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Utilizing the MaxEnt machine learning model to forecast urban heritage sites in the desert regions of southwestern Algeria: A case study in the Saoura region 利用 MaxEnt 机器学习模型预测阿尔及利亚西南部沙漠地区的城市遗址:萨乌拉地区案例研究
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1923
Guechi Imen, Gherraz Halima, Korichi Ayoub, Alkama Djamel

The Saoura region, a renowned oasis in North Africa with heritage and archaeological significance of both national and universal importance, has witnessed a gradual deterioration over time. This research involves archaeological predictive modelling, aiming to create models capable of predicting the likelihood of discovering archaeological sites, cultural resources or evidence of past landscape use within a specific region. The study specifically focuses on predicting the locations of historical sites in the Sahara Desert, employing the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model and six geo-environmental criteria, including slope, elevation (digital elevation model [DEM]), distance from water, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), fertility and proximity to palm groves. The research is based on data from 58 historical sites and includes an assessment of the model's accuracy. The study highlights the remarkable significance of the fertility variable, which accounts for 94.1% of the predictive influence, making it the most crucial geo-environmental factor in forecasting the location of historical sites in the Sahara. This underscores its pivotal role in shaping settlement patterns and subsistence strategies within the region, followed by the distance variable from the palm cove (3.2%) and the distance variable from the river (2.3%). The MaxEnt model proves to be suitable for predicting historical site positions, with an impressive average area under the ROC curve (AUC) score of 0.859, reflecting its effectiveness. Notably, areas with a high prediction probability are predominantly situated near the Saoura Valley. The study's findings hold the potential to assist planners in safeguarding archaeological sites by avoiding areas where historical sites are likely to be present.

萨乌拉地区是北非著名的绿洲,具有国家和世界重要的遗产和考古意义。这项研究涉及考古预测建模,旨在创建能够预测在特定地区发现考古遗址、文化资源或过去景观使用证据的可能性的模型。这项研究的具体重点是预测撒哈拉沙漠中历史遗址的位置,采用了最大熵(MaxEnt)模型和六个地理环境标准,包括坡度、海拔(数字高程模型 [DEM])、与水的距离、归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、肥力和是否靠近棕榈林。研究以 58 个历史遗址的数据为基础,包括对模型准确性的评估。研究强调了肥力变量的显著重要性,它占预测影响的 94.1%,使其成为预测撒哈拉历史遗址位置的最关键地理环境因素。这凸显了它在该地区形成定居模式和生存策略方面的关键作用,其次是距棕榈湾的距离变量(3.2%)和距河流的距离变量(2.3%)。事实证明,MaxEnt 模型适用于预测历史遗址位置,其平均 ROC 曲线下面积 (AUC) 得分为 0.859,效果显著。值得注意的是,预测概率较高的区域主要位于索拉河谷附近。研究结果有望帮助规划人员避开可能存在历史遗址的区域,从而保护考古遗址。
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引用次数: 0
Combined use of drones and geophysics in enhancing cemetery studies: Two case studies in Northern Ireland, UK 结合使用无人机和地球物理学加强墓地研究:英国北爱尔兰的两个案例研究
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1922
Ruffell Alastair, Rocke Benjamin
The real-time use of drone-derived orthoimagery and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) facilitate conjunctive ground surveying and aerial visual reference of subterranean features within cemeteries. Geospatially referenced visual outputs allow sympathetic restoration and assist in understanding historical use. Two contrasting case studies demonstrate this: The first is a subterranean wall, built to separate Catholic and Protestant burials in a civic cemetery. The second example is the accurate positioning of unmarked inhumations in an Irish Famine burial ground, which facilitated preservation as a memorial garden in a hospital complex.
无人机正射影成像和探地雷达(GPR)的实时使用促进了对墓地地下特征的联合地面测量和空中视觉参考。地理空间参考视觉输出允许同情恢复和帮助理解历史使用。两个对比鲜明的案例研究证明了这一点:第一个是一个地下墙,在一个公民墓地里建造,用来分隔天主教和新教的墓葬。第二个例子是对爱尔兰饥荒墓地中未标记的尸体的准确定位,这有助于作为医院综合体的纪念花园进行保存。
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引用次数: 0
A geospatial and archaeological investigation of an African–American cemetery in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA 美国北卡罗来纳州罗利市非裔美国人墓地的地理空间和考古调查
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1921
John Wall, DelWayne R. Bohnenstiehl, Norman S. Levine, John K. Millhauser, Dru E. McGill, Karl W. Wegmann, Vincent Melomo
Oberlin Cemetery, located near downtown Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, was founded in 1873 following the American Civil War (1861–1865). This 3.2 ac (~1.29 ha) parcel of land served as the main cemetery for the people of Oberlin Village—the largest freedmen's community in Wake County. Today, descendants of the village founders and other neighbourhood residents, organized as the Friends of Oberlin Village (FOV), are preserving this community landmark and working to have its historical significance recognized. In support of these efforts, terrestrial laser scanning, global-positioning-system-enabled pedestrian and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted during the winter and summer of 2016. We inventoried 276 formal grave markers identifying 221 individuals, 296 elongate depressions without a formal marker interpreted as sunken graves, and 130 fieldstones interpreted as burial markers, resulting in an estimate of 517-to-660 persons interred within the cemetery. The GPR survey supported the interpretation of topographic depressions as sunken graves; however, the undulating topography, as well as the density of trees and shrubs, limited this survey to ~12% of the site. Based on the birth dates listed on monuments, ~23% of these persons were born before the end of the Civil War. Death dates show the community's continued use of the cemetery throughout the early 1970s and less frequent use after that, with the most recent burials in 2009. A comparison with a 2012 inventory of monuments within Oberlin Cemetery suggests that ~3% of the markers were lost or displaced in 4 years, highlighting the importance of survey and preservation efforts. This work contributed to the FOV's successful nomination of the cemetery to the US National Register of Historic Places and was used to support several grants received for its preservation.
奥伯林公墓位于美国北卡罗来纳州罗利市中心附近,始建于1873年,是在美国南北战争(1861-1865)之后。这块3.2英亩(约1.29公顷)的土地是奥伯林村(Oberlin village)居民的主要墓地,奥伯林村是威克县最大的自由民社区。今天,村庄创始人的后代和其他社区居民,组织为奥柏林村之友(FOV),正在保护这个社区地标,并努力使其历史意义得到认可。为了支持这些工作,2016年冬季和夏季进行了地面激光扫描、全球定位系统支持的行人和探地雷达(GPR)调查。我们调查了276个正式的坟墓标记,确定了221个人,296个没有正式标记的细长洼地被解释为凹陷的坟墓,130个田野石被解释为墓葬标记,结果估计有517到660人被埋葬在墓地里。探地雷达调查支持将地形洼地解释为凹陷的坟墓;然而,起伏的地形,以及树木和灌木的密度,限制了这次调查的约12%的场地。根据纪念碑上列出的出生日期,这些人中约有23%出生在内战结束之前。死亡日期显示,整个20世纪70年代初,该社区一直在使用该墓地,此后使用频率有所下降,最近的一次葬礼是在2009年。与2012年奥柏林公墓古迹清单的比较表明,约3%的标记在4年内丢失或移位,突出了调查和保护工作的重要性。这项工作有助于FOV成功地将公墓提名为美国国家史迹名录,并用于支持其保护收到的几笔赠款。
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引用次数: 0
Geoarchaeological investigations in Artanish Peninsula, Armenia: Testing a new geochemical prospecting method for archaeology 亚美尼亚Artanish半岛地质考古调查:一种新的考古地球化学找矿方法的试验
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1917
Arshavir Hovhannisyan, Arsen Bobokhyan, René Kunze, Jörg W. E. Fassbinder, Sandra E. Hahn, Dmitri Arakelyan, Avetis Grigoryan, Marianna Harutyunyan, Varduhi Siradeghyan

Within the framework of an Armenian–German research project, taking place between 2019 and 2021 on the Artanish Peninsula at Lake Sevan (Armenia), in addition to numerous (geo-) archaeological investigations, methods of geochemical prospection have been carried out. The ancient burial grounds of Artanish 23 and Artanish 29 have served as model sites to successfully test the well-known method of geochemical prospection and evaluation of metal deposits in geology (mineral sector). As a result, a new experimental archaeo-geochemical prospecting and evaluation method has been developed, which has been adapted for the exploration of archaeological monuments. It is planned to use this experimental method (which we consider new and important in archaeogeochemical investigation, but not a conclusive and comprehensive work per se), which has already proven its work capacity, in archaeological research, in the prospective areas of Armenia and other countries. In addition to these investigations, research on the transformations in the landscape of the ancient tombs related to Lake Sevan fluctuations has also been carried out. The anthropogenic impact of humans on the environment (geochemical halos formed in the soil on the surface of the tombs) has been studied, as well as the problem of the impact of geological environment on human life activities, that is, the relocation of the burial grounds to more elevated areas due to the rise in the lake level. Based on the results of geochemical sampling and high-resolution magnetometer surveys, excavations have been performed at the site. Here, we present the results of an experimental study exploring the potential of combined magnetometer prospection and chemical soil analyses to locate and characterize the burial ground of Artanish on Lake Sevan, Armenia. The results have demonstrated the capability of these analyses to detect the sites, outline hotspots and interpret the features identified in the magnetometer results.

在亚美尼亚-德国研究项目的框架内,该项目将于2019年至2021年在亚美尼亚塞万湖的亚美尼亚半岛进行,除了进行大量(地质)考古调查外,还进行了地球化学勘探方法。Artanish 23和Artanish 29的古墓地已成为成功测试地质(矿产部门)中著名的金属矿床地球化学勘探和评价方法的示范地点。由此,建立了一种新的实验考古地球化学找矿评价方法,适用于考古遗迹的勘探。计划使用这种实验方法(我们认为它在考古地球化学调查中是新的和重要的,但本身不是一项结论性和全面的工作),它已经在亚美尼亚和其他国家的前景地区的考古研究中证明了它的工作能力。除了这些调查外,还开展了与塞万湖波动有关的古墓景观变化的研究。研究了人类对环境的人为影响(墓葬表面土壤中形成的地球化学晕),以及地质环境对人类生活活动的影响问题,即由于湖泊水位上升,墓葬场地向更高的高地迁移。根据地球化学采样和高分辨率磁力计测量结果,对该遗址进行了挖掘。在这里,我们展示了一项实验研究的结果,该研究探索了联合磁力计勘探和化学土壤分析的潜力,以定位和表征亚美尼亚塞万湖上的Artanish墓地。结果证明了这些分析的能力,以检测站点,概述热点和解释在磁力计结果中确定的特征。
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引用次数: 0
The challenges of signal interpretation of burials in ground-penetrating radar 探地雷达对墓葬信号解读的挑战
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1920
Andrew Martindale, William T. D. Wadsworth, Eric Simons, Brian Whiting, Colin Grier
The identification of unmarked graves and burials is one of most common applications of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in archaeology. Despite a high frequency of use and a long history of experimentation, there appears to be considerable variability on what indicates a burial in GPR data—likely a consequence of heterogeneity in geological contexts, age and in burial practices. Although general statements about uncertainty in GPR interpretation may be acceptable in archaeological applications, the interpretative process becomes more complicated when GPR is used to locate unmarked graves in culturally, politically and legally contested locations such as at former Indian Residential Schools (IRSs) in Canada. In this paper, we review international applications of the technique and identify trends and traits between the authors' use of GPR to identify burials. By categorizing the studies based on the GPR reflection signatures identified, our review demonstrates that there is modest consensus across the 77 documents reviewed for what represents a burial. Interrogating these findings, we identify a range of potential contributors to signal heterogeneity and outline potential steps forward to a higher confidence or more statistically robust identification of unmarked graves using GPR.
识别无标记的坟墓和埋葬是探地雷达(GPR)在考古学中最常见的应用之一。尽管使用频率很高,实验历史也很长,但探地雷达数据显示的埋藏情况似乎存在相当大的差异,这可能是地质背景、年龄和埋葬方式不均匀的结果。虽然关于探地雷达解释的不确定性的一般陈述在考古应用中可能是可以接受的,但当使用探地雷达在文化、政治和法律上有争议的地点(如加拿大的前印第安人寄宿学校)定位无标记坟墓时,解释过程变得更加复杂。在本文中,我们回顾了该技术的国际应用,并确定了作者使用探地雷达识别墓葬的趋势和特征。通过根据识别的探地雷达反射信号对研究进行分类,我们的评论表明,在77份被审查的文件中,对于代表埋葬的东西存在适度的共识。通过对这些发现的分析,我们确定了一系列可能导致信号异质性的因素,并概述了使用探地雷达对无标记坟墓进行更高可信度或更统计上可靠的识别的潜在步骤。
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引用次数: 1
Collaborative multimethod geophysics at the Prewitt Slave Cemetery, Northport, Alabama 协同多方法地球物理在Prewitt奴隶公墓,北港,阿拉巴马州
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1919
Claiborne D. Sea, Patricia Kemp, Rachel Cajigas, Elliot H. Blair
This paper serves to highlight the partnership built between the Prewitt Slave Cemetery Association (PSCA) and the University of Alabama (UA) through the work conducted by the UA archaeological field school at the Prewitt Slave Cemetery (PSC) in Fall 2022. During this collaborative project, the field school students geolocated, recorded and photographed more than 700 above-ground grave markers and conducted a multi-method geophysical survey that included magnetic gradiometry, electrical resistance, electromagnetic induction and ground-penetrating radar. Results from this survey aided researchers in identifying the locations of over 800 marked and unmarked graves. The benefits of the partnership between PSCA and UA were mutual and multiple. First, the data recorded by the UA field school helped the PSCA achieve its immediate goal of identifying unmarked graves, allowing the organization to move forward with efforts to preserve and protect the PSC. Second, the UA field school students gained valuable experience related to proper cemetery study techniques, including geophysical survey, and learned to conduct community-based participatory research in collaboration with descendant communities. Additionally, this project allowed for further research related to the use of multiple methods of geophysical instrumentation for identifying unmarked graves beyond ground-penetrating radar.
本文旨在通过UA考古现场学校于2022年秋季在普里维特奴隶公墓(PSC)进行的工作,强调普里维特奴隶公墓协会(PSCA)与阿拉巴马大学(UA)之间建立的伙伴关系。在这个合作项目中,现场学校的学生定位、记录和拍摄了700多个地面上的坟墓标记,并进行了多方法的地球物理调查,包括磁梯度测量、电阻、电磁感应和探地雷达。这项调查的结果帮助研究人员确定了800多个有标记和没有标记的坟墓的位置。PSCA和UA之间的伙伴关系的好处是相互的和多重的。首先,UA实地学校记录的数据帮助PSCA实现了识别未标记坟墓的直接目标,使该组织能够继续努力保存和保护PSC。其次,UA实地学校的学生获得了与正确的墓地研究技术相关的宝贵经验,包括地球物理调查,并学会了与后代社区合作进行社区参与性研究。此外,该项目还允许进一步研究使用地球物理仪器的多种方法,以便在探地雷达之外识别未标记的坟墓。
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引用次数: 0
Saying what we mean, meaning what we say: Managing miscommunication in archaeological prospection 言出必行,言出必行:处理考古勘探中的误解
3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1915
William T. D. Wadsworth, Stephanie Halmhofer, Kisha Supernant
Abstract In North America, archaeological prospection has recently undergone a surge in popularity, resulting in higher visibility for both scientific and fringe narratives. This has been partially due to increasingly sensationalized media articles that promote the use of technology to locate overgrown and subsurface features in the landscape. The heightened profile of the field and increasingly sensitive contexts in which it is applied (e.g., locating potential unmarked graves) has expanded the discipline beyond its usual settings where typical archaeological prospection rhetoric and narratives are applied. In this paper, we explore how the presentation of archaeological prospection can impact descendant communities and their burial and cultural spaces. We identify rhetoric, discourse and narrative as key considerations that have resulted in the twisting of interpretations to support fringe narratives. We present two case studies: (1) denialism surrounding unmarked graves at former Indian Residential Schools and (2) the reinterpretation of Indigenous spaces by Graham Hancock's Ancient Apocalypse . We draw upon these seemingly disparate examples as evidence that ambiguity in scholarly communication and ‘certainty’ in fringe communication can both be used to the detriment of Indigenous and other descendant communities in various ways that we term pseudoarchaeological colonialism . Finally, we recommend strategies on how to disseminate results in non‐harmful ways and confront the wrongful usage of archaeological prospection.
在北美,考古勘探最近经历了人气激增,导致科学和边缘叙事更高的知名度。这部分是由于越来越多耸人听闻的媒体文章提倡使用技术来定位景观中杂草丛生和地下特征。该领域的高度关注和日益敏感的应用环境(例如,定位潜在的未标记坟墓)使该学科超出了通常应用典型考古勘探修辞和叙述的环境。在本文中,我们探讨了考古勘探的呈现如何影响后裔社区及其埋葬和文化空间。我们认为修辞、话语和叙事是导致扭曲解释以支持边缘叙事的关键因素。我们提出了两个案例研究:(1)对前印度寄宿学校无标记坟墓的否认;(2)格雷厄姆·汉考克的《古代启示录》对土著空间的重新解释。我们利用这些看似完全不同的例子作为证据,表明学术交流中的模糊性和边缘交流中的“确定性”都可以以各种方式被用来损害土著和其他后裔社区,我们称之为伪考古殖民主义。最后,我们建议如何以无害的方式传播结果,并应对考古勘探的错误使用。
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引用次数: 0
On Cemetery Hill: The legacy of burials at Clemson University, a public university in the southern USA 在公墓山上:克莱姆森大学,美国南部的一所公立大学的葬礼遗产
3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1916
Keith C. Seramur, Kyle B. Campbell, Joseph B. Anderson, Ellen A. Cowan
Abstract Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) was used to map anomalies characteristic of unmarked graves on the grounds of the modern Woodland Cemetery on the campus of Clemson University. Hundreds of these anomalies are believed to represent newly discovered unmarked graves belonging to African Americans including enslaved people, convicted laborers, sharecroppers, domestic workers, tenant farmers and wage workers, who contributed to the wealth of the Fort Hill Plantation or to building and maintaining the university. These burials appear to be in an organized arrangement indicating the presence of a burial ground where the graves would have been marked at the time of internment. Analyses of reflections from the bottom of the grave shaft detected horizontal bases as well as possible chambered and vaulted burials, a common vernacular burial type among African Americans in the 19th and early 20th centuries. A fewer number of graves showed hyperbolic reflections that can be produced by graves that contain coffins or a large artefact. This may indicate burial practices that changed over time or the status of the interred individual. The estimated length of the grave shaft in GPR grid data suggests that small adults or adolescents made up most of the burials (58%), then adults (28%) and infants and children (13%). In 1924, Woodland Cemetery was developed on Cemetery Hill, which had its first recorded burial in 1837. Plots were then gifted to prominent University leaders, faculty, staff and their families. The unmarked burials were found juxtaposed among these modern graves requiring modification of the current protocol for the operating cemetery to preserve the sacred space and to prevent destruction of these burials. This work affirms ongoing efforts by this public university to address its origins from a plantation and segregation in the American South.
摘要:利用探地雷达(GPR)对克莱姆森大学现代林地公墓内未标记墓地的异常特征进行了测绘。数百个这样的异常被认为代表了新发现的非裔美国人的未标记坟墓,包括被奴役的人,被定罪的劳工,佃农,家庭工人,佃农和领工资的工人,他们为希尔堡种植园的财富做出了贡献,也为建立和维护大学做出了贡献。这些埋葬似乎是有组织的,这表明存在一个墓地,坟墓在被拘留时应该是有标记的。通过对墓穴底部的反射进行分析,发现了水平底座,以及可能的内室和拱形墓葬,这是19世纪和20世纪初非洲裔美国人常见的土葬类型。少数坟墓显示出双曲反射,这可能是由含有棺材或大型人工制品的坟墓产生的。这可能表明埋葬习俗随着时间的推移而改变,或者被埋葬的人的地位发生了变化。根据探地雷达网格数据估算的墓穴长度表明,矮小的成年人或青少年占大多数(58%),其次是成年人(28%)和婴儿和儿童(13%)。1924年,在公墓山上建立了林地公墓,1837年第一次有记录的葬礼。然后,这些地块被赠予了著名的大学领导、教职员工和他们的家人。没有标记的墓葬被发现与这些现代坟墓并列,需要修改现行的墓园操作协议,以保护神圣的空间,并防止这些墓葬被破坏。这项工作肯定了这所公立大学正在进行的努力,以解决其起源于美国南部的种植园和种族隔离问题。
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引用次数: 0
UAV LiDAR in coastal environments: Archaeological case studies from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, and Vega, Norway 沿海环境中的无人机激光雷达:阿根廷火地岛和挪威维加的考古案例研究
IF 1.8 3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1918
Ole Risbøl, Jo Sindre P. Eidshaug, Hein B. Bjerck, Magnar M. Gran, Kristoffer R. Rantala, Angélica M. Tivoli, Atilio Francisco J. Zangrando

LiDAR has become fairly integrated into archaeological practice at a global scale. This has gradually evolved to include UAV LiDAR. Nevertheless, considerable biases remain, including with regard to geographical regions, chronological periods, feature types and environments. At present, few studies of coastal environments exist, despite the fact that LiDAR—and UAV LiDAR in particular—has the obvious advantages of flexibility and time efficiency in such archaeologically rich but logistically challenging environments. In this paper, we compare the results of UAV LiDAR surveys with records from previous ground surveys in two case studies from coastal environments on opposite sides of the globe. Case Study I of shell middens located within approximately 3 km2 around Cambaceres Bay involved the first collection of LiDAR data from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Case Study II covered approximately 3 km2 of the island of Vega, Northern Norway, and is among the pioneering LiDAR studies of Mesolithic house pits. The detection success rate was fairly good for Cambaceres—69% of 1240 recorded structures were identified on LiDAR—and above expected for Vega, with 81% of 51 recorded house pits identified on LiDAR. In Cambaceres, the main challenges were dense and low vegetation and identifying small middens. Possible new identifications of archaeological features were made in both areas: subtle depressions interpreted as dwelling foundations in Cambaceres and house pits on Vega. We conclude that UAV LiDAR can contribute to coastal archaeology and that it has added values besides making new identifications, being both flexible and time efficient. An example pertains to the possible identification of a practice that has not previously been proved archaeologically in Tierra del Fuego—more thorough site preparation prior to the construction of the dwellings—which in turn raises new questions.

在全球范围内,激光雷达已相当程度地融入考古实践。这已逐渐发展到包括无人机激光雷达。然而,仍然存在相当大的偏差,包括地理区域、年代、地物类型和环境方面的偏差。目前,尽管激光雷达--尤其是无人机激光雷达--在这种考古资源丰富但后勤难度大的环境中具有明显的灵活性和时间效率优势,但对沿海环境的研究却很少。在本文中,我们将无人机激光雷达勘测结果与以往地面勘测记录进行了比较,这两个案例研究分别来自地球两侧的沿海环境。案例研究 I 涉及坎巴塞雷斯湾周围约 3 平方公里的贝壳冢,这是首次在阿根廷火地岛收集激光雷达数据。案例研究 II 涵盖挪威北部 Vega 岛约 3 平方公里的区域,是对中石器时代房屋坑洞进行激光雷达研究的先驱之一。坎巴塞雷斯的探测成功率相当高--在记录的 1240 个结构中,有 69% 通过激光雷达进行了识别;而维加岛的探测成功率高于预期,在记录的 51 个房屋坑中,有 81% 通过激光雷达进行了识别。在坎巴塞雷斯,主要的挑战是植被茂密和低矮,以及识别小型窖穴。在这两个地区都可能发现了新的考古特征:坎巴塞雷斯的细微凹陷被解释为住宅地基,维加的房屋坑被解释为住宅地基。我们的结论是,无人机激光雷达可以为海岸考古做出贡献,而且除了进行新的鉴定外,它还具有更多的价值,既灵活又省时。其中一个例子是,我们可能发现了一种以前在火地岛考古中未被证实的做法--在建造住宅之前进行更彻底的场地准备--这反过来又提出了新的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Community‐led investigations of unmarked graves at Indian residential schools in Western Canada—overview, status report and best practices 社区主导的加拿大西部印第安人寄宿学校无标记坟墓调查综述、现状报告和最佳实践
3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-26 DOI: 10.1002/arp.1914
Brian Whiting
Abstract Part of Canadian history that is now being addressed is the legacy of Indian residential schools (IRSs) and closely related institutions. For most of their 200‐year‐plus history, these were run by various churches or religious organizations, and many were directly funded (and eventually run) by government. Attendance by Indigenous children at these schools was made compulsory, and children were deliberately taken far from their cultural base, native language and family in the name of cultural assimilation. Abundant and longstanding evidence has documented abuse, neglect and high rates of death at the schools. Most or all schools had cemeteries, many of which have fallen into neglect and/or been lost through time. Documenting the numbers, names and burial locations of students who died at the schools has become a national priority. Since 2021, interest in this work has accelerated, due in large part by media announcements of geophysical findings of potential unmarked graves at various school sites. Geophysical surveys for unmarked graves are planned or underway at a large number of school sites nationwide. Related lines of research are seeking to document the extent and nature of student deaths based on archival records, survivor accounts and other lines of evidence. As suggested by government and demanded by Indigenous communities, these searches are being led by the affected communities. This paper represents a snapshot of elements of the work in progress, based in part on the personal participation of the author in multiple IRS searches and resulting direct involvement with local communities. Included in this contribution are a historic context, broad overview of community participation/leadership and suggested refinements to geophysical survey best practices that have been promulgated by the Canadian archaeological community and other nationwide organizations.
加拿大历史的一部分现在正在讨论的是印第安寄宿学校(IRSs)和密切相关的机构的遗产。在它们200多年的历史中,大部分都是由各种教会或宗教组织经营的,其中许多是由政府直接资助(并最终由政府经营)的。土著儿童在这些学校上学是强制性的,并且以文化同化的名义故意让儿童远离他们的文化基础、母语和家庭。大量长期存在的证据证明,这些学校存在虐待、忽视和高死亡率。大多数或所有学校都有墓地,其中许多已经被忽视和/或随着时间的推移而丢失。记录在学校死亡学生的人数、姓名和埋葬地点已成为国家的优先事项。自2021年以来,人们对这项工作的兴趣加快了,这在很大程度上是由于媒体宣布在各个学校遗址发现了潜在的未标记坟墓。在全国范围内,许多学校正在计划或正在进行对未标记坟墓的地球物理调查。相关的研究正在根据档案记录、幸存者陈述和其他证据,试图记录学生死亡的程度和性质。根据政府的建议和土著社区的要求,这些搜索由受影响的社区领导。本文简要介绍了正在进行的工作要素,部分基于作者个人参与的多次IRS搜索以及由此产生的与当地社区的直接参与。这一贡献包括历史背景,社区参与/领导的广泛概述,以及加拿大考古社区和其他全国性组织颁布的地球物理调查最佳实践的建议改进。
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Archaeological Prospection
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