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Multi-Scale Decay Mechanism of Emulsified Asphalt Cold Recycled Mixture Under Freeze-Thaw 冻融条件下乳化沥青冷再生混合料的多尺度衰变机理
4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.608
Yanhai Yang, Liang Yue, Ye Yang, Guanliang Chen
The road performance decay law of EACRM under freeze-thaw cycles was studied using laboratory tests on the macroscopic scale in order to comprehensively analyze the serious performance damage mechanism of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture (EACRM) in cold regions during the service period. The surface cracking behavior, internal void evolution characteristics, and asphalt mortar morphology damage of EACRM under freeze-thaw cycles were studied by means of digital speckle, industrial CT, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) on the mesoscopic and microscopic scale. The results show that along with the increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles, the road performance of EACRM decreases significantly. The surface of EACRM obviously cracks, and the width and number of main cracks increase significantly. The fatigue times of the maximum horizontal strain in the whole field gradually decrease. Air voids and the average volume of meso-void visibly increase. The microcracks of cement-emulsified asphalt mortar constantly emerge at the interface. The serious damage of the “three-dimensional network structure” is the fundamental reason for the performance decay of EACRM in cold regions. The performance damage of EACRM in cold regions is aggravated by water seeping into voids from cracks. Eventually, EACRM shows serious freeze-thaw inflicted damage.
为了全面分析乳化沥青冷再生混合料(EACRM)在严寒地区服役期间严重的性能损伤机理,采用室内宏观尺度试验研究了冻融循环作用下EACRM的路用性能衰减规律。采用数字散斑、工业CT和扫描电镜(SEM)对冻融循环作用下EACRM的表面开裂行为、内部空洞演化特征和沥青砂浆形态损伤进行了研究。结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,EACRM的路用性能显著降低;EACRM表面出现明显裂缝,主裂缝宽度和数量显著增加。全场最大水平应变疲劳次数逐渐减小。气孔和中孔平均体积明显增大。水泥乳化沥青砂浆在界面处不断出现微裂缝。“三维网络结构”的严重破坏是寒区EACRM性能衰减的根本原因。在寒冷地区,水从裂缝中渗透到空隙中,加剧了EACRM的性能破坏。最终,EACRM表现出严重的冻融破坏。
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引用次数: 0
Screen-Out Stones Activated with Mineral Binders and Used as Material for Earth Construction 用矿物粘合剂活化的筛出石,用作土建材料
4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.611
Joanna Hydzik-Wiśniewska, Łukasz Ostrowski, Anna Wilk, Adrian Krajewski
The article presents the e valuation o f h ow suitable waste from the production of aggregates in quarries could be in earthwork using the example of screen-outs from Krosno sandstone. The waste, called screen-out, is characterised by an uncontrolled content of dust and clay fractions. Screen-outs have a relatively low bearing ratio (CBR not exceeding 20%) and a tendency to heave due to frost (SE <35). To check whether the geotechnical properties can be improved, mixtures with 2%, 5%, and 8% binders, such as lime, fly ash, and two road binders with lime, fly ash, and cement were prepared. The analysis was based on the results of the CBR and compressive strength tests. The use of mineral binders caused the value of the immediate CBR to increase compared to the screen-out itself from a dozen to as much as 50%. For a binder containing 20% Portland clinker, the CBR was about 60% after 4 days of saturation, while for a binder containing up to 50% Portland clinker, it was over 200%. The value of compressive strength after 28 days of maturing ranged from about 100 kPa to 1 MPa for all mixes tested. The lowest values were obtained for screen-outs activated with fly ash, and the highest for road binder with cement content of up to 50%.
本文以克罗斯诺砂岩的筛出为例,对采石场生产集料产生的废物在土方工程中的适用程度进行了评估。这种废物被称为筛出废物,其特点是粉尘和粘土的含量不受控制。筛网具有相对较低的承载比(CBR不超过20%)和由于霜冻而产生的隆起趋势(SE <35)。为了检查是否可以改善土工性能,配制了含有2%,5%和8%粘结剂(如石灰,粉煤灰)的混合物,以及含有石灰,粉煤灰和水泥的两种道路粘结剂。该分析是基于CBR和抗压强度试验的结果。矿物粘合剂的使用使直接CBR的价值比筛出本身的价值从12%增加到高达50%。对于含有20%硅酸盐熟料的粘结剂,饱和4天后CBR约为60%,而对于含有高达50%硅酸盐熟料的粘结剂,饱和4天后CBR超过200%。所有试验混合料成熟28天后的抗压强度值在100 kPa ~ 1 MPa之间。粉煤灰活化筛出物的数值最低,水泥掺量达到50%的道路粘结剂的数值最高。
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引用次数: 0
Road Pavement Condition Index Deterioration Model for Network-Level Analysis of National Road Network Based on Pavement Condition Scanning Data 基于路面状况扫描数据的全国路网路网网级分析路面状况指标劣化模型
4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.609
Paulius Paplauskas, Audrius Vaitkus, Rūta Simanavičienė
Surveying the condition of the pavement is one of the most important processes in managing the road network. The information collected during these surveys allows for the calculation of the Pavement Condition Index, which is a derivative cumulative qualitative indicator that evaluates various pavement characteristics and defects. Deterioration modelling of these measured indicators and calculated indices is a critical element and its most accurate prediction brings the process of pavement management closer to a higher quality process by more efficiently allocating funds and repair work. Many different models – both extremely complex and simple – are used in the world to simulate the condition of individual pavement indicators. However, these models are developed based on the data of a certain country or region and are not suitable in another country due to different requirements for pavement structures and other reasons. In Lithuania, measurements of the quality indicators of road surfaces with new generation survey equipment have been carried out recently but the information stored in the databases about road sections is minimal, and it becomes difficult to adapt the models applied abroad due to the missing information. The aim of this study is to create pavement condition index prediction models by evaluating such quantitative and qualitative indicators as traffic loads, road surface unevenness, type of repair, pavement age, climatic zones, and pavement construction classes.
路面状况的测量是道路网管理中最重要的过程之一。在这些调查中收集的信息可以用于计算路面状况指数,这是一个衍生的累积定性指标,用于评估各种路面特征和缺陷。这些测量指标和计算指标的退化建模是一个关键因素,其最准确的预测通过更有效地分配资金和维修工作,使路面管理过程更接近于更高质量的过程。世界上有许多不同的模型——既有极其复杂的,也有简单的——被用来模拟单个路面指示器的状况。但是,这些模型都是根据某一国家或地区的数据开发的,由于对路面结构的要求不同等原因,并不适用于另一个国家。在立陶宛,最近使用新一代测量设备对路面质量指标进行了测量,但数据库中存储的路段信息很少,由于信息缺失,难以适应国外应用的模型。本研究的目的是通过评价交通荷载、路面不平度、修复类型、路面年龄、气候带、路面施工等级等定量和定性指标,建立路面状况指数预测模型。
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引用次数: 0
Case Study of Old Steel Riveted Railway Truss Bridge: From Material Characterization to Structural Analysis 老钢铆接铁路桁架桥实例研究:从材料表征到结构分析
4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.614
Andrzej Ambroziak, Maciej Malinowski
The structural analysis of an old steel riveted railway truss bridge located over the Maruska River on the Działdowo – Olsztyn, Poland railway line is performed in this paper to check its behaviour under today’s railway loads. The mechanical properties of construction steel extracted from the old steel bridge are investigated by tensile tests, impact tests through the Charpy pendulum impact V-notch, and an optical emission spectrometer. Structural analysis exhibits that the steel bridge requires proper structural bridge improvements to meet today’s load requirements in terms of bearing capacity and serviceability state. The paper begins with a wide survey of literature carried out on the investigation of steel riveted railway bridge subject matter. This paper can provide scientists, engineers, and designers with an experimental and structural basis in the field of old steel riveted railway truss bridge construction.
本文对位于Działdowo - Olsztyn铁路Maruska河上的一座旧钢铆接铁路桁架桥进行了结构分析,以检查其在当今铁路荷载下的性能。通过拉伸试验、夏比摆冲击v型缺口冲击试验和光学发射光谱仪研究了从老钢桥中提取的建筑钢材的力学性能。结构分析表明,钢桥在承载能力和使用状态方面需要进行适当的结构改进,以满足当今的荷载要求。本文首先广泛查阅了有关钢铆接铁路桥梁课题研究的文献资料。本文可为老钢铆接铁路桁架桥施工领域的科学家、工程师和设计人员提供实验和结构依据。
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引用次数: 0
An Assessment of The Effect of The Average Speed Enforcement Systems on Lithuanian Roads 立陶宛道路平均速度执法系统的效果评估
4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.615
Laura Gavėnienė, Donatas Čygas, Laura Jateikienė, Viktoras Vorobjovas, Vilma Jasiūnienė, Atis Zarinš
The speeding is a major road safety problem on the roads of Lithuania and many other countries. To reduce and control the speed of vehicles, engineering measures are installed on the roads of Lithuania and other countries – intelligent instantaneous and average speed enforcement systems, as well as many other engineering and structural speed reduction measures. The article presents good practices in the use of average speed enforcement systems, assessment of their effect on road safety. The article analyses the assessment results of the effect of the average speed enforcement systems installed on 25 sections of roads in Lithuania that have been operating for four years. Calculations of the effect factor of the installed average speed enforcement systems on road safety were performed using the before-and-after (B&A) method with a comparison group. Studies on the effect of application of speed control systems provide conditions for evaluating road safety, i.e., changes in road accidents linked to the effectiveness of implemented measures. The conclusions of the conducted study presented the calculations of the efficiency coefficients of the average speed enforcement systems on Lithuanian main and national roads. The analysis of the results of the conducted study allows stating that the installed average speed enforcement systems on 25 sections of Lithuanian roads increase overall road safety by 47%, reduce the number of collisions with animals by 80%, and the number of collisions with vehicles by 35%, as well as the number of other road accidents by 56%.
超速是立陶宛和许多其他国家道路上的一个主要道路安全问题。为了降低和控制车辆的速度,在立陶宛和其他国家的道路上安装了工程措施-智能瞬时和平均速度执法系统,以及许多其他工程和结构减速措施。本文介绍了使用平均速度强制执行系统的良好做法,并评估了它们对道路安全的影响。本文分析了立陶宛25条道路上安装的平均速度强制执行系统的效果评估结果,这些系统已经运行了四年。采用前后对比(B&A)方法计算安装的平均速度强制系统对道路安全的影响系数。研究速度控制系统的应用效果为评估道路安全提供了条件,即道路事故的变化与实施措施的有效性有关。所进行的研究的结论提出了立陶宛主要道路和国家道路上平均速度强制执行系统效率系数的计算。对所进行的研究结果的分析表明,在立陶宛25条道路上安装的平均速度强制系统使总体道路安全提高了47%,与动物的碰撞次数减少了80%,与车辆的碰撞次数减少了35%,其他道路事故的数量减少了56%。
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引用次数: 0
Traffic Load Model Calibration and Comparison to Evolving Traffic Loads In 2014–2018 2014-2018年交通负荷演化模型标定与比较
4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.612
Olli Asp, Anssi Laaksonen
The national calibration of Eurocode load model 1 (LM1) for road bridges was made by a calibration of the load effects of LM1 against the corresponding load effects of a former load model used in Finland. Due to the increased gross vehicle weights in legislation, a national calibration of LM1 was necessary and the stochastic simulation was needed. The aim of this study is to generate a traffic model together with a predictive model for simulation purposes by using and combining long-time monitoring data measured on a road network in different surveys. In this paper, the performance of the predictive model of increases in axle loads and gross vehicle weights is evaluated against short-term bridge weight in motion (BWIM) measurements. The results achieved with a simulation can be used to gain more information of statistical parameters and the evolution of load effects caused on bridges by road traffic in Finland. The simulation model presented in this study served as a basis for updated national calibration of load model LM1. The follow-up comparison between predictive model and traffic monitoring shows the suitability of the estimation of the evolution of traffic loads and also necessity of the raise of LM1.
欧洲规范公路桥梁荷载模型1 (LM1)的国家校准是通过对LM1的荷载效应与芬兰使用的先前荷载模型的相应荷载效应进行校准而完成的。由于立法中车辆总重的增加,有必要对LM1进行全国校准,并需要进行随机模拟。本研究的目的是通过使用和结合不同调查中在道路网络上测量的长期监测数据,生成一个交通模型和一个预测模型,用于模拟目的。在本文中,根据短期桥梁运动重量(BWIM)测量,评估了轴载荷和车辆总重增加的预测模型的性能。仿真结果可用于进一步了解芬兰道路交通对桥梁荷载影响的统计参数和演化过程。本研究提出的仿真模型可作为更新国家校准负荷模型LM1的基础。预测模型与交通监测的后续对比表明,预测模型对交通负荷演化的估计是适宜的,同时也表明了提高LM1的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Research of Porous Asphalt Concrete Application on Highway Sections with The Increased Aquaplaning Danger Level 多孔沥青混凝土在滑水危险等级增加路段的应用研究
4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.607
Oleksandr Rieznik, Shilin Yang, Andrii Bieliatynskyi, Meiyu Shao, Mingyang Ta
Statistics of road accidents show that even in the summer the number of accidents directly depends on weather conditions, and one such reason is aquaplaning in some parts of the road. Therefore, solving the issue of improving the road structure in such areas, while maintaining the regulatory strength, equality and coefficient of adhesion are relevant in road construction. The research allowed developing an improved mixture of porous asphalt mixture taking into account the physical-mechanical and operational properties. The construction of the road surface was also improved with the separation of the pavement layers, where porous asphalt mixture was used as the top layer, and the basalt canvas (impregnated) between the used construction levels was used. The mathematical calculation of the road was improved taking into account the physical phenomena occurring between the car and the road surface in the presence of water. The speed limits were calculated, and the thickness of the fluid layer was taken into account as well. The authors of the article also paid attention to the influence of road roughness on the speed limit.
道路交通事故的统计数据表明,即使在夏天,交通事故的数量也直接取决于天气状况,其中一个原因就是道路某些部分的打滑现象。因此,在保持监管力度、平等性和附着力的同时,解决好这些地区道路结构的改善问题,在道路建设中具有重要意义。该研究允许开发一种改进的多孔沥青混合料混合物,同时考虑到物理力学和操作性能。路面的施工也随着路面层的分离而得到改善,其中多孔沥青混合料用作顶层,并在使用的施工层之间使用玄武岩帆布(浸渍)。考虑到在有水的情况下汽车和路面之间发生的物理现象,对道路的数学计算进行了改进。计算了速度极限,并考虑了流体层厚度。文章的作者还关注了道路不平整度对限速的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of Nonlinear Analysis Technology on Damage Analysis of Asphalt Pavement Structure 非线性分析技术对沥青路面结构损伤分析的影响
4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.606
Mian Zhang, Xin Jiang, Yanjun Qiu
As a means of predicting the damage pattern and design life of asphalt pavement structures, the reliability of damage analysis is highly dependent on the calculation accuracy of the pavement mechanical responses under wheel load. The nonlinear analysis, on its part, can practically describe the stress dependence of the modulus of granular materials and fine-grained soils, so that the mechanical responses of the wheel-loaded asphalt pavement structure can be obtained more accurately. Therefore, the correct application of nonlinear analysis technology is essential to obtain reliable damage analysis results. For this reason, computer program KENLAYER was utilized to explore the effects of stress adjustment methods and core parameters of nonlinear iterative analysis on the damage analysis results. According to the calculation results, this paper explains the reasons why the stress adjustment Methods 2 and 3 are not applicable to the structural analysis of pavements containing nonlinear granular materials in the case of thin surface layers, illustrates the effects of improper selection of the adjustment methods and each iteration parameter on the dominant damage pattern, finds out the reasons for unreliable calculation results due to improper selection of the iteration parameters, and makes corresponding suggestions for carrying out damage analysis accurately.
作为预测沥青路面结构损伤形态和设计寿命的一种手段,损伤分析的可靠性在很大程度上取决于车轮荷载作用下路面力学响应的计算精度。非线性分析可以较实际地描述颗粒材料和细粒土的模量与应力的关系,从而更准确地得到轮载沥青路面结构的力学响应。因此,正确应用非线性分析技术对获得可靠的损伤分析结果至关重要。为此,利用计算机程序KENLAYER,探讨应力调整方法和非线性迭代分析核心参数对损伤分析结果的影响。根据计算结果,说明了应力调整方法2和3不适用于薄面层含非线性颗粒材料路面结构分析的原因,说明了调整方法和各迭代参数选择不当对主导损伤模式的影响,找出了迭代参数选择不当导致计算结果不可靠的原因。并对准确进行损伤分析提出了相应的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Connection Between Track Geometry Quality and Dynamic Vehicle Response at Various Speeds 不同速度下轨道几何质量与车辆动态响应的关系
4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.613
Csaba Ágh
Track geometry measurements are widely used for describing track quality. However, derailments and track deterioration are caused by forces arising in vehicle-track system. This research focuses on two types of vehicle response. Firstly, the influence of the longitudinal level irregularities on the vertical wheel-rail forces was examined. Secondly, the correlation between the lateral axle box acceleration and the cross level irregularities was investigated. Track geometry and vehicle response data were acquired simultaneously by a track recording car, formed from a passenger car, at various speeds up to 130 km/h. Vehicle-track forces were calculated based on accelerometers mounted on the car body, bogies and axle boxes, considering mass and moment of inertia. Non-linear regressions resulted in vertical vehicle-track force estimation functions. It was proven that the use of second spatial derivatives of the longitudinal level gave a better estimation than the use of reference TQIs according to European Standard EN 13848-6. A linear relationship was found between the speed and standard deviation of vertical vehicle-track forces. On straight sections with constant speed, correlation coefficients of around 0.8 were found between second spatial derivatives of cross level and lateral axle box acceleration.
轨道几何测量被广泛用于描述轨道质量。然而,脱轨和轨道劣化是由车辆-轨道系统产生的力引起的。本研究主要针对两种类型的车辆反应。首先,研究了纵向水平不平整对轮轨垂直力的影响。其次,研究了横向轴箱加速度与横向水平不规则度的关系。轨道几何形状和车辆响应数据由一辆由乘用车组成的轨道记录车同时获取,车速最高可达130公里/小时。基于安装在车身、转向架和轴箱上的加速度计,考虑质量和转动惯量,计算了车辆轨道力。非线性回归导致垂直车辆-轨道力估计函数。根据欧洲标准EN 13848-6,证明了使用纵向水平的二阶空间导数比使用参考tqi给出了更好的估计。车速与车轨垂直力的标准差呈线性关系。在等速直线路段,横向水平二次空间导数与横向轴箱加速度的相关系数约为0.8。
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引用次数: 0
Developing A New Model for Assessment of Heavy Vehicle-Pedestrian Collisions 重型车辆与行人碰撞评估新模型的建立
4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.610
Gezim Hoxha, Mevlan Bixhaku, Ramadan Duraku
The treatment and analysis of accidents involving heavy transport vehicles and pedestrians include the identification and treatment of a certain number of factors that may differ from the cases of passenger vehicle-pedestrian accidents. The aim of this paper is to develop a new model with better performance for speed estimation and reconstruction of accidents involving heavy vehicles and pedestrians. In a large number of cases during the research, it was observed that the experts used the same models for passenger vehicles as for transport vehicles. Likewise, a number of factors that have an impact on heavy vehicle accidents with pedestrians are not included as factors that have an impact on other accidents. The newly developed model, which has better performance than other models, can help experts in the case of analysis, speed determination, and reconstruction of accidents involving heavy vehicles and pedestrians. The model describes more than 94% of the most influential factors in the model (R2 = 0.945). This model will provide a novel way to examine crashes involving heavy vehicles and pedestrians, generating highly precise results for speed calculation which can be used to recreate the technical aspects of the accident. Additionally, it will help specialists in the field when preparing their expert opinion, specifically when heavy vehicles and pedestrians are involved, by providing a model which is different from the standard approach and yields more reliable outcomes.
重型运输车辆与行人事故的处理和分析包括识别和处理可能不同于客运车辆-行人事故的若干因素。本文的目的是建立一种性能更好的重型车辆和行人事故的速度估计和重建模型。在研究期间的许多情况下,人们注意到专家对客运车辆和运输车辆使用相同的模型。同样,一些对行人发生的重型车辆意外有影响的因素并没有包括在对其他意外有影响的因素中。新开发的模型比其他模型性能更好,可以帮助专家分析、确定速度、重建涉及重型车辆和行人的事故。该模型描述了模型中94%以上的最具影响因素(R2 = 0.945)。该模型将提供一种新的方法来检查涉及重型车辆和行人的碰撞,生成高度精确的速度计算结果,可用于重现事故的技术方面。此外,它还可以提供一个不同于标准方法的模型,从而产生更可靠的结果,从而帮助该领域的专家准备他们的专家意见,特别是当涉及重型车辆和行人时。
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引用次数: 0
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Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering
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