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Experimental Study of Railway Trackbed Pressure Distribution Under Dynamic Loading 动载作用下铁路道床压力分布的试验研究
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2019-12-27 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2019-14.455
M. Sysyn, V. Kovalchuk, O. Nabochenko, Y. Kovalchuk, O. Voznyak
Reliable and durable operation of the railway track under the dynamic load of the rolling stock depends considerably on the ability of the ballast layer to get the load from the sleepers and distribute it to the subgrade. In this paper, the experimental study of the distribution properties of the ballast layer under the impact of dynamic loading depending on the density of the ballast layer is carried out. The ballast behaviour during load cycles is estimated by pressure measurements at the ballast prism base along the axis of a sleeper with simultaneous video observation of the ballast particles movement through transparent sidewalls of the box with crushed stone. Measurements of pressure distribution are carried out with the developed microcontroller system of measurements and developed load cells. The system allows performing multi-point measurements of stress in combination with measurements of acceleration and photogrammetry. The results of measurements showed a significant effect of the ballast layer consolidation on the distribution of stresses under the sleeper. The performed research opens up opportunities for practical improvement of the existing types of track structures and the technology of the ballast layer tamping in terms to provide the optimal conditions for the ballast layer operation.
铁路轨道在机车车辆动态载荷下的可靠和持久运行在很大程度上取决于道碴层从枕木获得载荷并将其分配到路基的能力。本文对动态载荷作用下压载层的分布特性进行了试验研究。负载循环期间的压载行为是通过沿轨枕轴线在压载棱镜底座处进行的压力测量来估计的,同时通过视频观察压载颗粒穿过装有碎石的箱子的透明侧壁的运动。压力分布的测量是用开发的微控制器测量系统和开发的测压元件进行的。该系统允许结合加速度和摄影测量进行应力的多点测量。测量结果表明,道碴层固结对轨枕下应力分布有显著影响。所进行的研究为实际改进现有类型的轨道结构和道碴层夯实技术提供了机会,为道碴层运营提供了最佳条件。
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引用次数: 12
Potential of Using Imidazoline in Recycled Asphalt Pavement 咪唑啉在再生沥青路面中的应用潜力
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2019-12-27 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2019-14.456
R. Jurczak, P. Mieczkowski, B. Budziński
The environmental considerations need to be taken into account in any road resurfacing and upgrading project, for example, by reusing asphalt rubble for production of new pavement courses. Mixtures containing larger amounts of recycled asphalt pavement are improved by adding rejuvenator additives. The tests performed on the recycled asphalt mixtures containing lard imidazoline confirm the suitability of this agent for paving applications. Lard imidazoline was found to improve the stiffness modulus, fatigue performance and resistance to the action of water and freezing temperatures. The parameters obtained at the optimum content of additive complied with the criteria defined for virgin asphalt concrete and other mixtures of that kind.
在任何道路重铺和升级项目中,都需要考虑环境因素,例如,通过重新使用沥青碎石来生产新的路面层。含有大量再生沥青路面的混合料通过添加再生添加剂来改善。对含有猪油咪唑啉的再生沥青混合物进行的试验证实了该剂适用于铺路应用。发现Lard咪唑啉可以提高刚度模量、疲劳性能以及对水和冷冻温度的抵抗力。在添加剂的最佳含量下获得的参数符合原始沥青混凝土和其他此类混合物的标准。
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引用次数: 4
S-Shaped Transition Curves as an Element of Reverse Curves in Road Design S形缓和曲线作为道路设计中反曲线的组成部分
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2019-12-27 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2019-14.454
A. Kobryń, Piotr Stachera
A road designing involves horizontal and vertical alignment. The horizontal geometry is formed by straight and curvilinear sections that are traditionally formed using circular and transition curves (mainly the clothoid). Different geometric systems that are designed using circular and transition curves are between others circular curves with symmetrical or unsymmetrical clothoids, combined curves, oval curves and reverse curves. Designing these systems is quite complex. Therefore, so-called S -shaped transition curves are an alternative to traditional approaches. These curves are known from literature and are modern geometric tools for the shaping of reverse curves. The paper analyses the basic geometric properties of these curves as well as compare to the geometry of the appropriate geometric systems, which are formed with clothoid or using S-shaped transition curves. In addition, a procedure for designing reverse curves using S -shaped transition curves was proposed. Another research topic was the comparison of the analysed reverse curves (created using polynomial transition curves) with traditional curves (created using the clothoid). The results of the studies, despite the noticeable differences in the geometry of the compared components, confirm the practical usefulness of the S -shaped transition curves for designing the geometry of the route.
道路设计包括水平和垂直对齐。水平几何由直线和曲线部分组成,传统上使用圆形和过渡曲线(主要是cloclo仿线)形成。用圆曲线和过渡曲线设计的不同几何系统之间有对称或不对称的圆曲线、组合曲线、椭圆曲线和反向曲线。设计这些系统是相当复杂的。因此,所谓的S型过渡曲线是传统方法的另一种选择。这些曲线是从文献中已知的,是现代几何工具,用于形成反向曲线。本文分析了这些曲线的基本几何性质,并与用梭形线或s型过渡曲线形成的相应几何体系的几何形状进行了比较。此外,还提出了利用S型过渡曲线设计反向曲线的方法。另一个研究课题是分析的反向曲线(使用多项式过渡曲线创建)与传统曲线(使用梭形线创建)的比较。尽管比较部件的几何形状存在明显差异,但研究结果证实了S形过渡曲线在设计路线几何形状方面的实用性。
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引用次数: 4
Modal testing of an isolated overpass bridge in its construction stages 孤立立交桥施工阶段模态试验研究
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2018-03-27 DOI: 10.3846/BJRBE.2018.398
F. Aras
This study presents the application of ambient vibration survey based dynamic testing on an isolated, precast and pre-stressed overpass bridge during and after its construction. In the studied three-bay bridge, the girders are located on the elastomeric bearings carried by two abutments and two internal piers. The first modal testing is performed after the placement of the girders on the elastomeric bearings and dynamic properties of the uncompleted bridge are determined. After the completion of all construction works and the opening of the overpass to human traffic, the modal testing is repeated to obtain the dynamic properties of the final structure. The dynamic properties obtained in both analyses are used to interpret the effects of the performed works between two modal testing. Moreover, the structural behaviour of isolated, precast and pre-stressed bridges is evaluated in detail.
本研究介绍了基于环境振动测量的动态测试在一座隔震、预制和预应力跨线桥施工期间和施工后的应用。在所研究的三开间桥梁中,主梁位于由两个桥台和两个内部桥墩承载的弹性支座上。第一次模态试验是在将主梁放置在弹性支座上并确定未完工桥梁的动态特性后进行的。在所有施工工程完成并向人类交通开放后,重复进行模态试验,以获得最终结构的动力特性。在两次分析中获得的动态特性用于解释在两次模态试验之间进行的工作的影响。此外,还详细评估了隔震、预制和预应力桥梁的结构性能。
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引用次数: 2
Non-destructive modulus testing and performance evaluation for asphalt pavement reflective cracking mitigation treatments 沥青路面反射裂缝治理的无损模量试验及性能评价
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2018-03-27 DOI: 10.3846/BJRBE.2018.392
Can Chen, Shibin Lin, R. Williams, J. Ashlock
Reflective cracking is a common type of pavement distress, which manifests as cracks in an underlying layer propagating through to the surface of a pavement structure. To minimize reflective cracking of asphalt layers in composite pavements, four treatments are commonly used: standard/full rubblization, modified rubblization, crack and seat, and rock interlayer. The four types of treatment were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in mitigating reflective cracking via non-destructive Falling Weight Deflectometer tests and Surface Wave Method tests to measure layer modulus, along with field pavement performance surveys. It is found that moduli measurements from Surface Wave Method tests have reduced uncertainty comparing to those from Falling Weight Deflectometer tests, (2) the moduli of thin rock interlayers were captured by Surface Wave Method, but missed by Falling Weight Deflectometer. In addition, the Surface Wave Method results show that (1) crack and seat treatments provide the highest moduli, followed by modified rubblization, and (2) standard rubblization and rock interlayers provide moduli that are slightly lower than the other two treatments. Pavement performance survey was also conducted concurrently with the in-situ modulus tests. Based on the results of this study, modified rubblization and rock interlayer treatments are recommended for mitigation of reflective cracking.
反射裂缝是一种常见的路面病害,表现为下层的裂缝延伸到路面结构的表面。为了最大限度地减少复合路面沥青层的反射裂缝,通常采用四种处理方法:标准/全块石、改性块石、裂缝和底座以及岩石夹层。对这四种类型的处理进行了评估,以通过无损落锤挠度计测试和表面波法测试来测量层模量,以及现场路面性能调查来确定它们在减轻反射裂缝方面的有效性。研究发现,与落锤式挠度计测试相比,表面波法测试的模量测量降低了不确定度。此外,表面波法的结果表明:(1)裂缝和底座处理提供了最高的模量,其次是改性块石,(2)标准块石和岩石夹层提供的模量略低于其他两种处理。路面性能调查也与现场模量测试同时进行。根据这项研究的结果,建议采用改良碎石和岩石夹层处理来缓解反射裂缝。
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引用次数: 7
Potential of MSWI bottom ash to be used as aggregate in road building materials 城市生活垃圾底灰作为公路建筑材料集料的潜力
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2018-03-27 DOI: 10.3846/BJRBE.2018.401
A. Vaitkus, J. Gražulytė, V. Vorobjovas, O. Šernas, R. Kleizienė
In the European Union, more than 140 million tonnes of municipal solid waste is incinerated annually. It generates about 30–40 million tonnes of residues known as municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash, which is typically landfilled. To deal with growing landfills, there is a need to utilize municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash as a building material. It has been known that municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash properties strongly depend on waste composition, which is directly influenced by people’s habits, economic policy, and technologies for metals recovery of bottom ash. Thus, municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash produced in a specific country or region has primarily to be tested to determine its physical and mechanical properties. The main aim of this study is to determine municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash physical and mechanical properties (aggregate particle size distribution, water content, oven-dried particle density, loose bulk density, Proctor density, optimal water content, California Bearing Ratio after and before soaking, permeability, Flakiness Index, Shape Index, percentage of crushed and broken surfaces, resistance to fragmentation (Los Angeles coefficient), water absorption and resistance to freezing and thawing). Municipal solid waste in-cinerator bottom ash produced in the waste-to-energy plant in Klaipėda (Lithuania) was used in this research. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals were separated after more than three months of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash ageing in the atmosphere. The study showed promising results from considering municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash as possible aggregates for road building materials.
在欧盟,每年焚烧的城市固体废物超过1.4亿吨。它产生了约3000万至4000万吨被称为城市固体废物焚烧炉底灰的残留物,这些残留物通常被填埋。为了处理日益增长的垃圾填埋场,需要利用城市固体废物焚烧炉底灰作为建筑材料。众所周知,城市固体废物焚烧炉底灰的性质在很大程度上取决于废物的组成,这直接受到人们的生活习惯、经济政策和底灰金属回收技术的影响。因此,在特定国家或地区生产的城市固体废物焚烧炉底灰必须首先进行测试,以确定其物理和机械性能。本研究的主要目的是确定城市固体废物焚烧炉底灰的物理力学性能(骨料粒度分布、含水量、烘干颗粒密度、松散堆积密度、普氏密度、最佳含水量、浸泡后和浸泡前的加州承载比、渗透性、薄片指数、形状指数、压碎和破碎表面的百分比、抗碎裂性(洛杉矶系数)、吸水性和抗冻融性)。本研究使用了Klaipëda(立陶宛)垃圾焚烧发电厂产生的城市固体废物,即焚烧炉底灰。经过三个多月的城市固体废物焚烧炉底灰在大气中老化,黑色金属和有色金属被分离。该研究表明,考虑将城市固体废物焚烧炉底灰作为道路建筑材料的可能骨料,结果很有希望。
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引用次数: 18
The impact of ageing on the bitumen stiffness modulus using the CAM model 老化对沥青刚度模量的影响
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2018-03-27 DOI: 10.3846/BJRBE.2018.386
M. Cholewińska, M. Iwański, G. Mazurek
This article presents the results of the viscoelastic properties of the polymer-modified bitumen produced in Warm Mix Asphalt technology. A Fischer-Tropsch synthetic wax and a liquid surface-active agent (fatty amine) were used as bitumen viscosity-reducing modifiers. All tested parameters were determined after short-term and long-term ageing. The complex modulus G* and phase angle δ were measured with a cone-plate rheometer. All dynamic tests were performed at 60 °C within the frequency range from 0.005 Hz to 10 Hz. On the basis of the rheological index R determined using the Christensen−Anderson−Marasteanu (CAM) model, it was found that the fatty amine additive slowed down the age-hardening process in the bitumen. In contrast, the synthetic wax increased the stiffness of the bitumen at all levels tested, regardless of the type of ageing simulation process.
本文介绍了温拌沥青技术生产的聚合物改性沥青的粘弹性性能的研究结果。采用费托合成蜡和液体表面活性剂(脂肪胺)作为沥青降粘改性剂。所有测试参数均经过短期和长期老化后确定。用锥板流变仪测量了复合模量G*和相位角δ。所有动态试验均在60°C下进行,频率范围为0.005 Hz至10 Hz。根据Christensen - Anderson - Marasteanu (CAM)模型测定的流变指数R,发现脂肪胺添加剂减缓了沥青的时效硬化过程。相比之下,无论老化模拟过程的类型如何,合成蜡在所有测试级别上都增加了沥青的刚度。
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引用次数: 18
Load transfer-crack width relation of non-dowelled jointed plain concrete short slabs 无榫连接素混凝土短板的荷载传递裂缝宽度关系
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2018-03-27 DOI: 10.3846/BJRBE.2018.388
M. Pradena, L. Houben
Non-dowelled short slabs are a cost-effective innovation of jointed plain concrete pavements. The development of this innovation has been concentrated in their structural performance. Still there is a lack of specific studies of the relation load transfer – crack width, being the crack width at joint the direct cause of the aggregate interlock. Considering that their provision of load transfer relies on aggregate interlock, the objective of the present article is to develop the relationship between the load transfer by aggregate interlock and its direct cause (the crack width) specifically for innovative non-dowelled short concrete slabs pavements. For that, the analysis includes a validated nonlinear aggregate interlock model incorporated in a 3D Finite Element program, laboratory results, and field measurements performed as part of the present investigation. The results show that due to the small crack widths, the short slabs are able to provide adequate load transfer (not less than 70%) even without dowels bars. Indeed, in this case, the load transfer relies on aggregate interlock and the results of the Faultimeter (residual value more than 0) have confirmed this interlocking for crack widths at joints not more than 1.2 mm, which are typical values in short slabs when the joints are activated. For that, the Early Entry saw cutting method needs to be modified or applied as a complementary method to perform the joints. Although in short concrete slabs pavements the provision of load transfer is already guaranteed by the small crack widths at joints, the application of high-quality coarse aggregates provides even higher load transfer.
无榫钉短板是接缝素混凝土路面的一种具有成本效益的创新。这种创新的发展集中在它们的结构性能上。然而,由于接缝处的裂缝宽度是骨料互锁的直接原因,因此缺乏对荷载传递与裂缝宽度关系的具体研究。考虑到它们的荷载传递依赖于骨料联锁,本文的目的是发展骨料联锁的荷载传递与其直接原因(裂缝宽度)之间的关系,特别是针对创新的无榫钉混凝土短板路面。为此,分析包括一个已验证的非线性骨料联锁模型,该模型包含在三维有限元程序中,实验室结果和作为本研究一部分进行的现场测量中。结果表明,由于裂缝宽度较小,即使没有插筋,短板也能提供足够的荷载传递(不低于70%)。事实上,在这种情况下,荷载传递依赖于骨料联锁,Faultimeter的结果(残差值大于0)已经证实了接缝处裂缝宽度不超过1.2 mm的联锁,这是激活接缝时短板的典型值。为此,需要修改或应用早期进入锯切割方法作为执行接头的补充方法。尽管在短混凝土板路面中,接缝处的小裂缝宽度已经保证了荷载传递,但高质量粗骨料的应用提供了更高的荷载传递。
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引用次数: 8
Impact of recycled asphalt pavement on properties of foamed bituminous mixtures 再生沥青路面对发泡沥青混合料性能的影响
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2018-03-27 DOI: 10.3846/BJRBE.2018.383
S. S. Kar, A. Swamy, D. Tiwari, P. Jain
In recent years, the use of foamed bitumen technology along with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement is gaining popularity across the world. The mechanical response of foamed bitumen mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement is significantly influenced by constituent material properties and aggregate gradation. This article presents results from a study where foamed bitumen mixtures conforming to Indian specifications were evaluated. For this purpose, foamed bitumen mixtures using a different percentage of reclaimed asphalt pavement and bitumens were prepared. Initially, the foaming characteristics of virgin bitumens were evaluated to optimize for optimum water content and foaming temperature. In the second stage, mixture design was conducted to optimize for foamed bitumen content in foamed bitumen mixtures containing a different percentage of reclaimed asphalt pavement. Finally, these foamed bitumen mixtures were evaluated for their mechanical properties. The results from this laboratory study indicated properties of foamed bitumen and foamed mixtures are significantly influenced by properties of bitumen, the quantity of bitumen, and reclaimed asphalt pavement. Among the different mixtures, a mixture containing 50% reclaimed asphalt pavement exhibited best results in resilient modulus and resistance to moisture damage tests. A mixture containing 80% reclaimed asphalt pavement also shows acceptable strength and resistance to water susceptibility. Thus, it is possible to design high-quality bituminous mixes using higher reclaimed asphalt pavement percentages, which meet the required volumetric and desired performance criteria.
近年来,泡沫沥青技术与再生沥青路面的应用在世界范围内越来越受欢迎。再生沥青路面泡沫沥青混合料的力学响应受组成材料性能和骨料级配的显著影响。本文介绍了一项研究的结果,其中符合印度规范的发泡沥青混合物进行了评估。为此,使用不同百分比的再生沥青路面和沥青制备了泡沫沥青混合物。首先,对初沥青的发泡特性进行了评价,优选出最佳的含水量和发泡温度。第二阶段进行混合料设计,优化不同再生沥青路面比例的泡沫沥青混合料中泡沫沥青的含量。最后,对这些泡沫沥青混合料的力学性能进行了评价。实验结果表明,沥青的性质、沥青用量和再生沥青路面对泡沫沥青和泡沫混合料的性能有显著影响。在不同的混合料中,含有50%再生沥青路面的混合料在弹性模量和抗湿损伤试验中表现出最好的效果。含有80%再生沥青路面的混合料也显示出可接受的强度和抗水敏感性。因此,有可能设计高质量的沥青混合料,使用更高的再生沥青路面百分比,满足所需的体积和期望的性能标准。
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引用次数: 9
Field testing and dynamic analysis of old continuous truss steel bridge 老特拉斯连续拱桥的现场试验与动力分析
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2018-03-27 DOI: 10.3846/BJRBE.2018.394
A. Kilikevičius, D. Bacinskas, M. Jurevičius, Kristina Kilikevičienė, A. Fursenko, J. Jakaitis, Eligijus Toločka
Paper presents dynamic field test and analysis results of a three span railway steel continuous truss bridge over river Neris in Jonava. Bridge was originally constructed in 1914. In the period of the World War II and afterwards the bridge was many time destroyed by German and Soviet armies. In 1948 the new railway bridge was constructed. Object of the present paper is to evaluate dynamic behaviour of the railway bridge after 67 years in service. Experimental dynamic analysis was divided into resonance-vibration, forced-vibration and free vibration studies. Resonance-vibrations of the bridge were excited by separate actions of shock loading and standard locomotive 2M62. Forced-vibrations were measured under the action of locomotive 2M62. Additionally, free vibration tests under passage of freight and passenger trains have been carried out. Structural dynamic response of the bridge was analysed using Bruel & Kjaer LAN XI dynamic test system and software. As a result, main dynamic parameters of the bridge were obtained. The main results include: mode shapes, frequencies of natural and forced vibrations, damping ratios, maximum amplitudes of accelerations, dynamic displacements. The obtained values were compared to the requirements of different design codes. Based on the achieved results concluding remarks and recommendations regarding the condition of the bridge after long-term period in service were presented.
本文介绍了Jonava Neris河上一座三跨铁路钢连续特拉斯桥的动力场试验和分析结果。这座桥最初建于1914年。在第二次世界大战期间和之后,这座桥多次被德国和苏联军队摧毁。1948年,新的铁路桥建成了。本文的目的是评估铁路桥梁在使用67年后的动力性能。实验动力分析分为共振振动、强迫振动和自由振动研究。桥梁的共振是由冲击载荷和标准机车2M62的单独作用激发的。在2M62型机车的作用下测量了强迫振动。此外,还进行了客货列车通过时的自由振动试验。利用Bruel&KjaerLANneneneba十一动力试验系统和软件对该桥的结构动力响应进行了分析。结果得到了该桥的主要动力参数。主要结果包括:振型、固有振动和强迫振动的频率、阻尼比、加速度的最大振幅、动态位移。将获得的值与不同设计规范的要求进行比较。根据所取得的成果,对大桥长期使用后的状况提出了总结意见和建议。
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引用次数: 6
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Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering
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