Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2019.2.5
Š. Skuodis, Gintaras Žaržojus, T. Tamošiūnas, N. Dirgėlienė
This research paper represents interpretation of engineering geological and geotechnical conditions by using a direct shear device with a possibility to apply hydrostatic pressure during the experimental testing. In the authors’ opinion, the evaluation of in-situ hydrostatic pressure and reconstruction of it in the laboratory tests is a very important step in the determination of the engineering geological and geotechnical properties of the sand strength and its behaviour. To understand the influence of hydrostatic pressure on shearing strength results, there were performed direct shear tests with and without hydrostatic pressure. Obtained results clearly show the differences in the shearing strength analysed during this study. When the investigated sand sample was loaded with maximum hydrostatic pressure (σH = 100 kPa), the peak value of the angle of internal friction (ϕ’mean) was 21.24% higher compared to that of dry soil. No tendencies were found for cohesion.
{"title":"Reconstruction of Holocene marine sand natural hydrostatic pressure and its relation with shearing strength","authors":"Š. Skuodis, Gintaras Žaržojus, T. Tamošiūnas, N. Dirgėlienė","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2019.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2019.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper represents interpretation of engineering geological and geotechnical conditions by using a direct shear device with a possibility to apply hydrostatic pressure during the experimental testing. In the authors’ opinion, the evaluation of in-situ hydrostatic pressure and reconstruction of it in the laboratory tests is a very important step in the determination of the engineering geological and geotechnical properties of the sand strength and its behaviour. To understand the influence of hydrostatic pressure on shearing strength results, there were performed direct shear tests with and without hydrostatic pressure. Obtained results clearly show the differences in the shearing strength analysed during this study. When the investigated sand sample was loaded with maximum hydrostatic pressure (σH = 100 kPa), the peak value of the angle of internal friction (ϕ’mean) was 21.24% higher compared to that of dry soil. No tendencies were found for cohesion.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49264296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2019.2.1
Gintarė Slavinskienė, A. Jurevičius, J. Satkūnas, Rasa Šimanauskienė
This study examines the relationship between the quantity of landfill leachate and attenuation distance of inorganic contaminants in the groundwater of open, semi-open and closed hydrogeological systems. Nearly 2,000 groundwater samples were collected and 12 inorganic chemical parameters were investigated, of which NH4+, K+ and Fe were considered to be the most groundwater polluting chemical parameters. Analytical modelling of pollution migration, multivariate statistical techniques and a single factor pollution index method were applied for data processing. The results showed that irrespective of waste volume, the degradation coefficients of NH4+, K+ and Fe were by 36–90% higher in the groundwater of open hydrogeological systems, where attenuation distances were by 14–56% shorter compared with those in closed hydrogeological systems. Also, the degradation coefficients of NH4+, K+ and Fe+ in the groundwater of very small and small landfills were by 37–90% higher and attenuation distances were by 38–99% shorter compared with those in the groundwater of large and very large landfills. In the groundwater of very small and small landfills the difference between NH4+, Fe and K+ attenuation distance in open and closed hydrogeological systems was about 89–97% lower than the difference in large and very large landfills. This finding indicates that the quantity of leachate is the main factor of attenuation of contaminants in groundwater. The results obtained in this research may be used to predict the dispersion of pollution in the groundwater of landfills located in similar hydrogeological systems and to take environmental protection measures.
{"title":"Landfill leachate quantity and attenuation distance of inorganic contaminants in the groundwater of different hydrogeological systems: a case study of Lithuania","authors":"Gintarė Slavinskienė, A. Jurevičius, J. Satkūnas, Rasa Šimanauskienė","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2019.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2019.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the relationship between the quantity of landfill leachate and attenuation distance of inorganic contaminants in the groundwater of open, semi-open and closed hydrogeological systems. Nearly 2,000 groundwater samples were collected and 12 inorganic chemical parameters were investigated, of which NH4+, K+ and Fe were considered to be the most groundwater polluting chemical parameters. Analytical modelling of pollution migration, multivariate statistical techniques and a single factor pollution index method were applied for data processing. The results showed that irrespective of waste volume, the degradation coefficients of NH4+, K+ and Fe were by 36–90% higher in the groundwater of open hydrogeological systems, where attenuation distances were by 14–56% shorter compared with those in closed hydrogeological systems. Also, the degradation coefficients of NH4+, K+ and Fe+ in the groundwater of very small and small landfills were by 37–90% higher and attenuation distances were by 38–99% shorter compared with those in the groundwater of large and very large landfills. In the groundwater of very small and small landfills the difference between NH4+, Fe and K+ attenuation distance in open and closed hydrogeological systems was about 89–97% lower than the difference in large and very large landfills. This finding indicates that the quantity of leachate is the main factor of attenuation of contaminants in groundwater. The results obtained in this research may be used to predict the dispersion of pollution in the groundwater of landfills located in similar hydrogeological systems and to take environmental protection measures.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44430786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2019.2.7
Audrius Armanavičius, J. Satkūnas
Extraction of mineral raw materials is increasing due to economic development and must be a normal process under due control and environmental supervision. However, there are a number of sites where the exploitation was stopped and mining sites were abandoned without proper restoration. Also, there are sites where mineral resources were or are extracted illegally thus making significant damage to the environment and economy. In order to collect information on land impacted by mining and extraction activities, for the first time a special project was carried out for the entire territory of Lithuania. The project consisted of gathering of information on damaged areas from various sources, field surveys and systematization of collected data. In order to obtain volumetric data, a special technology of aerial photogrammetry was developed and successfully applied. It was detected that the number of damaged sites > 0.3 ha reached up to 3,300. It is estimated that a total amount of illegally extracted minerals in last 15–20 years could be up to 15 million m3. The aerial photogrammetry was proved as a relevant technology and this could be applied for the control of the restoration of damaged land as well as for the monitoring of hazardous geological processes, e.g. coastal erosion, karst.
{"title":"Application of aerial photogrammetric technology for determination and parametrization of areas affected by extraction of raw materials","authors":"Audrius Armanavičius, J. Satkūnas","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2019.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2019.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Extraction of mineral raw materials is increasing due to economic development and must be a normal process under due control and environmental supervision. However, there are a number of sites where the exploitation was stopped and mining sites were abandoned without proper restoration. Also, there are sites where mineral resources were or are extracted illegally thus making significant damage to the environment and economy. In order to collect information on land impacted by mining and extraction activities, for the first time a special project was carried out for the entire territory of Lithuania. The project consisted of gathering of information on damaged areas from various sources, field surveys and systematization of collected data. In order to obtain volumetric data, a special technology of aerial photogrammetry was developed and successfully applied. It was detected that the number of damaged sites > 0.3 ha reached up to 3,300. It is estimated that a total amount of illegally extracted minerals in last 15–20 years could be up to 15 million m3. The aerial photogrammetry was proved as a relevant technology and this could be applied for the control of the restoration of damaged land as well as for the monitoring of hazardous geological processes, e.g. coastal erosion, karst.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46573147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2019.2.6
T. Shelekhova, N. Lavrova
Karelia, like the entire Fennoscandian Shield, is a region with a low seismic activity. An example of the best-studied locality is a paleoseismic dislocation on Mount Vottovaara, which bears traces of disastrous Holocene geological events following the degradation of the last ice sheet. The evolution of the study area falls into three stages. At pre-Quaternary stage I, an uplifted block broken by numerous fractures and faults was formed. At glacial stage II, coarse clastic moraine was formed, the moving ice polished the crystalline basement surface and glacial scars were formed. At final deglaciation stages, the mountain top remained a nunatak. As Salpausselkä II marginal sediments retreated by about 70 km from the mountain, a postglacial stage in the region’s evolution, at which an earthquake occurred, began. It could have been triggered mainly by the consequences of the degradation of the Late Weischelian glaciations such as the rapid removal of the glacial load that contributed to the rejuvenation of various old faults. Changes in paleoecological conditions for the Mount Vottovaara area were reconstructed based on the results of lithological, palynological, diatom and radiocarbon studies of bottom sediments from a small lake on the mountain top. Vegetation dynamics from the Younger Dryas to the Subboreal period is presented. Small lake evolution stages were distinguished based on analysis of diatom complexes and the pollen and spores of aquatic and aquatic-subaquatic plants and Pediastrum algae. The data obtained show that minerogenic sediments were abruptly succeeded by organic in the late Preboreal-early Boreal period. The thickness of Boreal sediments and changes in the composition of diatom complexes and spore-and-pollen spectra suggest a depositional hiatus triggered by a strong earthquake which changed the water level of the pond and its basin structure. The earthquake is also indicated by numerous dismembered, displaced, thrown-away and shifted rock blocks and seismogravity downfalls. Deflation and other types of weathering are responsible for the formation of seide-shaped piles of blocks and boulders on the mountain top.
{"title":"Paleoenvironmental reconstructions and a sedimentological evidence of paleoseismic activity ca 9000 yr BP in Karelia, NW Russia, based on lake sediment studies on Mount Vottovaara","authors":"T. Shelekhova, N. Lavrova","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2019.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2019.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Karelia, like the entire Fennoscandian Shield, is a region with a low seismic activity. An example of the best-studied locality is a paleoseismic dislocation on Mount Vottovaara, which bears traces of disastrous Holocene geological events following the degradation of the last ice sheet. The evolution of the study area falls into three stages. At pre-Quaternary stage I, an uplifted block broken by numerous fractures and faults was formed. At glacial stage II, coarse clastic moraine was formed, the moving ice polished the crystalline basement surface and glacial scars were formed. At final deglaciation stages, the mountain top remained a nunatak. As Salpausselkä II marginal sediments retreated by about 70 km from the mountain, a postglacial stage in the region’s evolution, at which an earthquake occurred, began. It could have been triggered mainly by the consequences of the degradation of the Late Weischelian glaciations such as the rapid removal of the glacial load that contributed to the rejuvenation of various old faults. Changes in paleoecological conditions for the Mount Vottovaara area were reconstructed based on the results of lithological, palynological, diatom and radiocarbon studies of bottom sediments from a small lake on the mountain top. Vegetation dynamics from the Younger Dryas to the Subboreal period is presented. Small lake evolution stages were distinguished based on analysis of diatom complexes and the pollen and spores of aquatic and aquatic-subaquatic plants and Pediastrum algae. The data obtained show that minerogenic sediments were abruptly succeeded by organic in the late Preboreal-early Boreal period. The thickness of Boreal sediments and changes in the composition of diatom complexes and spore-and-pollen spectra suggest a depositional hiatus triggered by a strong earthquake which changed the water level of the pond and its basin structure. The earthquake is also indicated by numerous dismembered, displaced, thrown-away and shifted rock blocks and seismogravity downfalls. Deflation and other types of weathering are responsible for the formation of seide-shaped piles of blocks and boulders on the mountain top.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41268648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2019.2.2
R. Taraškevičius, V. Kazakauskas, Saulius Sarcevičius, R. Zinkutė, S. Suzdalev
The study was conducted using 14 hierarchical clustering ways and combining them with 4 inter-related sets of elements, i.e. the contents of Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Ga, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Nb, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th and Ti determined by EDXRF in 44 splits of 10 archaeological and 4 modern bricks, as well as in 38 clay samples from two quarries. Empirical scoring of tree dendrograms of archaeological samples helped to identify Complete Linkage, Weighted Pair Group Average and Ward’s methods as the most suitable for sourcing. Successful identification of geochemical clustering methods for fingerprinting sources of bricks is determined by the intrinsic features of the geochemical composition of stonework or quarries: their similarity, determined by the geochemical peculiarities of clay indicators, such as Al, Rb, Ga, K, Th, Fe, Ti and Nb, and differences, expressed by the elements that are more abundant in sands and silts (Si, Na), carbonates (Ca, Sr, Mg), organic matter (P) and other lithological-mineralogical tracers. It has been found that the mean values of the geochemical composition of the allied objects have much more useful fingerprinting properties. It is strongly recommended for source fingerprinting to select not only typical lithological-mineralogical samples, but also homogeneous sampling sets excluding possible outliers. It has been shown that each raw clay material has its own specific geochemical features. This is an essential useful feature for source fingerprinting using clustering of the objects of interest.
{"title":"Case study of geochemical clustering as a tool for tracing sources of clays for archaeological and modern bricks","authors":"R. Taraškevičius, V. Kazakauskas, Saulius Sarcevičius, R. Zinkutė, S. Suzdalev","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2019.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2019.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted using 14 hierarchical clustering ways and combining them with 4 inter-related sets of elements, i.e. the contents of Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Ga, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Nb, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th and Ti determined by EDXRF in 44 splits of 10 archaeological and 4 modern bricks, as well as in 38 clay samples from two quarries. Empirical scoring of tree dendrograms of archaeological samples helped to identify Complete Linkage, Weighted Pair Group Average and Ward’s methods as the most suitable for sourcing. Successful identification of geochemical clustering methods for fingerprinting sources of bricks is determined by the intrinsic features of the geochemical composition of stonework or quarries: their similarity, determined by the geochemical peculiarities of clay indicators, such as Al, Rb, Ga, K, Th, Fe, Ti and Nb, and differences, expressed by the elements that are more abundant in sands and silts (Si, Na), carbonates (Ca, Sr, Mg), organic matter (P) and other lithological-mineralogical tracers. It has been found that the mean values of the geochemical composition of the allied objects have much more useful fingerprinting properties. It is strongly recommended for source fingerprinting to select not only typical lithological-mineralogical samples, but also homogeneous sampling sets excluding possible outliers. It has been shown that each raw clay material has its own specific geochemical features. This is an essential useful feature for source fingerprinting using clustering of the objects of interest.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43008973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2019.1.4
M. Górska
The thick-bedded, deep-water sandstone succession was described at the Tylmanowa site from the Polish Outer Carpathians. This part of the Carpathians is built mainly of the Upper Jurassic to Paleogene deep-water rocks. Succession at the Tylmanowa site is composed of massive, ripple-cross laminated, planar and trough cross-stratified, horizontally laminated and deformed sandstones as well as massive and horizontally laminated mudstones. All these sediments derived from gravity flows that prograde downslope from a basin margin towards the widespread abyssal plain. Exposed succession records the gradual transition from a decelerating debris flow to a turbidity current what is extraordinary in the recent investigations of deep-water sediments. The study succession has been compared with the widely known sediment models, such as: the classic Bouma Sequence (Bouma 1962), the high-density turbidite model (Lowe 1982), the fluxoturbidite model (Ślączka, Thompson 1981) and the hybrid event bed model (Haughton et al. 2009).
在波兰外喀尔巴阡山脉的Tylmanowa遗址，描述了厚层、深水砂岩演替。喀尔巴阡山脉的这一部分主要由上侏罗统至古近系深水岩构成。Tylmanowa遗址层序由块状、波纹交叉层状、平面和槽状、水平层状和变形砂岩以及块状和水平层状泥岩组成。所有这些沉积物都来自重力流，这些重力流从盆地边缘向广阔的深海平原下坡前进。裸露的演替记录了从减速的泥石流到浊流的逐渐转变，这在最近对深水沉积物的研究中是非同寻常的。将该研究序列与经典的Bouma层序(Bouma 1962)、高密度浊积岩模型(Lowe 1982)、滑塌浊积岩模型(Ślączka, Thompson 1981)和混合事件层模型(Haughton et al. 2009)等广为人知的沉积模型进行了比较。
{"title":"Verification of gravity-flow models: case study from the Lower Eocene sediments (Tylmanowa site, SE Poland)","authors":"M. Górska","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2019.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2019.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The thick-bedded, deep-water sandstone succession was described at the Tylmanowa site from the Polish Outer Carpathians. This part of the Carpathians is built mainly of the Upper Jurassic to Paleogene deep-water rocks. Succession at the Tylmanowa site is composed of massive, ripple-cross laminated, planar and trough cross-stratified, horizontally laminated and deformed sandstones as well as massive and horizontally laminated mudstones. All these sediments derived from gravity flows that prograde downslope from a basin margin towards the widespread abyssal plain. Exposed succession records the gradual transition from a decelerating debris flow to a turbidity current what is extraordinary in the recent investigations of deep-water sediments. The study succession has been compared with the widely known sediment models, such as: the classic Bouma Sequence (Bouma 1962), the high-density turbidite model (Lowe 1982), the fluxoturbidite model (Ślączka, Thompson 1981) and the hybrid event bed model (Haughton et al. 2009).","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47909087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2019.1.2
Grzegorz Uścinowicz, Tomasz Szarafin, L. Jurys
A multi-temporal digital terrain models [DTM] study of a coastal cliff section at Kaszuby Coast (northern Poland) is presented in this paper. The analytical study was based on five LiDAR-derived DTM acquired between 2010 and 2016. The main idea was to compare changes year by year or every two years (depending on the available material). The DTM were analysed using various geoprocessing techniques, and as a result the map of slope and the gradient of maximum changes in z-value were prepared. The analysis of the temporal variations of these parameters were also prepared and allowed to visualize and track the landslides that occurred within the cliff. What is more, the areas of sediment increasement and decreasement, as well as the average rates of vertical displacement within the landslides and sediment balance on the beach were estimated. The studies allowed also to discuss the interrelation between the mass wasting processes and the protective infrastructure on the seashore. The information gathered allows us to find the mechanisms and development of landslides on the steep cliff coast.
{"title":"Tracking cliff activity based on multi temporal digital terrain models – an example from the southern Baltic Sea coast","authors":"Grzegorz Uścinowicz, Tomasz Szarafin, L. Jurys","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2019.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2019.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"A multi-temporal digital terrain models [DTM] study of a coastal cliff section at Kaszuby Coast (northern Poland) is presented in this paper. The analytical study was based on five LiDAR-derived DTM acquired between 2010 and 2016. The main idea was to compare changes year by year or every two years (depending on the available material). The DTM were analysed using various geoprocessing techniques, and as a result the map of slope and the gradient of maximum changes in z-value were prepared. The analysis of the temporal variations of these parameters were also prepared and allowed to visualize and track the landslides that occurred within the cliff. What is more, the areas of sediment increasement and decreasement, as well as the average rates of vertical displacement within the landslides and sediment balance on the beach were estimated. The studies allowed also to discuss the interrelation between the mass wasting processes and the protective infrastructure on the seashore. The information gathered allows us to find the mechanisms and development of landslides on the steep cliff coast.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47670163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2019.1.8
Laura Gedminienė, L. Siliauskas, Žana Skuratovič, R. Taraškevičius, R. Zinkutė, Mindaugas Kazbaris, Ž. Ežerinskis, J. Šapolaitė, Neringa Gastevičienė, V. Šeirienė, M. Stančikaitė
New data were obtained from the sedimentary sequence study of Lieporiai palaeolake, Northern Lithuania, employing a multi-proxy abiotic approach, for the description of the Lateglacial-Early Holocene palaeoenvironmental dynamics in the basin. The study reveals significant differences in sediments deposited in the Lateglacial, at the end of Lateglacial/Early Holocene and in the Late Holocene time periods. Six main environmental stages are described. After glacial retreat, the formed landscape was re-organized by very fast currents that might have appeared later than previously thought. Rapid water flow stabilized and lacustrine sedimentation began together with the appearance of scarce pioneer vegetation shortly before 14 600 cal yr BP, (GI-1e). The development of the lake with mostly undisturbed sedimentation continued up to the final stages of the Lateglacial Interstadial. The warm period caused maximum precipitation of Ca and Sr carbonates, which strongly affected sediment saturation with other components. Increase in humidity in the later Lateglacial Stadial (GS-1) period is indicated by the abrupt appearance of the coarser-sized mineral matter accompanied by weathering elements, i.e. Ti, Al, Si, Mg, and the early immigration of Picea. About 11 500 cal yr BP, the mineral matter input started decreasing, and stabilization of the climate regime began about 10 200 cal yr BP. (A)biotic proxies highlight slow sedimentation mechanisms that recover shallow- and trophic-lake stages. The Lieporiai palaeolake record clearly shows the sedimentation hiatus between the Early and the Middle Holocene. Further stages are characterized by paludification processes. Finally, peat accumulation was interrupted by humans.
通过对立陶宛北部Lieporiai古湖的沉积序列研究，采用多代理非生物方法，获得了新的数据，用于描述该盆地的晚冰期-早全新世古环境动力学。研究表明，在晚全新世和晚全新世时期，沉积在晚冰川的沉积物存在显著差异。描述了六个主要的环境阶段。冰川消退后，形成的景观被非常快的洋流重新组织起来，这些洋流可能比之前认为的出现得晚。在14600 cal yr BP（GI-1e）之前不久，快速水流稳定，湖泊沉积开始，同时出现了稀缺的先锋植被。该湖的发展主要是未受干扰的沉积，一直持续到冰川间带的最后阶段。温暖期导致Ca和Sr碳酸盐的最大降水量，这强烈影响了其他成分的沉积物饱和度。晚些时候的晚冰期（GS-1）湿度的增加表明，伴随着风化元素（即Ti、Al、Si、Mg）的粗粒矿物的突然出现，以及云杉的早期迁移。大约11500卡年BP，矿物物质输入开始减少，气候状况的稳定开始大约10200卡年BP。（A） 生物替代物强调了恢复浅水和营养湖泊阶段的缓慢沉积机制。Lieporiai古湖记录清楚地显示了全新世早期和中期之间的沉积间断。进一步阶段的特点是皂化过程。最后，泥炭的积累被人类打断了。
{"title":"The Lateglacial-Early Holocene dynamics of the sedimentation environment based on the multi-proxy abiotic study of Lieporiai palaeolake, Northern Lithuania","authors":"Laura Gedminienė, L. Siliauskas, Žana Skuratovič, R. Taraškevičius, R. Zinkutė, Mindaugas Kazbaris, Ž. Ežerinskis, J. Šapolaitė, Neringa Gastevičienė, V. Šeirienė, M. Stančikaitė","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2019.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2019.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"New data were obtained from the sedimentary sequence study of Lieporiai palaeolake, Northern Lithuania, employing a multi-proxy abiotic approach, for the description of the Lateglacial-Early Holocene palaeoenvironmental dynamics in the basin. The study reveals significant differences in sediments deposited in the Lateglacial, at the end of Lateglacial/Early Holocene and in the Late Holocene time periods. Six main environmental stages are described. After glacial retreat, the formed landscape was re-organized by very fast currents that might have appeared later than previously thought. Rapid water flow stabilized and lacustrine sedimentation began together with the appearance of scarce pioneer vegetation shortly before 14 600 cal yr BP, (GI-1e). The development of the lake with mostly undisturbed sedimentation continued up to the final stages of the Lateglacial Interstadial. The warm period caused maximum precipitation of Ca and Sr carbonates, which strongly affected sediment saturation with other components. Increase in humidity in the later Lateglacial Stadial (GS-1) period is indicated by the abrupt appearance of the coarser-sized mineral matter accompanied by weathering elements, i.e. Ti, Al, Si, Mg, and the early immigration of Picea. About 11 500 cal yr BP, the mineral matter input started decreasing, and stabilization of the climate regime began about 10 200 cal yr BP. (A)biotic proxies highlight slow sedimentation mechanisms that recover shallow- and trophic-lake stages. The Lieporiai palaeolake record clearly shows the sedimentation hiatus between the Early and the Middle Holocene. Further stages are characterized by paludification processes. Finally, peat accumulation was interrupted by humans.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47977424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.5200/BALTICA.2019.1.7
H. Steffen, R. Steffen, L. Tarasov
We model the change of Coulomb Failure Stress (δCFS) during the Weichselian glaciation up until today at 12 locations in Latvia, Lithuania and Russia that are characterised by soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS). If interpreted as seismites, these SSDS may point to glacially-induced fault reactivation. The δCFS suggests a high potential of such reactivation when it reaches the instability zone. We show that δCFS at all 12 locations reached this zone several times in the last 120,000 years. Most notably, all locations exhibit the possibility of reactivation after ca. 15 ka BP until today. Another time of possible activity likely happened after the Saalian glaciation until ca. 96 ka BP. In addition, some models suggest unstable states after 96 ka BP until ca. 28 ka BP at selected locations but with much lower positive δCFS values than during the other two periods. For the Valmiera and Rakuti seismites in Latvia, we can suggest a glacially-induced origin, whereas we cannot exactly match the timing at Rakuti. Given the (preliminary) dating of SSDS at some locations, at Dyburiai and Ryadino our modelling supports the interpretation of glacially-induced fault reactivation, while at Slinkis, Kumečiai and Liciškėnai they likely exclude such a source. Overall, the mutual benefit of geological and modelling investigations is demonstrated. This helps in identifying glacially-induced fault reactivation at the south-eastern edge of the Weichselian glaciation and in improving models of glacial isostatic adjustment.
我们在拉脱维亚、立陶宛和俄罗斯的12个以软沉积变形结构(SSDS)为特征的地点，模拟了魏奇塞利冰期至今库仑破坏应力(δCFS)的变化。如果将其解释为震积岩，这些固态岩石可能指向冰川引起的断层再活化。δCFS表明，当到达不稳定区时，这种再活化的电位很高。我们发现，在过去的12万年里，所有12个地点的δCFS都多次达到这个区域。最值得注意的是，直到今天，所有地点都显示出大约15 ka BP之后重新激活的可能性。另一个可能的活动时间可能发生在萨利安冰期之后，直到大约96 ka BP。此外，一些模式表明，在选定的位置，96 ka BP之后至约28 ka BP的不稳定状态，但正δCFS值远低于其他两个时期。对于拉脱维亚的Valmiera和Rakuti震积岩，我们可以提出冰川诱发的起源，但我们无法精确匹配Rakuti的时间。在Dyburiai和Ryadino，我们的模型支持冰川诱导断层重新激活的解释，而在Slinkis, kume iai和Liciškėnai，他们可能排除了这种来源。总的来说，地质和模拟调查的相互效益得到了证明。这有助于在魏希塞利期冰川东南缘确定冰川引起的断层恢复活动，并有助于改进冰川均衡调整模式。
{"title":"Modelling of glacially-induced stress changes in Latvia, Lithuania and the Kaliningrad District of Russia","authors":"H. Steffen, R. Steffen, L. Tarasov","doi":"10.5200/BALTICA.2019.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/BALTICA.2019.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"We model the change of Coulomb Failure Stress (δCFS) during the Weichselian glaciation up until today at 12 locations in Latvia, Lithuania and Russia that are characterised by soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS). If interpreted as seismites, these SSDS may point to glacially-induced fault reactivation. The δCFS suggests a high potential of such reactivation when it reaches the instability zone. We show that δCFS at all 12 locations reached this zone several times in the last 120,000 years. Most notably, all locations exhibit the possibility of reactivation after ca. 15 ka BP until today. Another time of possible activity likely happened after the Saalian glaciation until ca. 96 ka BP. In addition, some models suggest unstable states after 96 ka BP until ca. 28 ka BP at selected locations but with much lower positive δCFS values than during the other two periods. For the Valmiera and Rakuti seismites in Latvia, we can suggest a glacially-induced origin, whereas we cannot exactly match the timing at Rakuti. Given the (preliminary) dating of SSDS at some locations, at Dyburiai and Ryadino our modelling supports the interpretation of glacially-induced fault reactivation, while at Slinkis, Kumečiai and Liciškėnai they likely exclude such a source. Overall, the mutual benefit of geological and modelling investigations is demonstrated. This helps in identifying glacially-induced fault reactivation at the south-eastern edge of the Weichselian glaciation and in improving models of glacial isostatic adjustment.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44381541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2019.1.5
A. Krek, A. Danchenkov, M. Ulyanova, D. Ryabchuk
The scope of the study was to assess the impact of potential sources of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Cr on bottom sediments of the Russian sector of the south-eastern Baltic Sea. A total of 68 samples were taken and analyzed for grain-size (laser diffraction and sieve method) and heavy metal concentration (atomic absorption spectroscopy method). To avoid the influence of the sorption capacity of the fine-grained sediments to accumulate the pollutants, the normalization of the heavy metal concentration to Fe was applied. The environmental indices (contamination factor and modified degree of contamination) were calculated. The research has shown the contribution of oil platform, pipelines, ports and wastewater treatment facilities on the geochemical composition of bottom sediments. The authors have identified the level of heavy metals contamination of the middle parts of the Curonian and Vistula spits as a result of alongshore transport of pollutants.
{"title":"Heavy metals contamination of the sediments of the south-eastern Baltic Sea: the impact of economic development","authors":"A. Krek, A. Danchenkov, M. Ulyanova, D. Ryabchuk","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2019.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2019.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The scope of the study was to assess the impact of potential sources of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Cr on bottom sediments of the Russian sector of the south-eastern Baltic Sea. A total of 68 samples were taken and analyzed for grain-size (laser diffraction and sieve method) and heavy metal concentration (atomic absorption spectroscopy method). To avoid the influence of the sorption capacity of the fine-grained sediments to accumulate the pollutants, the normalization of the heavy metal concentration to Fe was applied. The environmental indices (contamination factor and modified degree of contamination) were calculated. The research has shown the contribution of oil platform, pipelines, ports and wastewater treatment facilities on the geochemical composition of bottom sediments. The authors have identified the level of heavy metals contamination of the middle parts of the Curonian and Vistula spits as a result of alongshore transport of pollutants.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44840579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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