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Thermal Analysis of Evapotranspiration in Cultivated Fields for the Detection of Archaeological Anomalies 对耕地蒸散进行热分析以探测考古异常现象
IF 2.1 3区 地球科学 N/A ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1946
Gabriele Ciccone

Archaeological aerial thermography has traditionally focused on bare ground terrain; however, recent developments in drone technology have prompted a reconsideration of thermal analysis on cultivated fields. This study investigates three different sites using drones equipped with thermal, RGB and multispectral sensors to identify archaeological anomalies. This research challenges the traditional focus of thermal cameras on vegetation-free terrains by investigating cultivated land, where the perceived temperature is influenced by evapotranspiration—a combination of soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration. While agricultural studies have emphasized the ability of thermal sensors to detect varying temperatures in irrigated vegetation, archaeology has mainly used multispectral sensors for vegetated land. The study shows that in wheat-covered fields, thermal analysis outperforms multispectral and RGB sensors in detecting anomalies associated with archaeological features. Unexpectedly, optimal anomaly detection occurs during mid-morning and mid-afternoon flights, challenging traditional ideas about the timing of thermal analysis. The research highlights the need for renewed interest in the use of thermal cameras for archaeological anomaly detection in cultivated fields. However, further comparative studies between thermal and multispectral analyses on different sites are essential to establish the wider effectiveness of thermal sensors. This study challenges established notions of archaeological aerial thermography and argues for a re-evaluation of sensor selection and flight timing to improve the detection of archaeological features in cultivated fields.

考古航空热成像技术传统上侧重于裸地地形;然而,无人机技术的最新发展促使人们重新考虑对耕地进行热分析。本研究使用配备热传感器、RGB 传感器和多光谱传感器的无人机对三个不同的遗址进行了调查,以确定考古异常点。耕地的感知温度受到蒸散作用的影响--土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾作用的结合。农业研究强调热传感器探测灌溉植被中不同温度的能力,而考古学则主要将多光谱传感器用于有植被的土地。研究表明,在小麦覆盖的田地中,热分析在探测与考古特征相关的异常方面优于多光谱和 RGB 传感器。出乎意料的是,最佳异常检测出现在上午和下午的飞行中,这对传统的热分析时间观念提出了挑战。这项研究强调,有必要重新关注使用红外热像仪在耕地中进行考古异常检测的问题。然而,对不同遗址进行热分析和多光谱分析之间的进一步比较研究对于确定热传感器的广泛有效性至关重要。本研究对考古航空热成像的既定观念提出了挑战,并主张重新评估传感器的选择和飞行时间,以改进对耕地中考古特征的探测。
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引用次数: 0
Application of Object Detection Algorithm for Efficient Damages Identification of the Conservation of Heritage Buildings 应用物体检测算法有效识别文物建筑的损坏情况
IF 2.1 3区 地球科学 N/A ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1947
Huadu Tang, Yalin Feng, Ding Wang, Ruiguang Zhu, Liwei Wang, Shengwang Hao, Shan Xu

Heritage buildings are crucial for any area's cultural and political aspects. Proper maintenance and monitoring are essential for the conservation of these buildings. However, manual inspections are time-consuming and expensive. We propose a deep learning–based detection framework to identify the damages on the ancient architectural wall. The algorithm applied in this study is YOLOv5. Comparing its five different versions, it was decided to use YOLOv5m as the most accurate detection algorithm with a mAP of 0.801. The damage types identified are physical weathering and visitors' scratches. High-resolution images were selected for the experiment and effectively identified image. In addition, the applied algorithm allows real-time detection and the identification of seasonal sources of disruption, which is proved by the video test in this study. The findings contribute to the development of an intelligent tool for health monitoring with the goal of fast and remote damage detection in the routine maintenance of heritage buildings.

文物建筑对任何地区的文化和政治都至关重要。适当的维护和监测对保护这些建筑至关重要。然而,人工检测既耗时又昂贵。我们提出了一种基于深度学习的检测框架,用于识别古建筑墙体的损坏情况。本研究采用的算法是 YOLOv5。通过比较其五个不同版本,我们决定使用 YOLOv5m 作为最准确的检测算法,其 mAP 为 0.801。确定的损坏类型为物理风化和游客划痕。实验选择了高分辨率图像,并对图像进行了有效识别。此外,应用的算法可以实时检测和识别季节性破坏源,这在本研究的视频测试中得到了证明。研究结果有助于开发一种用于健康监测的智能工具,其目标是在文物建筑的日常维护中实现快速和远程损坏检测。
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引用次数: 0
Applying Ground Penetrating Radar and Electrical Resistivity Tomography for the Detection of Archaeological Structures in a Pre-Tarascan Classic-Epiclassic Site, Tingambato, Michoacán, Mexico 应用地面穿透雷达和电阻率层析成像技术探测墨西哥米却肯州廷甘巴托一处前塔拉斯坎古典-古代遗址中的考古结构
IF 2.1 3区 地球科学 N/A ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1945
J. Ortega-Ramírez, M. Bano, J. L. Punzo-Díaz, L. A. Villa Alvarado, J. L. Salas-Corrales

A survey was conducted to investigate buried archaeological remains at Tingambato, a pre-Tarascan classic-epiclassic archaeological site located in the north-central part of the State of Michoacán in western Mexico, using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). The aim of this study was to detect the foundations (ancient buried walls) and cavities (tombs), define the geometry of the foundations and correlate construction style and depth with relative chronological buried structures. The survey was carried out on two grids of 15 m × 37 m (Zona Verde) and 10.25 m × 36.5 m (Ballgame court), using a 200 MHz antenna for GPR and Schlumberger-Wenner arrays for ERT. GPR 3D acquisition was carried out along parallel lines spaced 0.25 m apart in a single direction. In the first area, considering the geometric shape found at a depth of 1.35 m, we can assume the existence of a buried structure, probably wall remains. In the second area, a very diffractive zone coincides with a resistive anomaly (> 2000 ohm·m). In order to refine the GPR results, synthetic modelling and a comparison with real traces were carried out. The 1D GPR modelling allows us to precise the presence of a cavity with a rectangular cross section. Since the type of volcaniclastic avalanche deposits of the subsoil do not allow the formation of cavities of that size, we infer that it may be the remains of a tomb or an anthropogenic cavity.

Tingambato 位于墨西哥西部米却肯州中北部,是一处前塔拉斯坎时期的古典-上古考古遗址,我们利用探地雷达(GPR)和电阻率层析成像(ERT)对该遗址进行了调查。这项研究的目的是探测地基(古埋墙)和空洞(墓葬),确定地基的几何形状,并将建筑风格和深度与相对年代的埋藏结构联系起来。勘测在 15 米×37 米(佛得角区)和 10.25 米×36.5 米(球类运动场)的两个网格上进行,使用 200 兆赫天线进行 GPR,使用 Schlumberger-Wenner 阵列进行 ERT。GPR 3D 采集是沿着单向间隔 0.25 米的平行线进行的。在第一个区域,考虑到在 1.35 米深处发现的几何形状,我们可以假定存在一个埋藏结构,可能是墙壁遗迹。在第二个区域,一个非常衍射的区域与一个电阻异常点(> 2000 欧姆-米)相吻合。为了完善 GPR 结果,我们进行了合成建模并与实际痕迹进行了比较。通过一维 GPR 建模,我们可以精确地确定存在一个横截面为矩形的空腔。由于底土的火山碎屑崩落沉积类型不允许形成如此大小的空洞,我们推断这可能是一座坟墓或人为空洞的遗迹。
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引用次数: 0
GPR and ERT Exploration in the Western Cemetery in Giza, Egypt 埃及吉萨西部墓地的 GPR 和 ERT 勘探
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-05 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1940
Motoyuki Sato, Ryuma Saito, Abbas Mohamed Abbas, Hany Mesbah, Ayman Taha, Wael R. Gaweish, Mohamed Aldeep, Ahmed M. Ali, Hiromasa Kurokouchi, Kazumitsu Takahashi, Gad El-Qady, Sakuji Yoshimura

A geophysical exploration employing ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was conducted at the Western Cemetery, Giza, Egypt, in 2021–23 by a joint research team of Higashi Nippon International University, Tohoku University and the National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Helwan, Egypt. We believe we found an anomaly: a combination of a shallow structure connected to a deeper structure. The shallow structure, which is L-shaped in the horizontal plane, 10 m by 10 m, was clearly imaged by GPR. It seems to have been filled with sand, which means it was backfilled after it was constructed. It may have been an entrance to the deeper structure. Its depth is of up to 2 m, measured from the ground surface. Below this structure, ERT reveals a highly electrically resistive anomaly, which extends over an area of about 10 m by 10 m. The depth of the structure is about 5–10 m below the surface. Electrically resistive material in a sand dune can be a mixture of sand and gravel, including sparse spacing or air voids within it. Neither GPR nor ERT could identify the properties of the anomaly.

2021 年至 2023 年,东日本国际大学、东北大学和埃及赫勒万国家天文和地球物理研究所 (NRIAG)的联合研究小组在埃及吉萨西部墓地进行了一次地球物理勘探,采用了地面穿透雷达 (GPR)和电阻率层析成像(ERT)技术。我们认为我们发现了一个异常现象:浅层结构与深层结构相连的组合。浅层结构在水平面上呈 L 形,10 米乘 10 米,GPR 对其进行了清晰成像。它似乎被沙子填满,这意味着它是在建成后被回填的。它可能是通往更深结构的入口。从地表测量,其深度可达 2 米。在这个结构的下面,ERT 发现了一个高电阻异常点,面积约为 10 米乘 10 米。沙丘中的电阻物质可能是沙子和砾石的混合物,其中包括稀疏的间距或空隙。无论是 GPR 还是 ERT 都无法确定异常点的性质。
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引用次数: 0
Bathymetric LiDAR and Semi-Automated Feature Extraction Assist Underwater Archaeological Surveys 测深激光雷达和半自动特征提取辅助水下考古勘测
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1939
Dylan S. Davis, Jessica W. Cook Hale, Nathan L. Hale, Trevor Z. Johnston, Matthew C. Sanger

Critical data concerning key developments in global human history now lie submerged on continental shelves where investigations confront significant challenges. Whereas underwater excavations and surveys are expensive and weather dependent and require specialized training and equipment, remote sensing methods can improve chances for success offshore. A refinement in one method, a semi-automated analysis protocol that can help to identify Pleistocene and Holocene era archaeological deposits in bathymetric LiDAR datasets, is presented here. This method employs contour mapping to identify potential archaeological features in shallow water environments in Apalachee Bay, Florida. This method successfully re-identified multiple previously recorded archaeological sites in the study region and detected at least four previously undocumented archaeological sites. These results suggest that this procedure can expand on methods to identify and record submerged archaeological deposits in sediment-starved, shallow-water environments.

有关全球人类历史重要发展的关键数据现在被淹没在大陆架上,调查工作面临重大挑战。水下发掘和调查费用高昂,且受天气影响较大,需要专门的培训和设备,而遥感方法可以提高近海调查的成功率。本文介绍了一种方法的改进,这是一种半自动分析程序,可帮助识别测深激光雷达数据集中更新世和全新世时期的考古沉积物。该方法利用等高线制图来识别佛罗里达州阿帕拉切湾浅水环境中的潜在考古特征。该方法成功地重新识别了研究区域内多个以前记录在案的考古遗址,并探测到至少四个以前未记录的考古遗址。这些结果表明,该程序可以扩展在沉积物匮乏的浅水环境中识别和记录水下考古沉积物的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Intensively Cultivated Roman Villae Estates: Case Study of Medulin Bay (Istria, Croatia) 密集栽培的罗马别墅庄园:梅杜林湾(克罗地亚伊斯特拉)案例研究
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1933
Nives Doneus, Michael Doneus

Our image of the Roman landscape of Istria is characterised by large-scale centuriation and architectural remains of Roman villae. Detection and mapping of other, less dramatic landscape features require systematic large-scale prospection, but this faces significant difficulties in the Mediterranean environment. However, the developments in the field of airborne laser scanning offer the possibility to create archaeologically usable digital terrain models under water and under very dense and low maquis vegetation. This paper reports on the use of terrain models created using a green laser and a sophisticated archaeologically driven ground point filtering strategy. Combined with archaeological aerial photo interpretation, this provides the means for landscape mapping and interpretation that has revealed a wealth of archaeological structures hinting at Roman agricultural practices and landscape. Our case study is based on a laser scan of about 24 km2 of land and underwater terrain in Medulin Bay. Processed, visualised and interpreted for archaeological purposes, the data reveal not only features ranging from prehistoric hilltop settlements to modern military installations but also features a complex picture of the Roman land use. Of particular interest is the large number of planting pits, which extend over a total length of 4 km. They were laid on a regular grid of approximately 35 × 35 m, sometimes combined in contiguous parcels. They can be interpreted as remains of orchards or tree nurseries of Roman date, and the paper examines also the question of whether they can be linked to the associated Roman estates. The case study area presented here shows that the potential of remote sensing methods goes far beyond the mere finding of traditional sites but can open up new landscape-scale perspectives on regions that have been archaeologically little explored.

我们对伊斯特拉罗马地貌的印象以大规模的百步梯和罗马别墅建筑遗迹为特征。对其他不那么引人注目的地貌特征的探测和绘图需要系统的大规模勘探,但这在地中海环境中面临很大困难。不过,机载激光扫描领域的发展为在水下和植被非常茂密低矮的灌木丛中创建考古可用的数字地形模型提供了可能。本文报告了使用绿色激光和复杂的考古驱动地面点过滤策略创建地形模型的情况。结合考古航空照片判读,这为景观绘图和判读提供了手段,揭示了大量暗示罗马农业实践和景观的考古结构。我们的案例研究基于对梅杜林湾约 24 平方公里陆地和水下地形的激光扫描。这些数据经过考古处理、可视化和解释,不仅揭示了从史前山顶定居点到现代军事设施的各种特征,还展现了罗马土地利用的复杂图景。尤其令人感兴趣的是大量的种植坑,总长度达 4 公里。这些种植坑按大约 35 × 35 米的规则网格排列,有时会合并成连续的地块。它们可以被解释为罗马时期的果园或苗圃遗迹,本文还探讨了它们是否与相关的罗马庄园有关的问题。本文介绍的案例研究区域表明,遥感方法的潜力远不止于发现传统遗址,它还能为考古学探索甚少的地区开辟新的景观视角。
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引用次数: 0
Thickness Estimation of the Soil-Sedimentary Cover Inside Causewayed Enclosures to Locate an Occupation Layer: Map of the Archaeological Potential of the Neolithic Causewayed Enclosure of Le Pontet 估算堤坝围墙内土壤沉积覆盖层的厚度,以确定占用层的位置:勒庞泰新石器时代堤坝围墙考古潜力地图
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1934
Guillaume Bruniaux, Marylise Onfray, Grégory Dandurand, François Lévêque, Vivien Mathé, Antoine Laurent, Hélène Vitté, Vincent Ard

The western centre of France is one of the richest regions of Western Europe in terms of causewayed enclosures from the Neolithic period. To date, more than 300 such sites have been identified. Most causewayed enclosures in the region range in size from some hectares to over 10 ha. Exhaustive excavation of such sites is rarely performed because such operations are both financially expensive and time intensive. Completing an exhaustive excavation of these sites is also extremely complicated due to their complexity. Recording the most complete possible site plan is a major challenge for optimizing excavation. Traditionally, aerial photography has been the primary method used for delineating causewayed enclosure plans. A magnetic survey can also provide complementary information. Magnetic imaging reveals both enclosure ditches and internal features (pits, postholes, etc.) quickly and with high spatial resolution. At some sites, occupation layers dating from the time of enclosure may be preserved and contain archaeological artefacts or small features in situ. This article proposes a protocol for locating a Neolithic occupation layer inside a Neolithic causewayed enclosure. To locate the areas where this layer is likely to be present, a map of the archaeological potential of the Le Pontet site was produced based on a thickness map of the soil-sedimentary cover. This map was created by combining an apparent electrical resistivity map, the results of electrical resistivity tomography, an orthophotograph with contrasting cropmarks and the results of dynamic cone penetration tests. To validate the archaeological potential map, an excavation campaign was conducted in 2020 to investigate several sectors; the aim was to prove the presence of the occupation layer and study the pedo-sedimentary stratigraphy of the site.

法国中西部是西欧新石器时代堤坝围地最丰富的地区之一。迄今为止,已发现 300 多处此类遗址。该地区大多数堤道围墙的面积从几公顷到 10 多公顷不等。对这些遗址进行彻底挖掘的情况很少,因为这种工作既费钱又费时。由于遗址的复杂性,完成对这些遗址的全面发掘也极为复杂。记录尽可能完整的遗址平面图是优化发掘工作的一大挑战。传统上,航空摄影是划分堤道围墙平面图的主要方法。磁力勘测也可以提供补充信息。磁力成像可以快速、高空间分辨率地揭示围沟和内部特征(坑、柱洞等)。在某些遗址中,可能保留着圈地时期的占用层,其中包含考古文物或原地的小型特征。本文提出了一种在新石器时代堤道围墙内定位新石器时代占居层的方法。为了确定该层可能存在的区域,根据土壤沉积覆盖层厚度图绘制了勒庞泰遗址考古潜力图。该地图是结合表观电阻率图、电阻率断层扫描结果、带有对比麦田标记的正射影像图以及动态圆锥穿透测试结果绘制的。为了验证考古潜力图,于 2020 年开展了一次发掘活动,对几个区域进行了调查;目的是证明该遗址存在占用层,并研究该遗址的沉积岩地层。
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引用次数: 0
Isla del Fraile. Reconstructing Coastal Dynamics in Southeastern Spain Through Underwater Archaeological Survey 弗拉伊莱岛通过水下考古调查重建西班牙东南部的海岸动态
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1937
Alejandro Quevedo, Enrique Aragón, Juan de Dios Hernández García, Javier Rodríguez Pandozi, Tomoo Mukai, Alicia Segura, Joel Bellviure, Ricardo Muñoz Yesares

A new archaeological research project analyses the history of Isla del Fraile (Águilas, Spain), a small island off the coast occupied since at least Roman times. Its isolation means that the sea has always conditioned its connectivity and relationship with land. Despite some underwater studies carried out in previous decades, its underwater surroundings, El Hornillo Bay, continue to be relatively unexplored. In parallel to the excavation work on the island's surface, an underwater survey was carried out in the area, which is known for its archaeological wealth. The objectives of this paper are to study the underwater contexts associated with the archaeological site, to determine whether there were any ports or anchorages and to analyse the phases of greatest activity in the bay between Antiquity and the Modern Age. New data are provided, and earlier finds, either previously unpublished or from private donations, are also reviewed. The findings are discussed and related to their local and interregional contexts. The main purpose is to offer a new contribution to the study of the maritime cultural landscape of the Western Mediterranean through a region underrepresented by research.

一个新的考古研究项目分析了弗拉伊莱岛(Isla del Fraile,西班牙阿吉拉斯)的历史。它与世隔绝,这意味着海洋一直制约着它与陆地的联系和关系。尽管在过去的几十年中进行了一些水下研究,但其水下环境 El Hornillo 海湾仍处于相对未开发状态。在对该岛海面进行发掘的同时,还对该地区进行了水下调查,该地区以考古财富而闻名。本文的目的是研究与考古遗址相关的水下环境,确定是否有任何港口或锚地,并分析该海湾在古代和现代之间最活跃的阶段。我们提供了新的数据,并回顾了以前未发表的或私人捐赠的早期发现。对这些发现进行了讨论,并将其与当地和区域间的背景联系起来。主要目的是通过一个研究代表性不足的地区,为西地中海海洋文化景观的研究做出新的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Assess the Effectiveness of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves Method in Mapping Ancient Structures in Ultrashallow Aquatic Environments: The Case of Agioi Theodoroi, Greece 评估多通道表面波分析方法在绘制超浅水域环境中的古代结构图方面的有效性:希腊 Agioi Theodoroi 案例
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1938
George Kritikakis, Nikos Papadopoulos, Nikos Andronikidis, Kleanthis Simyrdanis, Theotokis Theodoulou
The present geophysical research aims to evaluate the applicability of multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) on mapping ultrashallow underwater ancient masonry remnants. The work presents the analysis from a single seismic line using MASW and seismic refraction tomography (SRT) methods and its corresponding electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) section surveyed at the submerged prehistoric site of Agioi Theodoroi area located 10 km eastern of Heraklion, Crete, Greece. The 2D MASW velocity model exhibits significant correspondence with the resistivity structure extracted from the ERT data, showing lateral S‐wave velocity (Vs) variations at the positions where the high resistivity anomalies exist. The analysis of synthetic seismic data calculated from a respective model reproduced a comparable S‐wave velocity pseudo‐section with the real data. However, the investigated targets (submerged buried masonry) appear shallower and wider in MASW sections than in the real world and the corresponding synthetic models, due to insufficient vertical and horizontal resolution of this method. Surface waves travelling through the seafloor sediments (Scholte‐waves) demonstrate very low velocity values. This makes them suitable for the detection of shallow and relatively large (> 0.5 m) underwater manmade structures, providing the enhancement of MASW method resolution, by utilizing a high frequency (> 100 Hz) seismic source, recording short Scholte wavelengths (≤ 1 m) and using shorter (≤ 0.5 m) receiver spacing and array length. Consequently, the results of this work demonstrate the potential in employing conventional seismic techniques in the delineation of underwater antiquities and the revealing of the cultural dynamics in very shallow off‐shore archaeological sites.
本地球物理研究旨在评估多道面波分析法(MASW)在绘制超浅水下古砖石残迹图中的适用性。该研究介绍了采用 MASW 和地震折射层析成像(SRT)方法对单条地震线及其相应的电阻率层析成像(ERT)断面进行的分析,该断面位于希腊克里特岛伊拉克利翁以东 10 公里处的 Agioi Theodoroi 水下史前遗址。二维 MASW 速度模型与从 ERT 数据中提取的电阻率结构非常吻合,在存在高电阻率异常的位置显示了横向 S 波速度(Vs)变化。根据相应模型计算的合成地震数据分析再现了与真实数据相当的 S 波速度伪截面。然而,由于 MASW 方法的垂直和水平分辨率不足,在 MASW 截面上,调查目标(水下埋设的砖石结构)看起来比真实世界和相应的合成模型更浅更宽。穿过海底沉积物的面波(肖尔特波)显示出非常低的速度值。这使其适用于探测浅层和相对较大(> 0.5 米)的水下人工结构,通过利用高频率(> 100 Hz)震源、记录较短的肖尔特波长(≤ 1 米)和使用较短(≤ 0.5 米)的接收器间距和阵列长度,可提高 MASW 方法的分辨率。因此,这项工作的结果表明,利用常规地震技术划定水下古迹和揭示极浅海考古遗址的文化动态是有潜力的。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetic and GPR Data Modelling via Multiscale Methods in San Pietro in Crapolla Abbey, Massa Lubrense (Naples) 通过多尺度方法对那不勒斯马萨-卢布伦塞的克拉波拉圣彼得修道院进行磁学和 GPR 数据建模
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-14 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1936
Luigi Bianco, Mauro La Manna, Valentina Russo, Maurizio Fedi

We performed magnetic and GPR measurements to image the buried ruins of the Middle Age abbey San Pietro in Crapolla, on the Sorrento-Amalfi Coast (Massa Lubrense, Southern Italy). The site represents an important religious location, which is nowadays partially buried along the cliff. An integrated study was necessary to map the buried structures and address the archaeological excavation. For this reason, we carried out the surveys on two main grids in order to reconstruct the structures of the abbey and of its related church. The magnetic data were filtered through the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and then transformed to total gradient maps. The obtained maps were interpreted with depth from extreme points (DEXP) imaging method to assess the horizontal and depth positions of the top. The GPR data were processed and time-depth converted. Results from the integrated interpretation of these data suggest the possible presence of different vaulted rooms and an elongated structure at 0.3-m depth from ground surface. This latter is interpretable in terms of perimetral and internal walls of the abbey and its church. These outcomes were crucial to successfully address archaeological excavations, which targeted one of the modelled areas and unearthed a wall at the predicted depths.

我们对位于索伦托-阿马尔菲海岸(意大利南部马萨卢布伦斯)的克拉波拉中世纪修道院圣彼得(San Pietro in Crapolla)被掩埋的遗址进行了磁力和 GPR 测量成像。该遗址是一个重要的宗教场所,如今部分遗址已被悬崖掩埋。有必要进行综合研究,以绘制被埋结构图并解决考古发掘问题。为此,我们在两个主要网格上进行了勘测,以重建修道院及其相关教堂的结构。通过离散小波变换(DWT)对磁数据进行过滤,然后将其转换为总梯度图。利用极点深度(DEXP)成像方法对获得的地图进行解释,以评估顶部的水平和深度位置。对 GPR 数据进行了处理和时深转换。对这些数据的综合解释结果表明,在距地表 0.3 米深处可能存在不同的拱形房间和一个拉长的结构。后者可以解释为修道院及其教堂的围墙和内墙。这些结果对于成功解决考古发掘工作至关重要,考古发掘工作以其中一个模拟区域为目标,并在预测深度发掘出了一堵墙。
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Archaeological Prospection
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