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Driver Sleepiness Detection Algorithm Based on Relevance Vector Machine 基于相关向量机的驾驶员瞌睡检测算法
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.7250/BJRBE.2021-16.518
Lingxiang Wei, Tianliu Feng, Pengfei Zhao, M-L. Liao
Driver sleepiness is one of the most important causes of traffic accidents. Efficient and stable algorithms are crucial for distinguishing nonfatigue from fatigue state. Relevance vector machine (RVM) as a leading-edge detection approach allows meeting this requirement and represents a potential solution for fatigue state detection. To accurately and effectively identify the driver’s fatigue state and reduce the number of traffic accidents caused by driver sleepiness, this paper considers the degree of driver’s mouth opening and eye state as multi-source related variables and establishes classification of fatigue and non-fatigue states based on the related literature and investigation. On this basis, an RVM model for automatic detection of the fatigue state is proposed. Twenty male respondents participated in the data collection process and a total of 1000 datasets of driving status (half of non-fatigue and half of fatigue) were obtained. The results of fatigue state recognition were analysed by different RVM classifiers. The results show that the recognition accuracy of the RVM-driven state classifiers with different kernel functions was higher than 90%, which indicated that the mouth-opening degree and the eye state index used in this work were closely related to the fatigue state. Based on the obtained results, the proposed fatigue state identification method has the potential to improve the fatigue state detection accuracy. More importantly, it provides a scientific theoretical basis for the development of fatigue state warning methods.
驾驶员嗜睡是造成交通事故的最重要原因之一。有效和稳定的算法对于区分非疲劳状态和疲劳状态至关重要。相关向量机(RVM)作为一种前沿检测方法,可以满足这一要求,并代表了疲劳状态检测的潜在解决方案。为了准确有效地识别驾驶员的疲劳状态,减少因驾驶员嗜睡引起的交通事故数量,本文将驾驶员的张开嘴和眼睛状态视为多源相关变量,并在相关文献和调查的基础上,建立了疲劳和非疲劳状态的分类。在此基础上,提出了一种用于疲劳状态自动检测的RVM模型。20名男性受访者参与了数据收集过程,共获得了1000个驾驶状态数据集(一半为非疲劳,一半为疲劳)。用不同的RVM分类器对疲劳状态识别结果进行了分析。结果表明,具有不同核函数的RVM驱动状态分类器的识别准确率高于90%,这表明本工作中使用的张开度和眼睛状态指数与疲劳状态密切相关。基于所获得的结果,所提出的疲劳状态识别方法具有提高疲劳状态检测精度的潜力。更重要的是,它为疲劳状态预警方法的发展提供了科学的理论依据。
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引用次数: 3
An Efficient Contact Model for Rotating Mechanism Analysis and Design in Bridge Construction 桥梁施工中旋转机构分析与设计的有效接触模型
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.7250/BJRBE.2021-16.515
Shiping Huang, Yong Tang, Zhao Yuan, Xiaopeng Cai
The rotation superstructure construction method is a widespread technique in bridge engineering. The critical issue for the successful application of this technique is the contact interface analysis and design for the rotating mechanism. A semi-analytical method predicated upon obtaining a uniform distribution of pressure on the slide plates within the interface is proposed. The surface design typically generates a nonlinear stress distribution. It leads to local damage and local asperity interlocking, which increase the contact friction dramatically during the rotation. In contrast, the proposed approach provides a surface that avoids stress concentrations and is expected to reduce the material cost of the slide plates. The proposed method is verified by the Finite Element Model. It can be used in a broad area involving contacting surface design, especially in the rotating mechanism design for bridge construction.
上部结构转体施工方法是桥梁工程中广泛应用的一种施工方法。旋转机构的接触界面分析与设计是该技术成功应用的关键问题。提出了一种基于在界面内滑动板上获得均匀压力分布的半解析方法。表面设计通常会产生非线性应力分布。它导致局部损伤和局部凹凸互锁,使旋转过程中的接触摩擦急剧增加。相反,所提出的方法提供了一种避免应力集中的表面,并有望降低滑板的材料成本。通过有限元模型对该方法进行了验证。它可以广泛应用于接触面设计领域,特别是桥梁结构的旋转机构设计。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Properties of Series System with Bearing and Pier Under Lateral Load 横向荷载作用下带支座和桥墩串联系统力学性能的数值模拟
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.7250/BJRBE.2021-16.517
Zhenhua Dong, Jinquan Zhang, Shou-shan Cheng, Pengfei Li
The local series system with typical common plate rubber support/pier in highway reinforced concrete girder bridge is the object of the current research. The finite element numerical simulation method is used to study sensitive parameters – the mechanical properties of the series system under the horizontal load. The simulated results show that the interface bonding strength between the bearing and adjacent structure is reduced; the equivalent shear deformation and the horizontal force of bearing under horizontal load change insignificantly with the increase of horizontal displacement. However, the total shear deformation and equivalent shear deformation increase with the increase of the axial compression ratio. In addition, the top horizontal force and displacement of the pier significantly decrease with reduction of the connection strength at both ends of the bearing. Therefore, adjusting the axial compression ratio of the pier and interfacial connection mode can obviously affect the mechanical properties of the support and adjacent structure, even the failure mode of the local structure. This approach can help estimate the mechanical properties of the existing bridge and determine the reasonable maintenance plan.
公路钢筋混凝土梁桥中典型的普通板式橡胶支座/桥墩局部串联体系是目前研究的对象。有限元数值模拟方法用于研究敏感参数——串联系统在水平载荷下的力学性能。模拟结果表明,支座与相邻结构的界面结合强度降低;水平荷载作用下支座的等效剪切变形和水平力随水平位移的增加变化不大。总剪切变形和等效剪切变形随轴压比的增加而增加。此外,随着支座两端连接强度的降低,桥墩的顶部水平力和位移显著减小。因此,调整桥墩的轴压比和界面连接方式会明显影响支座和相邻结构的力学性能,甚至影响局部结构的破坏模式。这种方法可以帮助估计现有桥梁的力学性能,并确定合理的维修计划。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating Accidents on the Main Road Network in The North-West Region of Romania 罗马尼亚西北地区主要公路网事故调查
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.7250/BJRBE.2021-16.512
R. Cadar, R. Boitor, Mara Dumitrescu, P. Măran
The paper investigates the accidents and fatalities on the main road network in the North-West Region of Romania over a period of 4 years (2015–2018). The aim of the paper is to highlight some shortcomings and suggest possible improvements of the road network in order to reduce the number of accidents and fatalities. Detailed analyses, including statistical and spatial statistical analyses, were conducted on the accidents involving goods and public transport vehicles considering the scale of their impact. As a result, black corridors and vulnerable municipalities were identified. They were found to be related to the reduced main road density and high levels of freight traffic transit. In conclusion, with one of the lowest motorization rates in the EU and given the important efforts already made by the police, improving road network in Romania becomes the key for reducing accident and fatality rates in the region. In this regard, it is suggested that motorways and ring roads are needed in order to bypass the vulnerable municipalities. The results of this research may enable planners and administrations to act strategically to improve road safety in the critical areas, to prioritize actions for road network development and to formulate better strategies to ensure road safety.
本文调查了罗马尼亚西北地区4年来(2015-2018年)主要公路网的事故和死亡人数。本文的目的是强调一些不足之处,并提出可能的道路网络改进建议,以减少事故和死亡人数。考虑到影响的规模,对涉及货物和公共交通工具的事故进行了详细分析,包括统计和空间统计分析。结果,发现了黑色走廊和脆弱的市政当局。研究发现,它们与主干道密度降低和货运过境水平高有关。总之,罗马尼亚是欧盟机动化率最低的国家之一,鉴于警方已经做出了重要努力,改善罗马尼亚的道路网络成为降低该地区事故和死亡率的关键。在这方面,建议需要高速公路和环城公路,以便绕过脆弱的市政当局。这项研究的结果可能使规划者和行政部门能够采取战略行动,改善关键地区的道路安全,优先考虑道路网络发展行动,并制定更好的战略来确保道路安全。
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引用次数: 0
Mitigation of Scour Failure Risk of a River Bridge Located in an Ungauged Basin 位于未挖掘盆地的河桥冲刷破坏风险的缓解
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.7250/BJRBE.2021-16.514
Hüseyin Akay
In this study, scour failure risk of the Catalzeytin Bridge located in the Western Black Sea Basin, Turkey, was assessed for possible future flood events and appropriate scour countermeasures were considered based on economic and constructability considerations. Waterway adequacy in the spans of the bridge and scour criticality around bridge foundations considered for risk calculations in HYRISK were estimated by hydrological and hydraulic analyses of the watershed and stream. Since the watershed of the bridge is ungauged, geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph concept was adopted to estimate the peak discharges with various return periods to be used in hydraulic modelling. Monte Carlo simulation results indicated that most of the simulated peak discharges were in the 95% confidence interval. Hydraulic model results from HECRAS indicated that waterway adequacy and scour criticality were critical for discharges with 200 and 500-year return periods. Scour failure risk of the Catalzeytin Bridge was classified as high and it was proposed to reduce the risk by constructing partially grouted riprap as the most feasible alternative that would consequently increase the expected lifespan of the bridge. Following this methodology, river bridges may be prioritized based on the risk analysis.
在本研究中,对位于土耳其黑海盆地西部的Catalzeytin大桥的冲刷破坏风险进行了评估,以应对未来可能发生的洪水事件,并基于经济和可施工性考虑考虑了适当的冲刷对策。通过对流域和溪流的水文和水力分析,估计了HYRISK风险计算中考虑的桥梁跨度中的水道充足性和桥梁基础周围的冲刷临界性。由于桥梁的分水岭是未测量的,因此采用了地貌瞬时单位过程线概念来估计水力建模中使用的不同重现期的峰值流量。蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明,大多数模拟峰值放电都在95%的置信区间内。HECRAS的水力模型结果表明,水道充足性和冲刷临界性对于200年和500年重现期的流量至关重要。Catalzeytin大桥的冲刷破坏风险被归类为高风险,建议通过建造部分灌浆抛石作为最可行的替代方案来降低风险,从而延长大桥的预期寿命。根据这种方法,可以根据风险分析对河桥进行优先排序。
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引用次数: 3
Study of Asphalt-Concrete Pavement Fatigue Modeling 沥青混凝土路面疲劳建模研究
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.7250/BJRBE.2021-16.513
P. Skels, V. Haritonovs, P. Akishin, A. Freimanis
Deterioration of asphalt pavements due to fatigue cracking is one of the most common highway pavement failure types. If the fatigue cracks are allowed to develop and grow, the driving comfort and safety, i.e., serviceability of the pavement, decreases. Pavement fatigue behaviour is not a straightforward mechanism and involves many factors and effects, thus computational methods are developed in order to help understand how the pavement works. This paper explores the accuracy and applicability of a less computational resource demanding procedure that uses transient material mechanical behaviour to model the long-term behaviour of a pavement structure. First, the mechanical and fatigue properties of asphalt were determined at the laboratory. Then a four-layer finite-element model was created using Ansys software. Two different models – with and without infinity elements – and two different fatigue simulation procedures – full and simplified – were considered. Material parameters were obtained by the laboratory tests and material properties degraded over time. Cyclic surface loading was applied to simulate the passing of a truck – 6 million fatigue cycles were simulated.
沥青路面疲劳开裂劣化是公路路面最常见的失效类型之一。如果允许疲劳裂纹发展和扩大,则驾驶舒适性和安全性,即路面的使用性能会下降。路面疲劳行为不是一个简单的机制,它涉及许多因素和影响,因此计算方法的发展是为了帮助理解路面是如何工作的。本文探讨了一种较少计算资源要求的程序的准确性和适用性,该程序使用暂态材料力学行为来模拟路面结构的长期行为。首先,在实验室测试了沥青的力学性能和疲劳性能。然后利用Ansys软件建立四层有限元模型。考虑了两种不同的模型(含和不含无穷元)和两种不同的疲劳模拟程序(完整和简化)。材料参数是通过实验室测试获得的,材料性能随着时间的推移而退化。采用循环表面荷载模拟货车通过,模拟了600万次疲劳循环。
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引用次数: 1
Louvred Noise Barrier for Traffic Noise Reduction 百叶窗隔音屏障减低交通噪音
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.7250/BJRBE.2021-16.519
T. Astrauskas, P. Baltrėnas, T. Januševičius, R. Grubliauskas
Environmental issues near roads become more and more important in our society daily life. One of the most critical environmental issues is traffic noise. The present paper study louvred noise barrier designed by authors. The louvred noise barrier provides sound attenuation while allowing airflow and sunlight through it. Since the airflow resistance of the barrier is low, it requires a shallow foundation compared to conventional noise barriers. The sound attenuation performance of the louvred noise barrier was tested experimentally in a sound transmission chamber. Airflow resistance simulated using a computational fluid dynamics model. The simulation and experimental study were done with different louvred noise barrier setup: change of louvre blade angle and sound-absorbing material thickness. The results showed potential for future development for the field testing. Sound attenuation was highest in 2500 Hz and 3150 Hz octave frequency bands. Depending on the louvred barrier setup, sound attenuation was up to 28 dB(A) in mentioned frequency bands. The equivalent sound pressure level reduced up to 17 dB(A). The results showed that an increase in the louvre blade angle increases sound attenuation and increases airflow resistance.
道路附近的环境问题在我们的社会日常生活中变得越来越重要。交通噪音是最严重的环境问题之一。本文对作者设计的百叶隔音屏障进行了研究。百叶隔音屏障提供了声音衰减,同时允许气流和阳光通过它。由于屏障的气流阻力较低,与传统的隔音屏障相比,它需要较浅的基础。在传声室中对百叶隔音屏障的消声性能进行了实验测试。采用计算流体力学模型模拟气流阻力。对不同百叶栅布置方式、改变百叶栅叶片角度和吸声材料厚度进行了仿真和实验研究。结果表明,该方法在未来的现场测试中具有发展潜力。在2500hz和3150hz的频带,声音衰减最大。根据百叶屏障的设置,上述频段的声音衰减高达28 dB(A)。等效声压级降低至17db (A)。结果表明:增大罗浮叶角会增大声衰减,增大气流阻力;
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引用次数: 5
Prospects for Evaluating the Damageability of Asphalt Concrete Pavements During Cold Recycling 沥青混凝土路面冷回收易损性评价展望
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-09-28 DOI: 10.7250/BJRBE.2020-15.498
V. Zankavich, B. Khroustalev, Tingguo Liu, U. Veranko, V. Haritonovs, A. Busel, B. Shang, Zhongyu Li
The article considers improvement of the methodology for accounting for the degradation of asphalt concrete working in the upper layers of the pavement. Development of recycling technologies for road structures is an ongoing process; it allows reaching a higher quality of reclaimed materials and using them for subsequent construction of structural layers, including the upper layers without the protective ones, as well as during repair and reconstruction of roads of various technical categories. At the same time, the system of pre-project assessment (diagnostics) of the state of asphalt concrete pavements cannot be considered optimal and effective because the determined indicators demonstrate that, firstly, various surface and structural defects are present, and, secondly, that the indicators mentioned above are more relevant to the road structure as a whole. The joint handling of the theoretical and experimental data allows concluding that damageability level depends on the physical, mechanical and structural properties, the main being maximal structural strength and the number of elastic bonds involved in the deformation process. A variant of modelling of asphalt concrete damageability depending on the work capacity is proposed, when the reduced amount of dissipated energy is replaced with sufficient accuracy for practice by the ratio of the actual number of load application cycles (freezing and thawing cycles) to the limit. A correlation between the level of damageability and the kinetics of changes of the interpore space of asphalt concrete under the influence of strain (temperature, climatic factors) has been established. Results allow fixing (predicting) the level of damageability by measuring the level of water permeability. The research methodology and equipment for implementation thereof was developed earlier, it can be effectively used at the stage of pre-project diagnosis.
本文考虑改进用于计算路面上层沥青混凝土退化的方法。道路结构的回收技术的发展是一个持续的过程;它可以使再生材料达到更高的质量,并将其用于后续结构层的施工,包括没有保护层的上层,以及各种技术类别的道路的修复和重建。同时,沥青混凝土路面状态的项目前评估(诊断)系统不能被认为是最优和有效的,因为所确定的指标表明,首先,存在各种表面和结构缺陷,其次,上述指标与整个道路结构的相关性更大。理论和实验数据的联合处理可以得出结论,可损伤性水平取决于物理,机械和结构性能,主要是最大结构强度和参与变形过程的弹性键的数量。提出了一种基于工作能力的沥青混凝土易损性模型的变体,当耗散能量的减少量被实际负载应用周期(冻结和融化周期)与极限的比率所取代时,具有足够的准确性。建立了应变(温度、气候等)作用下沥青混凝土孔隙空间变化动力学与损伤程度的相关性。结果允许通过测量水渗透性来确定(预测)损伤程度。研究方法和实施设备较早,可在项目前期诊断阶段有效使用。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Horizontal Curve Radius Effect on Driving Speed in Two Lane Rural Road. Pilot Study 水平弯道半径对两车道农村公路行驶速度影响的评价试点研究
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-09-28 DOI: 10.7250/BJRBE.2020-15.503
Mindaugas Šeporaitis, V. Vorobjovas, A. Vaitkus
This paper presents a case study of driving speed at horizontal curves in the regional road. The literature review of operating speed at horizontal curves in regional roads expresses the difference between design speed and driving speed. Driving speed was measured in ten horizontal curves on regional road No. 2610. Collected data was compared to the design speed, various design standards, and Operating Speed Prediction Models for traffic in low-volume roads. Based on result analysis, was proposed initial adjusted minimum radius of the horizontal curve based on operating speed. It is justified that proposed corrections based on operating speed ensure a credible speed limit effect on road safety. The performed experiment showed different tendencies comparing measured driving speed with permitted and design speeds. It was determined that dependent on specific curved section drivers tend to exceed posted speed limit from 17% to 98% of cases, and from 41% to 100% − the design speed in the horizontal curve. This research led to identifying the limitations of experimental research methodology. These limitations are related to experimental Site selection with different combinations of alignment elements, traffic, and accident data. A pilot study showed significant results and gave essential insights into the full-scale research plan. The results are expected to benefit both other researchers and the organisations responsible for the development and implementation of normative technical documents for road design.
本文以区域道路水平弯道车速为例进行了研究。对区域道路水平弯道行车速度的文献综述,反映了设计车速与行驶车速之间的差异。在2610号区域公路上进行了10个水平弯道的行车速度测量。将收集到的数据与设计速度、各种设计标准以及小流量道路上的交通运行速度预测模型进行比较。在分析结果的基础上,提出了基于运行速度的水平曲线初始调节最小半径。建议的修正基于运行速度,以确保可靠的限速对道路安全的影响是合理的。实验结果表明,实测车速与允许车速和设计车速有不同的趋势。结果表明,依赖于特定曲线段的驾驶员倾向于超过规定速度限制的情况从17%到98%,从41%到100% -水平曲线上的设计速度。这项研究发现了实验研究方法的局限性。这些限制与实验场地选择与不同组合的路线元素、交通和事故数据有关。一项初步研究显示了显著的结果,并为全面研究计划提供了重要的见解。研究结果有望使其他研究人员和负责制定和实施道路设计规范技术文件的组织受益。
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引用次数: 3
Experimental Study of the Modulus of Deformation Determined by Static and Dynamic Plate Load Tests 静态和动态板载试验确定变形模量的实验研究
IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-09-28 DOI: 10.7250/BJRBE.2020-15.497
S. Lehmann, S. Leppla, A. Norkus
Soil, or soil structure modulus of deformation, is one of the main design parameters for road engineering and traffic infrastructure design of, for example, highways, railways, runways and embankments. It is also the main soil improvement criterion. When creating any road structure with codified design resistance, one employs structural layers of certain thicknesses and modulus of deformation. Both values need to satisfy the minimum values in accordance with codified requirements. This paper analyzes correlations for the widely applied in engineering practice methods to determine the soil stiffness. The static test methods acknowledged to be exact enough for determining the modulus of deformation for the primary and secondary loadings. As dynamic test methods require significantly less time and financial resources, they are widely accepted in engineering practice. The dynamic methods determine only the dynamic modulus of deformation. Design practice aims to relate it with the static modulus of deformation of the secondary loading. Many countries propose codified correlations, with differing levels of conservatism, to convert the dynamic modulus of deformation into the static one. Developed correlations between the results of the static plate load test and the dynamic plate load tests processed from own test results of different soils are presented and a comparative analysis with other proposed correlations is given.
土或土结构变形模量是公路、铁路、跑道和路堤等道路工程和交通基础设施设计的主要设计参数之一。它也是土壤改良的主要标准。当创建具有规范设计阻力的任何道路结构时,人们使用一定厚度和变形模量的结构层。两个值都需要满足符合法规要求的最小值。本文分析了在工程实践中广泛应用的确定土刚度的相关方法。公认的静态试验方法对于确定主要和次要载荷的变形模量是足够精确的。由于动态测试方法需要较少的时间和财力,因此在工程实践中被广泛接受。动力方法只确定变形的动力模量。设计实践旨在将其与二次荷载的静变形模量联系起来。许多国家提出以不同程度的保守性编纂相关性,将动态变形模量转换为静态变形模量。本文介绍了静板荷载试验结果与根据不同土的试验结果进行的动板荷载试验结果之间发展的相关性,并与其他提出的相关性进行了比较分析。
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引用次数: 6
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