Applied Acoustics最新文献_第2页

Perceptual evaluation of an auralization model for pulse width modulation noise 脉宽调制噪声听觉化模型的感性评价

IF 3.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Applied Acoustics

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111235

Salomé Wanty , Etienne Parizet , Nicolas Totaro , Martin Glesser

Electric motors have become a part of our daily lives, making the question of their noise essential for our acoustic comfort. The sound they emit is often described as tonal or whistling due to the presence of many harmonics, one source of which is a power supply technique called pulse width modulation (PWM). During the design process, auralization models can be used to evaluate the effect of PWM harmonics on sound quality. Engineering-grade models, which are based on simplifying assumptions, are used in the early stages of design when little input data is available. With these models, a direct perceptual comparison between measured and simulated sounds would inevitably reveal significant differences. However, if the model can reliably predict the perceptual sound space, it can be a valuable tool for assessing sound quality. This paper presents a methodology to evaluate the capability of a simplified engineering model to simulate the main attributes of PWM noise. To this end, the authors implemented an auralization model to synthesize the noise emitted by an electric motor from its supply signals. Some sound stimuli were collected from measurements and simulations to conduct a perceptual experiment. The measured and simulated sounds were evaluated separately within two sets of stimuli. The experiment included similarity and pleasantness evaluations. Comparing the results obtained by Individual Difference Scaling (INDSCAL) showed great coherence between the two sound sets, suggesting that the simulated stimuli were evaluated similarly to the measured stimuli. Pleasantness ratings yielded the same result. Therefore, the auralization model appears to reliably reproduce the main sound dimensions underlying the perception of PWM noise.

电动机已经成为我们日常生活的一部分，因此电动机的噪音问题对我们的声学舒适性至关重要。由于存在许多谐波，它们发出的声音通常被描述为音调或口哨，其中一个来源是一种称为脉宽调制（PWM）的电源技术。在设计过程中，听觉化模型可以用来评估PWM谐波对音质的影响。工程级模型基于简化的假设，用于设计的早期阶段，当时可用的输入数据很少。有了这些模型，测量和模拟声音之间的直接感知比较将不可避免地揭示显着差异。然而，如果该模型能够可靠地预测感知声音空间，则可以成为评估声音质量的有价值的工具。本文提出了一种评估简化工程模型模拟PWM噪声主要属性的能力的方法。为此，作者实现了一个听觉化模型，从电动机的供电信号中合成电动机发出的噪声。从测量和模拟中收集一些声音刺激来进行感知实验。测量和模拟的声音分别在两组刺激下进行评估。实验包括相似性和愉悦性评估。比较个体差异标度（INDSCAL）得到的结果显示，两个声音集之间具有很强的一致性，这表明模拟刺激的评估与测量刺激的评估相似。愉快度评级也得出了同样的结果。因此，耳化模型似乎可靠地再现了PWM噪声感知的主要声音维度。

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引用次数: 0

Proactive blockage detection in sewer pipes using paired acoustic sensors: An experimental study 基于配对声传感器的污水管道堵塞主动检测实验研究

IF 3.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Applied Acoustics

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111244

Thi Hai Duong Ninh, Wei Zeng, Martin Francis Lambert, Nhu Cuong Do, Chengcheng Yin

Sewer overflows due to blockages are significant challenges for water utilities worldwide, as these events pose substantial risks of disruption and contamination to society, the economy, and the environment. Accurately detecting blockages in sewer systems is essential to mitigate such incidents. This paper investigates the use of paired acoustic sensors in combination with a paired-impulse response function (paired-IRF) technique to detect, locate, and estimate sewer blockages, helping to prevent sewer overflow risks. Laboratory tests were conducted on both clean and blocked pipes with varying blockage types and severities. The acoustic responses of these pipes were analysed to distinguish between unobstructed and obstructed conditions. The paired IRF extracted was then applied to identify blockage locations and estimate blockage sizes. The presence of paired spikes in the paired-IRF trace serves as clear evidence of blockages within the tested sewer pipe, including those caused by tree root and solid materials. The technique accurately identified both the location and size of blockages, showing strong agreement with actual conditions observed during experiments. These findings express that the acoustic-based paired-IRF approach is a reliable method for blockage detection in sewer systems, enabling water utilities to take informed and timely actions before issues lead to environmental or public health impacts.

下水道堵塞导致的溢流是全球水务公司面临的重大挑战，因为这些事件对社会、经济和环境构成了巨大的破坏和污染风险。准确检测下水道系统堵塞对于减轻此类事故至关重要。本文研究了配对声学传感器与配对脉冲响应函数（配对irf）技术相结合的使用，以检测、定位和估计下水道堵塞，有助于防止下水道溢流风险。对不同堵塞类型和严重程度的清洁和堵塞管道进行了实验室测试。对这些管道的声学响应进行了分析，以区分无阻塞和有阻塞的情况。然后将提取的配对IRF用于识别堵塞位置和估计堵塞大小。配对irf轨迹中成对尖峰的存在是测试下水道管道堵塞的明确证据，包括树根和固体材料引起的堵塞。该技术准确地识别了堵塞的位置和大小，与实验中观察到的实际情况非常吻合。这些发现表明，基于声学的配对irf方法是一种可靠的下水道系统堵塞检测方法，使水务公司能够在问题导致环境或公共健康影响之前采取明智和及时的行动。

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引用次数: 0

Three-dimensional microphone array for the reconstruction of compact dipole aeroacoustic sources with spatially varying orientation 三维传声器阵列用于空间变化取向的紧凑偶极子气动声源的重建

IF 3.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Applied Acoustics

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111243

Louise Chiocchetti , David Marx , Vincent Valeau , François Ollivier , Régis Marchiano

This work investigates, using a microphone array, the localization of aeroacoustic sources resulting from the interaction of a flow with rods. In similar investigations in the literature, arrays often have a planar geometry and the spatial region in which acoustic sources are searched is a plane parallel to that of the array. However, the sources are not always distributed in such a plane. Moreover, aeroacoustic sources resulting from flow-obstacle interaction are often dipoles, and for some complex geometries, the dipoles’ orientation can vary in space, such as for curved obstacles or arrangements of rods with different orientations. In order to identify such dipoles, this work uses a three-dimensional array composed of four flat arrays, forming a tunnel of 1024 microphones around the open vein of an anechoic wind tunnel. Microphone signals are processed by an inverse beamforming technique to identify equivalent dipole sources producing the measured sound field at the array, using classical Tikhonov regularization. Taking advantage of the acoustic compactness of the cross-section of the rods located in the flow, the dipoles are sought along the axis of the rods, with a spacing of the order of the vortex shedding coherence length. The technique does not require any prior assumption on dipole orientation. Results from simulated or experimental data are presented to assess the effectiveness of the method, in the cases of a rectilinear rod and a bent rod forming a ring.

本研究使用麦克风阵列研究了由气流与杆的相互作用引起的气动声源的定位。在文献中的类似研究中，阵列通常具有平面几何形状，声源搜索的空间区域与阵列平行。然而，源并不总是分布在这样一个平面上。此外，由流动障碍相互作用产生的气动声源通常是偶极子，对于一些复杂的几何形状，偶极子的方向在空间上可以变化，例如弯曲的障碍物或具有不同方向的棒的排列。为了识别这样的偶极子，这项工作使用了一个由四个平面阵列组成的三维阵列，在消声风洞的开放静脉周围形成了一个由1024个麦克风组成的隧道。利用经典的吉洪诺夫正则化技术，对麦克风信号进行反向波束形成处理，以识别阵列上产生测量声场的等效偶极子源。利用位于流动中的棒的横截面的声学致密性，沿着棒的轴线寻找偶极子，其间距为旋涡脱落相干长度的数量级。该技术不需要对偶极子取向作任何预先假设。结果从模拟或实验数据提出，以评估该方法的有效性，在直线杆和弯曲杆形成一个环的情况下。

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引用次数: 0

Implementation of broadband acoustic impedance for locally and non-locally reacting perforated plate liners in a time-domain boundary element method 用时域边界元方法实现局部和非局部反应穿孔板衬垫的宽带声阻抗

IF 3.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Applied Acoustics

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111238

Yilei Fu , Qixiang Zhang , Zhiliang Hong , Guangyu Zhang , Xiaoyu Wang

Acoustic impedance is a key parameter for characterizing liner performance, and the development of time-domain impedance models facilitates the analysis of transient problems in complex acoustic environments. This study introduces a broadband impedance implementation within the two-dimensional time-domain boundary element method and further extends it to transfer impedance for modeling non-locally reacting liners. Validation through representative numerical and experimental cases demonstrates that the broadband impedance model can accurately capture the frequency-dependent characteristics of liners, and exhibits broader applicability to both locally and non-locally reacting liners. The results confirm that the proposed method offers clear advantages in terms of physical fidelity and numerical robustness, providing an efficient tool for liner design and noise reduction optimization in complex acoustic fields.

声阻抗是表征线性元件性能的关键参数，时域阻抗模型的建立有助于分析复杂声环境中的瞬态问题。本文引入了二维时域边界元法中的宽带阻抗实现，并将其进一步扩展到非局部反应线型的传递阻抗建模。具有代表性的数值和实验验证表明，宽带阻抗模型可以准确地捕捉衬垫的频率依赖特性，并且对局部和非局部反应衬垫具有更广泛的适用性。结果表明，该方法在物理保真度和数值鲁棒性方面具有明显的优势，为复杂声场中衬垫设计和降噪优化提供了有效的工具。

引用次数: 0

Tunable acoustic metasurface for low-frequency broadband absorption via asymmetric adjustable apertures 通过不对称可调孔径进行低频宽带吸收的可调谐声学超表面

IF 3.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Applied Acoustics

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111237

Jiwan Kim, Yerin Shim, Wonju Jeon

We propose an acoustic metasurface that achieves low-frequency broadband absorption with tunable target frequencies via mechanically adjustable apertures. The metasurface consists of sub-wavelength Helmholtz resonators, each integrating an aperture into the neck rim without increasing overall thickness. By adjusting aperture closure ratios, geometrical asymmetry between adjacent resonators induces hybrid resonance, yielding perfect absorption. Compared with the design without apertures, the proposed structure lowers resonance frequency and widens bandwidth while maintaining deep sub-wavelength thickness. A theoretical model is developed to calculate the frequency-dependent effective impedance of the metasurface by rigorously accounting for thermo-viscous losses in narrow apertures. This model provides a physics-based framework for selecting aperture closure ratios to ensure impedance matching at arbitrary frequencies. To demonstrate practical feasibility, a metasurface sample with iris-diaphragm-inspired apertures is fabricated using three-dimensional printing, and its absorption performance is experimentally validated using impedance tube measurements. Experimental results confirm perfect absorption at a selected frequency within a tunable range from 400 to 540 Hz. Furthermore, combining multiple unit cells extends the design to broadband absorption, achieving 90% absorption over a one-third octave band (390–485 Hz). Given its compactness and tunability, the metasurface offers an effective solution for low-frequency noise control under dynamically varying spectral conditions.

我们提出了一种声学超表面，通过机械可调孔径实现低频宽带吸收，目标频率可调。超表面由亚波长亥姆霍兹谐振器组成，每个谐振器在颈部边缘集成一个孔径，而不增加整体厚度。通过调节孔径闭合比，相邻谐振腔之间的几何不对称引起混合谐振，产生完美的吸收。与无孔设计相比，该结构在保持深亚波长厚度的同时，降低了谐振频率，拓宽了带宽。建立了一个理论模型，通过严格考虑窄孔中的热粘损失来计算频率相关的超表面有效阻抗。该模型为选择孔径闭合比提供了一个基于物理的框架，以确保在任意频率下阻抗匹配。为了证明其实际可行性，采用三维打印技术制备了具有虹膜-隔膜启发孔径的超表面样品，并通过阻抗管测量实验验证了其吸收性能。实验结果证实了在400 ~ 540 Hz可调范围内的选定频率上的完美吸收。此外，结合多个单元将设计扩展到宽带吸收，在三分之一倍频带（390-485 Hz）内实现90%的吸收。由于其紧凑性和可调性，该超表面为动态变化频谱条件下的低频噪声控制提供了有效的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-bandgap metamaterial-based suppression of nonlinear multi-harmonic signals in ultrasonic guided wave 基于多禁带的超材料对超声导波非线性多谐波信号的抑制

IF 3.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Applied Acoustics

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111248

Weiguo Chen, Xiaobin Hong, Dingmin Yang, Jiangbo Chen, Zhi Li

Ultrasonic guided wave is susceptible to nonlinear effects in the instrument measurement chain during damage detection, generating multi-harmonic interference signals that affect the accuracy of damage signature identification. To address this issue, a multi-bandgap metamaterial structure design method is proposed, which utilizes multiple bandgaps to suppress multi-harmonic interference signals. First, a genetic algorithm fitness function is designed to optimize six metamaterial configurations, successfully obtaining a stepped square pillarlike metamaterial with dual bandgaps of 120 kHz (2nd harmonic) and 180 kHz (3rd harmonic). Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the designed metamaterial allows the 60 kHz fundamental frequency to pass with slight attenuation, while achieving a strong suppression effect on the 2nd and 3rd harmonic components. Finally, in ultrasonic guided wave testing experiments on specimens containing fatigue microcrack with a width of 5–10 μm, the multi-bandgap metamaterial effectively suppressed the instrument’s inherent harmonic noise, highlighting the nonlinear harmonics induced by the microcrack, providing a reliable basis for early microcrack identification. This study demonstrates the significant advantages of multi-bandgap metamaterial in multi-frequency wave control, frequency selectivity and microdamage detection, highlighting the important potential of metamaterial in the field of structural health monitoring.

超声导波在损伤检测过程中容易受到仪器测量链非线性效应的影响，产生多谐波干扰信号，影响损伤特征识别的准确性。针对这一问题，提出了一种多带隙超材料结构设计方法，利用多带隙抑制多谐波干扰信号。首先，设计了遗传算法适应度函数对六种超材料构型进行优化，成功获得了具有120 kHz（二谐波）和180 kHz（三谐波）双带隙的阶梯式方形柱状超材料。仿真和实验结果表明，所设计的超材料可以使60 kHz的基频以轻微的衰减通过，同时对2次和3次谐波分量具有较强的抑制作用。最后，在宽度为5 ~ 10 μm的疲劳微裂纹试样超声导波测试实验中，多带隙超材料有效抑制了仪器固有谐波噪声，突出了微裂纹引起的非线性谐波，为早期识别微裂纹提供了可靠依据。本研究证明了多带隙超材料在多频波控制、频率选择性和微损伤检测等方面的显著优势，凸显了超材料在结构健康监测领域的重要潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Tunable dual-layer acoustic metacage for efficient sound insulation and transmission 可调双层隔音层，高效隔声和传声

IF 3.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Applied Acoustics

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111247

Chunhao Li , Cong Niu , Xiao Li , Guohao Zhang , Chuanjie Hu , Daxing Dong , Yangyang Fu

Acoustic metacages have been widely studied for noise insulation and reduction, but existing designs lack dynamic tunability, limiting their ability to support acoustic information transport. In this work, we propose a tunable acoustic metacage based on dual-layer metagratings to realize efficient dynamic switching between sound insulation and transmission. The dual-layer metagrating is designed with binary phase elements, providing a simple and robust method to modify the phase gradient of the acoustic metacage. By twisting the dual-layer metagratings, we achieve a dynamic transition between sound insulation and transmission through the 0th-order diffraction, governed by the parity-dependent diffraction law. We further design and experimentally demonstrate a tunable acoustic metacage that exhibits effective switching functionality for both sound insulation and transmission within the frequency range of 3.1 kHz to 4.0 kHz. Experimental results confirm the effective ventilation capability for both functionalities. With its simple design and tunable properties, the proposed acoustic metacage shows significant potential for applications in both noise reduction and acoustic communication.

声学元材料在隔音降噪方面得到了广泛的研究，但现有的设计缺乏动态可调性，限制了它们支持声学信息传输的能力。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种基于双层超聚合的可调谐声学元容器，以实现隔声和传声之间的有效动态切换。采用二元相元设计了双层元结构，提供了一种简单而稳健的方法来修改声学元结构的相位梯度。通过扭转双层超磁阻，我们实现了隔声和通过0阶衍射传输的动态过渡，并受宇称相关衍射定律的支配。我们进一步设计并实验证明了一种可调谐声学元腔，它在3.1 kHz至4.0 kHz的频率范围内具有有效的隔音和传输开关功能。实验结果证实了两种功能的有效通风能力。由于其简单的设计和可调谐的特性，所提出的声学元容器在降噪和声学通信方面显示出巨大的应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

A ventilated silencer based on rainbow trapping structure for broadband noise attenuation 一种基于彩虹俘获结构的宽带降噪通风消声器

IF 3.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Applied Acoustics

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111240

Yunwei Chen , Xiaomei Xu , Kangfan Yu , Qidi Fu , Xiaofei Du , Jianrun Zhang

Fan noise propagating within ducts is typically broadband in nature. Conventional silencers often fail to achieve effective broadband noise insulation, presenting a persistent challenge in engineering applications. The rainbow trapping effect offers an innovative solution to this problem. This paper proposes a ventilated silencer based on the rainbow trapping effect, which provides broadband capability of noise attenuation without altering the duct inner diameter. The original rainbow trapping structure is transformed into a fan shaped configuration, mounted by circular arrays and filled with porous materials to form a silencer suitable for duct applications. To analyze the performance of this silencer, a comprehensive finite element model is developed, which is validated through impedance tube experiments. The results reveal that sound waves with different frequencies could be captured by branch cavities with varying depths, and the acoustic energy will be subsequently dissipated by the filled porous materials. Both impedance tube experimental and simulation results demonstrate the broadband performance of the proposed silencer, specifically achieving a sound transmission loss exceeding 10 dB above 257 Hz, representing 90% acoustic energy insulation. Fan tests demonstrated that the average overall sound pressure level is reduced by 4.8 dB after installing the silencer. Parametric analysis indicates that this silencer can achieve excellent broadband performance without requiring complicated design and manufacturing processes. This work presents a promising approach for duct and fan noise control applications.

在管道内传播的风扇噪声本质上是典型的宽带噪声。传统的消声器往往不能实现有效的宽带噪声隔离，这在工程应用中提出了一个持续的挑战。彩虹诱捕效应为这个问题提供了一个创新的解决方案。本文提出了一种基于彩虹诱捕效应的通风消声器，在不改变管道内径的情况下提供宽带降噪能力。原来的彩虹诱捕结构被改造成扇形结构，由圆形阵列安装，并填充多孔材料，形成适合管道应用的消声器。为了分析该消声器的性能，建立了综合有限元模型，并通过阻抗管实验进行了验证。结果表明，不同深度的分支腔可以捕获不同频率的声波，而声波能量随后会被填充的多孔材料耗散。阻抗管实验和仿真结果均证明了所提出的消声器的宽带性能，特别是在257 Hz以上的声音传输损失超过10 dB，代表90%的声能绝缘。风扇测试表明，安装消声器后，平均总声压级降低了4.8 dB。参数分析表明，该消声器无需复杂的设计和制造工艺，即可获得优异的宽带性能。这项工作为风管和风机噪声控制应用提供了一种有前途的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Spatial correlation of non-uniform seafloor vibrations under a marine isotropic noise field 海洋各向同性噪声场下非均匀海底振动的空间相关性

IF 3.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Applied Acoustics

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111236

Bowen Dong, Haifeng Zhang, Fengyuan Yang

This paper addresses the spatial correlation modeling of seafloor sediment–water interface vibrations within an isotropic noise field. The novelty of this work lies in revealing the role of non-uniform waves in shaping the spatial correlation of interface vibrations, establishing a theoretical framework for the biphasic half-space interface under isotropic noise, and deriving integral expressions for the auto- and cross-correlations of interface vibrations. The correlation behavior of sediment–water interface vibrations is analyzed, considering various influencing factors, including the properties of the sediment layer and the noise frequency. The study demonstrates that non-uniform waves at the interface significantly influence the spatial cross-correlation of vibrations. These waves induce spatial correlation among the originally uncorrelated tri-axial vibrations of the sediment–water interface.

本文研究了各向同性噪声场下海底沉积物-水界面振动的空间相关模型。本工作的新颖之处在于揭示了非均匀波在形成界面振动空间相关性中的作用，建立了各向同性噪声下双相半空间界面的理论框架，并推导了界面振动的自相关和互相关的积分表达式。分析了沉积物-水界面振动的相关行为，考虑了各种影响因素，包括沉积物层的性质和噪声频率。研究表明，界面处的非均匀波对振动的空间相互关系有显著影响。这些波引起了原本不相关的沉积物-水界面三轴振动之间的空间相关性。

引用次数: 0

Acoustic alerting system for electric vehicles combining directional sound technique with object tracking—towards quieter urban environments 结合定向声技术和目标跟踪的电动汽车声报警系统——面向更安静的城市环境

IF 3.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Applied Acoustics

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111231

Hui Li , Ling Zheng , Jun Wu , Jian Pang

Electric vehicles (EVs) are mandated to emit warning sounds to notify pedestrians. However, it is desirable that these warning sounds are directed precisely to vulnerable road-users, thereby avoiding unnecessary noise pollution. This paper integrates directional sound technology with object-tracking in artificial Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Systems (AVAS) for electric vehicles. Directional sound is achieved using a loudspeaker array. Real-time locations of road users are accomplished via the vehicle-mounted surround-view cameras. They are integrated to generate a sound field that can adjust its direction in real-time according to the positions of moving road-users. This system supports seven operating cases, including multiple road users in the left, middle, right, left-middle, left–right and right-middle zones of the vehicle, plus the scenario of full vehicle surrounding by road users. Offline simulations and laboratory experiments validated the AVAS effectiveness, showing that the adaptive AVAS can produce targeted directional sound fields within a small angular region, dynamically track moving objects to adjust sound orientation in real time, and cut non-target noise by over 15 dB. In areas distant from moving objects, the warning sound remains at relatively low levels. By reducing unnecessary warning sound in non-critical areas, the proposed adaptive AVAS enhances the environmental performance of EVs and contributes to quieter urban environments.

电动汽车（ev）必须发出警告声音，以提醒行人。然而，最好这些警告声音是针对脆弱的道路使用者，从而避免不必要的噪音污染。本文将定向声技术与目标跟踪技术相结合，应用于电动汽车人工声车辆报警系统。定向声音是通过扬声器阵列来实现的。道路使用者的实时定位是通过车载环视摄像头完成的。它们被整合在一起，产生一个声场，可以根据移动的道路使用者的位置实时调整其方向。该系统支持车辆左、中、右、左中、左右、右中、右中、右中、右中等多个道路使用者，以及道路使用者全车环绕场景等7种操作场景。离线仿真和室内实验验证了AVAS的有效性，结果表明，自适应AVAS能够在小角度区域内产生目标定向声场，动态跟踪运动目标实时调整声向，并能有效降低非目标噪声15 dB以上。在远离移动物体的区域，警告声音保持在相对较低的水平。通过减少非关键区域不必要的警告声音，所提出的自适应AVAS提高了电动汽车的环保性能，有助于营造更安静的城市环境。

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引用次数: 0