的直接观察和描述，并根据当地居民提供的证据绘制的。20世纪现代地质填图证实了geedroyc测得的前第四纪岩石的主要产状(省);因此，Giedroyc地图(1895年)被认为是使用国际地层标准进行现代地质制图的开创性工作。
{"title":"Geological map of Antony Karol Giedroyc of the territory of Lithuania in the context of geological cartography of the 19th century","authors":"J. Satkūnas, G. Žalūdienė","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The history of geological cartography of the present territory of Lithuania starts with a map published by Jean Etienne Guettard in 1764 and followed by maps by Stanisław Staszic in 1806, Ignacy Domeyko in 1837, and Frederic Dubois de Montpereaux in 1830. A new period of investigations and compilation of geological maps starts about 1840 and is closely related with the development of stratigraphic knowledge; therefore, this period marks the beginning of mapping using the stratigraphic concept (Helmersen 1841). The Geological Committee in St. Petersburg, founded in 1882, at the very beginning of its activities started the compilation of a geological map including the present territory of Lithuania. The works of Antony Karol Giedroyc (Antanas Karolis Giedraitis) were published in 1895 (Giedroyc 1895), and the volume included a map which displays the occurrences of Quaternary and Pre-Quaternary (Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Jurassic) sediments and rocks. The map is constructed on the basis of direct observations and descriptions of outcrops and exposures of Quaternary sediments and Pre-Quaternary rocks carried out by the author, also based on evidence by local people. The main occurrences (provinces) of Pre-Quaternary rocks mapped by Giedroyc are confirmed by the modern geological mapping of the 20th century; therefore, the map of Giedroyc (1895) is regarded as a pioneering work of modern geological mapping using international stratigraphic standards.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70648938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.5
A. Bučienė, Erika Vasiliauskienė, Saulius Bučas, Danguolė Karmazienė, R. Nekrošienė
The network of streams is one of the most active and dynamic factors reforming the relief and landscape. Together with the global factors of climate formation and trends of neotectonic movement, the streams are naturally and by means of the anthropogenic factor joining or re-joining the catchments the area of which is changeable. The aim of this research was to reveal in greater detail the development of the Lithuanian Baltic Sea coastal landscape with focus on Lake Kalotė outflows surface runoff within two coastal catchments, the catchment of Pajūris Rivers and the Akmena-Danė River sub-catchment, in time and space. That is important even nowadays under the climatic challenges and anthropogenic pressure in the coastal areas rich with lakes and small streams. The methods used were the analysis of old maps and aero-photo material, geological-geomorphological, hydrological, land reclamation and soil data obtained in the area of the Pajūris Regional Park and Klaipėda district municipality, supplemented with the results of recent land surface and soil surveys, drone technique and ArcGIS. As a result the possible scenarios of Lake Kalotė outflows surface runoff directions from the 17th to the beginning of the 21st century were prepared with the evidence of periods with lake‘s bifurcation regime
{"title":"Retrospective ties of Lake Kalotė with the Baltic Sea and the Akmena-Danė River, western Lithuania","authors":"A. Bučienė, Erika Vasiliauskienė, Saulius Bučas, Danguolė Karmazienė, R. Nekrošienė","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The network of streams is one of the most active and dynamic factors reforming the relief and landscape. Together with the global factors of climate formation and trends of neotectonic movement, the streams are naturally and by means of the anthropogenic factor joining or re-joining the catchments the area of which is changeable. The aim of this research was to reveal in greater detail the development of the Lithuanian Baltic Sea coastal landscape with focus on Lake Kalotė outflows surface runoff within two coastal catchments, the catchment of Pajūris Rivers and the Akmena-Danė River sub-catchment, in time and space. That is important even nowadays under the climatic challenges and anthropogenic pressure in the coastal areas rich with lakes and small streams. The methods used were the analysis of old maps and aero-photo material, geological-geomorphological, hydrological, land reclamation and soil data obtained in the area of the Pajūris Regional Park and Klaipėda district municipality, supplemented with the results of recent land surface and soil surveys, drone technique and ArcGIS. As a result the possible scenarios of Lake Kalotė outflows surface runoff directions from the 17th to the beginning of the 21st century were prepared with the evidence of periods with lake‘s bifurcation regime","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.4
Resul Çömert, Samed Özdemir, B. B. Bilgilioğlu, S. Alemdağ, H. Zeybek
The Akçakale cave is a significant natural and cultural heritage site in the Black Sea region of eastern Turkey. The complex geometry and difficult-to-access areas of the cave have made the use of traditional mapping methods challenging. To overcome these limitations, this study utilized TLS and UAV technology to produce highly accurate 2D and 3D data for cave management and risk assessment purposes. The TLS system was used to create a detailed 3D point cloud of the cave interior, while the UAV system generated a 3D model of the surface topography outside the cave. The two sets of data were combined in the GIS environment using a geodetic network established in the study area, providing a common geodetic reference system for both TLS and UAV data. The study found that the cave area is 13,750 m2, which is smaller than the area of 18,000 m2 that was previously estimated using conventional measurement methods. The volume and ceiling heights of the cave were calculated using the elevation models generated from TLS point cloud data. The 3D point cloud data were also used to map dripstone locations on the floor and ceiling of the cave, and the boundaries of rock blocks on the ground were precisely determined. The study identified potential risks associated with the cave, particularly the risk of rockfall in the source rock areas around the cave entrance and the southern part of the cave. The nearest building to the cave is approximately 35 meters away, and all the buildings in the area are less than 300 meters from the cave. In the event of the cave collapse, the buildings in the southern part of the cave are at risk of rockfall. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of combining data from TLS and UAV systems to generate broad and sensitive cave mapping and risk assessment data, which are critical for cave management and safety. The collected data can be used for cave stability investigations and rockfall risk assessments. This study provides a foundation for future explorations of the Akcakale cave and highlights the potential for modern surveying techniques to enhance our understanding of complex geological structures such as caves.
{"title":"3D data integration for geo-located cave mapping based on unmanned aerial vehicle and terrestrial laser scanner data","authors":"Resul Çömert, Samed Özdemir, B. B. Bilgilioğlu, S. Alemdağ, H. Zeybek","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The Akçakale cave is a significant natural and cultural heritage site in the Black Sea region of eastern Turkey. The complex geometry and difficult-to-access areas of the cave have made the use of traditional mapping methods challenging. To overcome these limitations, this study utilized TLS and UAV technology to produce highly accurate 2D and 3D data for cave management and risk assessment purposes. The TLS system was used to create a detailed 3D point cloud of the cave interior, while the UAV system generated a 3D model of the surface topography outside the cave. The two sets of data were combined in the GIS environment using a geodetic network established in the study area, providing a common geodetic reference system for both TLS and UAV data. The study found that the cave area is 13,750 m2, which is smaller than the area of 18,000 m2 that was previously estimated using conventional measurement methods. The volume and ceiling heights of the cave were calculated using the elevation models generated from TLS point cloud data. The 3D point cloud data were also used to map dripstone locations on the floor and ceiling of the cave, and the boundaries of rock blocks on the ground were precisely determined. The study identified potential risks associated with the cave, particularly the risk of rockfall in the source rock areas around the cave entrance and the southern part of the cave. The nearest building to the cave is approximately 35 meters away, and all the buildings in the area are less than 300 meters from the cave. In the event of the cave collapse, the buildings in the southern part of the cave are at risk of rockfall. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of combining data from TLS and UAV systems to generate broad and sensitive cave mapping and risk assessment data, which are critical for cave management and safety. The collected data can be used for cave stability investigations and rockfall risk assessments. This study provides a foundation for future explorations of the Akcakale cave and highlights the potential for modern surveying techniques to enhance our understanding of complex geological structures such as caves.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70648952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.2
V. Martyniuk, V. Korbutiak, I. Hopchak, I. Kovalchuk, I. Zubkovych
The reassessment of the geoecological state of landscape-lake systems (LLS) and their cartographic modelling employing the methodology of landscape limnology has been conducted. The purpose of this study was to characterize the essence of the applied methodology and to evaluate the geoecological state of LLS based on the case study of the Lake Bile basin, Rivne Natural Reserve, Ukraine and to develop cartographic models of the aquatic complex and its catchment as an information basis for the integrated management of water and land resources of LLS and sustainable nature management. The results obtained from the field instrumental research conducted within the Bile Lake basin were used for substantiating the use of laboratory methods and QGIS software, for producing the catchment land use map and assessing the geoecological state of the basin, for developing the bathymetric model of the reservoir and determining hydrological and hydrochemical parameters, for analyzing the lithological composition of the rocks of the exploratory well, elucidation of the genesis of the reservoir, for the first-time production of landscape maps of the natural-aquatic complex and water catchment, and for establishing landscape-metric characteristics of the lake-basin system. The degree of the anthropogenic load on landscape complexes in the 100-meter zone around the lake was assessed. The performed research showed that the conceptual foundations of landscape limnology, as a modern transdisciplinary scientific direction, are an innovative and effective tool for assessing the geoecological state of LLS, and scientifically supporting the integrated management of its water resources and sustainable nature management.
{"title":"Methodology for assessing the geoecological state of landscape-lake systems and their cartographic modelling (case study of Lake Bile, Rivne Nature Reserve, Ukraine)","authors":"V. Martyniuk, V. Korbutiak, I. Hopchak, I. Kovalchuk, I. Zubkovych","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The reassessment of the geoecological state of landscape-lake systems (LLS) and their cartographic modelling employing the methodology of landscape limnology has been conducted. The purpose of this study was to characterize the essence of the applied methodology and to evaluate the geoecological state of LLS based on the case study of the Lake Bile basin, Rivne Natural Reserve, Ukraine and to develop cartographic models of the aquatic complex and its catchment as an information basis for the integrated management of water and land resources of LLS and sustainable nature management. The results obtained from the field instrumental research conducted within the Bile Lake basin were used for substantiating the use of laboratory methods and QGIS software, for producing the catchment land use map and assessing the geoecological state of the basin, for developing the bathymetric model of the reservoir and determining hydrological and hydrochemical parameters, for analyzing the lithological composition of the rocks of the exploratory well, elucidation of the genesis of the reservoir, for the first-time production of landscape maps of the natural-aquatic complex and water catchment, and for establishing landscape-metric characteristics of the lake-basin system. The degree of the anthropogenic load on landscape complexes in the 100-meter zone around the lake was assessed. The performed research showed that the conceptual foundations of landscape limnology, as a modern transdisciplinary scientific direction, are an innovative and effective tool for assessing the geoecological state of LLS, and scientifically supporting the integrated management of its water resources and sustainable nature management.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.1
Linas Bevainis, Martynas Bielinis, Agimantas Česnulevičius, Arturas Bautrenas
In regions susceptible to river freezing and flooding, river ice detection is a priority. Localization of ice jams and ice drift zones could mean a faster and better response to possible flooding areas, and classification of river ice could help better predict freezing and thawing conditions that hinder the use of commercial and recreational river transport. As many freezing-prone rivers are located in regions with short winter days and common cloud cover, the use of optical sensors can be very limited, therefore, the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) – a microwave imaging radar – is more applicable. In this article, Sentinel-1 SAR C-band imagery is used to create derivate texture rasters, which are analyzed, compared with known optical imagery and then considered for river ice detection and discrimination. These results are compared in terms of their effectiveness for river ice discrimination, and the most useful methods are selected. The chosen methods are then compared in an experimental machine-learning model capable of detecting and classifying ice and water. Various machine-learning approaches (both classical and deep-learning) are considered and compared, and the best models are selected. The purpose of this research is to analyze the capability of texture rasters, calculated from a gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), to discriminate river ice. Texture rasters have recently been applied for river ice classification by de Roda Husman et al. (de Roda Husman et al. 2021), but included only three metrics. This research aims to expand on this knowledge by comparing eight metrics instead of three, as well as including an experiment with a deep-learning model. The results demonstrate that in machine-learning experiments, only one texture measure out of eight (GLCM Mean calculation) is able to discriminate river ice better than discrimination from a standard SAR backscatter intensity image (the baseline).
在易受河流冻结和洪水影响的地区，河冰探测是一项优先工作。定位冰塞和冰漂移区可能意味着对可能发生洪水的地区做出更快、更好的反应，河流冰的分类可以帮助更好地预测结冰和融化的情况，从而阻碍商业和休闲河流运输的使用。由于许多容易结冰的河流位于冬季短日照和常见云层覆盖的地区，光学传感器的使用可能非常有限，因此使用合成孔径雷达(SAR) -一种微波成像雷达-更适用。本文使用Sentinel-1 SAR c波段图像创建衍生纹理光栅，并将其与已知光学图像进行分析和比较，然后考虑用于河冰检测和识别。比较了这些结果对河流冰判别的有效性，选择了最有用的方法。然后在一个能够检测和分类冰和水的实验机器学习模型中比较所选择的方法。考虑和比较各种机器学习方法(包括经典和深度学习)，并选择最佳模型。本研究的目的是分析由灰度共生矩阵(GLCM)计算的纹理光栅识别河冰的能力。纹理光栅最近被de Roda Husman等人应用于河冰分类(de Roda Husman et al. 2021)，但只包含三个指标。本研究旨在通过比较八个指标而不是三个指标来扩展这一知识，并包括一个深度学习模型的实验。结果表明，在机器学习实验中，八种纹理测量(GLCM Mean计算)中只有一种能够比标准SAR背散射强度图像(基线)更好地识别河冰。
{"title":"Lithuanian river ice detection and automated classification using machine-learning methods","authors":"Linas Bevainis, Martynas Bielinis, Agimantas Česnulevičius, Arturas Bautrenas","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"In regions susceptible to river freezing and flooding, river ice detection is a priority. Localization of ice jams and ice drift zones could mean a faster and better response to possible flooding areas, and classification of river ice could help better predict freezing and thawing conditions that hinder the use of commercial and recreational river transport. As many freezing-prone rivers are located in regions with short winter days and common cloud cover, the use of optical sensors can be very limited, therefore, the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) – a microwave imaging radar – is more applicable. In this article, Sentinel-1 SAR C-band imagery is used to create derivate texture rasters, which are analyzed, compared with known optical imagery and then considered for river ice detection and discrimination. These results are compared in terms of their effectiveness for river ice discrimination, and the most useful methods are selected. The chosen methods are then compared in an experimental machine-learning model capable of detecting and classifying ice and water. Various machine-learning approaches (both classical and deep-learning) are considered and compared, and the best models are selected. The purpose of this research is to analyze the capability of texture rasters, calculated from a gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), to discriminate river ice. Texture rasters have recently been applied for river ice classification by de Roda Husman et al. (de Roda Husman et al. 2021), but included only three metrics. This research aims to expand on this knowledge by comparing eight metrics instead of three, as well as including an experiment with a deep-learning model. The results demonstrate that in machine-learning experiments, only one texture measure out of eight (GLCM Mean calculation) is able to discriminate river ice better than discrimination from a standard SAR backscatter intensity image (the baseline).","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.6
S. Öztürk
A comprehensive evaluation of region-time-magnitude behaviours of aftershocks following the 24 January 2020 (Mw = 6.8) Elazığ-Sivrice (Türkiye) earthquake was achieved by using the characteristic parameters such as b-value, p-value, Dc-value and Mamax value of aftershock occurrences. The b-value was calculated as 0.82 ± 0.02 by considering the magnitude of the completeness value as Mcomp = 1.9, and it is relatively small compared to typical b ≈ 1 for the magnitude-frequency relationship of aftershocks. This low b-value may also be caused by the abundance of aftershocks with ML ≥ 4.0. The p-value was computed as 0.80 ± 0.02 with c-value = 0.279 ± 0.098 and is smaller than the global value of p ≈ 1. This low p-value may be due to a relatively slow decay rate of aftershock activity, and the modified Omori model seems appropriate for the estimation of decay parameters. The Dc-value was estimated as 1.87 ± 0.07. This large value shows that aftershocks are homogeneously distributed and more clustered at larger scales/in smaller areas. The temporal variation of b-value indicates that decreases in b-value may result from the gradual increase in the effective stress following the larger aftershocks. The lowest b-values and Mamax values greater than 5.0 were observed in the north, south and southwest parts of the mainshock including Pütürge and Erkenek segments. These results show that there is an apparent relation between the smallest b-values and the largest Mamax values. The largest p-values were estimated in and around the main shock including Pütürge segment. The regions with the smallest b-value and the largest p-value have high stress and coseismic deformation, respectively. Stress variations and coseismic deformation are extremely effective on the changes of b- and p-values. As a remarkable result, aftershock hazard following the mainshock may be considered extremely related to aftershock parameters, and detailed analyses of the region-time-magnitude characteristics of aftershocks are recommended for a preliminary evaluation following the mainshock.
{"title":"An evaluation of the characteristic aftershock parameters following the 24 January 2020 \u0000Mw = 6.8 Elazığ-Sivrice (Türkiye) earthquake","authors":"S. Öztürk","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive evaluation of region-time-magnitude behaviours of aftershocks following the 24 January 2020 (Mw = 6.8) Elazığ-Sivrice (Türkiye) earthquake was achieved by using the characteristic parameters such as b-value, p-value, Dc-value and Mamax value of aftershock occurrences. The b-value was calculated as 0.82 ± 0.02 by considering the magnitude of the completeness value as Mcomp = 1.9, and it is relatively small compared to typical b ≈ 1 for the magnitude-frequency relationship of aftershocks. This low b-value may also be caused by the abundance of aftershocks with ML ≥ 4.0. The p-value was computed as 0.80 ± 0.02 with c-value = 0.279 ± 0.098 and is smaller than the global value of p ≈ 1. This low p-value may be due to a relatively slow decay rate of aftershock activity, and the modified Omori model seems appropriate for the estimation of decay parameters. The Dc-value was estimated as 1.87 ± 0.07. This large value shows that aftershocks are homogeneously distributed and more clustered at larger scales/in smaller areas. The temporal variation of b-value indicates that decreases in b-value may result from the gradual increase in the effective stress following the larger aftershocks. The lowest b-values and Mamax values greater than 5.0 were observed in the north, south and southwest parts of the mainshock including Pütürge and Erkenek segments. These results show that there is an apparent relation between the smallest b-values and the largest Mamax values. The largest p-values were estimated in and around the main shock including Pütürge segment. The regions with the smallest b-value and the largest p-value have high stress and coseismic deformation, respectively. Stress variations and coseismic deformation are extremely effective on the changes of b- and p-values. As a remarkable result, aftershock hazard following the mainshock may be considered extremely related to aftershock parameters, and detailed analyses of the region-time-magnitude characteristics of aftershocks are recommended for a preliminary evaluation following the mainshock.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.7
I. Buynevich, H. Tõnisson, Ü. Suursaar, D. Pupienis, Oleksiy V. Davydov, A. Kont, V. Palginõmm, Oliver Koit, Katre Luik
A diverse suite of erosional features along the shoreline of Lehtma (Hiiumaa Island, Estonia) is used to assess their morphodynamic context and preservation potential. The Holocene strandplain along the east-facing (leeward) shoreline has experienced rapid retreat due to the anthropogenically induced sediment deficit. The study site is located just updrift of the erosional-depositional fulcrum segment, with southerly longshore transport resulting in the accumulation of eroded sand along a drift-aligned spit. The most prominent erosional indicators are mature pine trees in different stages of undercutting, toppling, fragmentation, and burial. Morphological features include scarps in paleo-beach/dune ridges (height: > 1 m), as well as modern berm scarps. Mineralogical indicators are exemplified by heavy-mineral concentrations (HMCs) of variable thickness (some > 2 cm) and concentration. Representative samples show a substantial increase in bulk low-field magnetic susceptibility ranging from < 10 µSI common to the nearby Holocene coastal lithosomes to > 8,000 µSI in second-cycle HMCs within berm enrichment zones. A conceptual morphosedimentary model describing the recent and current state of the system, as well as the preservation potential of specific structures and recognition in geological research (e.g., georadar signatures of buried trees and HMCs) is proposed. The approach presented in this study can be used to assess the distribution and preservation potential of erosional indicators along the Baltic Sea coast and mineralogically heterogeneous, forested sandy shorelines worldwide.
{"title":"Diverse erosional indicators along a rapidly retreating Holocene strandplain margin, leeward Hiiumaa Island, Estonia","authors":"I. Buynevich, H. Tõnisson, Ü. Suursaar, D. Pupienis, Oleksiy V. Davydov, A. Kont, V. Palginõmm, Oliver Koit, Katre Luik","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"A diverse suite of erosional features along the shoreline of Lehtma (Hiiumaa Island, Estonia) is used to assess their morphodynamic context and preservation potential. The Holocene strandplain along the east-facing (leeward) shoreline has experienced rapid retreat due to the anthropogenically induced sediment deficit. The study site is located just updrift of the erosional-depositional fulcrum segment, with southerly longshore transport resulting in the accumulation of eroded sand along a drift-aligned spit. The most prominent erosional indicators are mature pine trees in different stages of undercutting, toppling, fragmentation, and burial. Morphological features include scarps in paleo-beach/dune ridges (height: > 1 m), as well as modern berm scarps. Mineralogical indicators are exemplified by heavy-mineral concentrations (HMCs) of variable thickness (some > 2 cm) and concentration. Representative samples show a substantial increase in bulk low-field magnetic susceptibility ranging from < 10 µSI common to the nearby Holocene coastal lithosomes to > 8,000 µSI in second-cycle HMCs within berm enrichment zones. A conceptual morphosedimentary model describing the recent and current state of the system, as well as the preservation potential of specific structures and recognition in geological research (e.g., georadar signatures of buried trees and HMCs) is proposed. The approach presented in this study can be used to assess the distribution and preservation potential of erosional indicators along the Baltic Sea coast and mineralogically heterogeneous, forested sandy shorelines worldwide.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2022.2.5
R. Kanopienė, Saulius Gadeikis
A special program and action plan have been developed in Lithuania for the purpose of implementing the European Council Directive 2011/70/Euratom of 19 July 2011, establishing the Community framework for the responsible and safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. An important part of this plan is related to geological investigations for the site selection, design and construction of deep geological repository (DGR) for spent nuclear fuel and high-level long-lived radioactive wastes. The main task of geological investigations is to select a suitable geological environment for DGR, which is closely related to that of the DGR site. There are several alternative geological formations potentially suitable for DGR in Lithuania. Selection of the most suitable DGR site should be made and the DGR concept should be developed applying clear methodology. The proposed methodology is based on the safety requirements established by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), systematic approach and criteria that are widely used worldwide. The suitability evaluation criteria are divided into 4 groups according to the factors responsible for the stability and safety of the DGR system. The highest rank of significance is assigned to the group of criteria that are associated with the factors responsible for the loss of the long-term stability of the system. The criteria associated with the DGR system confinement are assigned to the second group and are ranked second in significance. The third group of evaluation criteria could be characterized as a data availability group. It consists of the evaluation criteria associated with the emergence of uncertainties. Features or processes responsible for the improvement of formation properties over time are assigned to the fourth group and have the lowest rank of significance. The application of this methodology allows calculating the suitability score of each potentially suitable geological formation depending on the level of data detail at any stage of the investigation.
{"title":"Formation selection methodology for deep geological repository in Lithuania","authors":"R. Kanopienė, Saulius Gadeikis","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2022.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2022.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"A special program and action plan have been developed in Lithuania for the purpose of implementing the European Council Directive 2011/70/Euratom of 19 July 2011, establishing the Community framework for the responsible and safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. An important part of this plan is related to geological investigations for the site selection, design and construction of deep geological repository (DGR) for spent nuclear fuel and high-level long-lived radioactive wastes. The main task of geological investigations is to select a suitable geological environment for DGR, which is closely related to that of the DGR site. There are several alternative geological formations potentially suitable for DGR in Lithuania. Selection of the most suitable DGR site should be made and the DGR concept should be developed applying clear methodology. The proposed methodology is based on the safety requirements established by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), systematic approach and criteria that are widely used worldwide. The suitability evaluation criteria are divided into 4 groups according to the factors responsible for the stability and safety of the DGR system. The highest rank of significance is assigned to the group of criteria that are associated with the factors responsible for the loss of the long-term stability of the system. The criteria associated with the DGR system confinement are assigned to the second group and are ranked second in significance. The third group of evaluation criteria could be characterized as a data availability group. It consists of the evaluation criteria associated with the emergence of uncertainties. Features or processes responsible for the improvement of formation properties over time are assigned to the fourth group and have the lowest rank of significance. The application of this methodology allows calculating the suitability score of each potentially suitable geological formation depending on the level of data detail at any stage of the investigation.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2022.2.6
Žana Skuratovič, J. Mažeika, O. Jefanova, R. Petrošius
In this review, we provide research data emphasizing the role of groundwater table and hydrometeorological parameters variation on soil water fluctuations in the unsaturated soil profile. We focused on soil water content, air temperature, precipitation and groundwater table observations. The ThetaProbe Soil Water Sensors basing on changes in the apparent dielectric constant were used for soil volumetric water content measurements. The sensors were installed at the different depths of the unsaturated zone profile under natural atmospheric conditions. The observations lasted more than five years (14 November 2013 – 31 December 2018). Groundwater table data was obtained using Diver data loggers, which continuously recorded water pressure and temperature. For more detailed investigations of water and mass transport at the Maišiagala radioactive waste repository site water, stable isotopes as environmental tracers were used as well.
{"title":"Soil water and stable isotopes in the unsaturated zone profile – field observations and analysis","authors":"Žana Skuratovič, J. Mažeika, O. Jefanova, R. Petrošius","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2022.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2022.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, we provide research data emphasizing the role of groundwater table and hydrometeorological parameters variation on soil water fluctuations in the unsaturated soil profile. We focused on soil water content, air temperature, precipitation and groundwater table observations. The ThetaProbe Soil Water Sensors basing on changes in the apparent dielectric constant were used for soil volumetric water content measurements. The sensors were installed at the different depths of the unsaturated zone profile under natural atmospheric conditions. The observations lasted more than five years (14 November 2013 – 31 December 2018). Groundwater table data was obtained using Diver data loggers, which continuously recorded water pressure and temperature. For more detailed investigations of water and mass transport at the Maišiagala radioactive waste repository site water, stable isotopes as environmental tracers were used as well.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2022.2.2
Loreta Šutinienė, A. Česnulevičius, Arturas Bautrenas, Neringa Maciuleviciute-Turliene
The article overviews the indirect methods employed in assessing the intensity of geodynamic processes. These methods involve using and analysing various spatial topographic and thematic databases, including the databases of ortho-photo images, bogs and peatlands, CORINE land cover, crop fields, forest cadastre, flood-prone areas, the geomorphologic database, the database of relief cadastre as well as that of reclamation status and wet soils. In this study, the intensity of geodynamic processes was estimated using mathematical models, which include a number of factors behind surface transformation (accumulation/degradation) processes, i.e., the origin of the terrain, its morphographic and morphometric indicators, lithology, soil cover, the degree of sediment and soil wetness, and natural vegetation cover. In addition, the impact of the factors inhibiting surface erosion (ratio of clay and sand particles in the surface layer, slope inclination, humus content in soil, binary nature of soil-forming sediments) was evaluated. The cartographic analysis results were compared with the data obtained from the terrain investigation in key areas. The surface analysis based on the spatial distribution of geomorphological relief types, their roughness, land cover, forest, soil types, reclamation and soaked lands shows that weak deflation (up to 1 mm / year, 1214.8 km²), weak erosion (up to 1 mm / year, 367.1 km²) and medium biogenic accumulation (1–2 mm / year, 223.5 km²) are taking place in the Coastal Lowland.
本文综述了用于评估地球动力过程强度的间接方法。这些方法涉及使用和分析各种空间地形和专题数据库，包括正射像数据库、沼泽和泥炭地数据库、CORINE土地覆盖数据库、农田数据库、森林地籍数据库、洪水易发地区数据库、地貌学数据库、救济地籍数据库以及填海状况数据库和湿土数据库。在这项研究中，利用数学模型估计了地球动力过程的强度，其中包括地表转化(积累/退化)过程背后的许多因素，即地形的起源，其形态和形态计量指标，岩性，土壤覆盖，沉积物和土壤湿润程度以及自然植被覆盖。此外，还评价了抑制地表侵蚀的因子(表层粘土与砂粒比、坡度、土壤腐殖质含量、成土沉积物二元性)的影响。将制图分析结果与重点地区地形调查数据进行了对比。基于地形起伏类型、粗糙度、土地覆盖、森林、土壤类型、垦殖和浸水土地空间分布的地表分析表明，滨海低地发生弱收缩(1 mm /年，1214.8 km²)、弱侵蚀(1 mm /年，367.1 km²)和中等生物堆积(1 ~ 2 mm /年，223.5 km²)。
{"title":"Intensity of relief geodynamic processes in the Coastal Lowland, Lithuania: based on cartographic analysis","authors":"Loreta Šutinienė, A. Česnulevičius, Arturas Bautrenas, Neringa Maciuleviciute-Turliene","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2022.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2022.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"The article overviews the indirect methods employed in assessing the intensity of geodynamic processes. These methods involve using and analysing various spatial topographic and thematic databases, including the databases of ortho-photo images, bogs and peatlands, CORINE land cover, crop fields, forest cadastre, flood-prone areas, the geomorphologic database, the database of relief cadastre as well as that of reclamation status and wet soils. In this study, the intensity of geodynamic processes was estimated using mathematical models, which include a number of factors behind surface transformation (accumulation/degradation) processes, i.e., the origin of the terrain, its morphographic and morphometric indicators, lithology, soil cover, the degree of sediment and soil wetness, and natural vegetation cover. In addition, the impact of the factors inhibiting surface erosion (ratio of clay and sand particles in the surface layer, slope inclination, humus content in soil, binary nature of soil-forming sediments) was evaluated. The cartographic analysis results were compared with the data obtained from the terrain investigation in key areas. The surface analysis based on the spatial distribution of geomorphological relief types, their roughness, land cover, forest, soil types, reclamation and soaked lands shows that weak deflation (up to 1 mm / year, 1214.8 km²), weak erosion (up to 1 mm / year, 367.1 km²) and medium biogenic accumulation (1–2 mm / year, 223.5 km²) are taking place in the Coastal Lowland.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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