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Morphometric and pelage color variation of two sibling species of shrew (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) 鼩鼱两兄弟种的形态和皮毛颜色变化(哺乳纲:鼩鼱目)
Pub Date : 2014-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-014-0176-y
Shun-de Chen, Yang Liu, Zhiyu Sun, F. Tu, Changkun Fu, Qiong Wang, Shaoying Liu
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引用次数: 3
Geographical variation of antler morphology of moose (Alces alces) in Russia 俄罗斯驼鹿(Alces Alces)鹿角形态的地理变异
Pub Date : 2014-02-27 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-014-0175-z
V. V. Kolesnikov, I. Kozlovskii
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引用次数: 3
Fluctuating asymmetry and inbreeding in Scandinavian gray wolves (Canis lupus) 斯堪的纳维亚灰狼(Canis lupus)的波动不对称和近亲繁殖
Pub Date : 2014-02-04 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-014-0174-0
Ø. Wiig, L. Bachmann
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引用次数: 8
High efficiency protocol of DNA extraction from Micromys minutus mandibles from owl pellets: a tool for molecular research of cryptic mammal species. 从猫头鹰颗粒中提取下颌骨DNA的高效方法:一种用于隐匿哺乳动物分子研究的工具。
Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-05-10 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-013-0144-y
Magdalena M Buś, Michał Zmihorski, Jerzy Romanowski, Laima Balčiauskienė, Jan Cichocki, Linas Balčiauskas

Owl pellets have high potential as a source of DNA. However, this noninvasive method of collecting DNA is rarely used, and its methodological aspects are poorly understood. We investigated the methodology for DNA extraction and amplification from owl pellets containing the smallest European rodent-the Harvest mouse Micromys minutus-as an example. We used mandibles identified in owl pellets for mitochondrial and nuclear DNA amplification. For DNA extraction, we tested two commercial protocols and utilized a protocol being a combination of two commercial kits which ensured high efficiency of DNA extraction. Additionally, we recorded that the amount of DNA was five times higher in extracts from teeth as compared to DNA extracts from jawbones derived from the same mandible. The quantity of DNA was significantly positively correlated with biological sample weight; however, the age of the pellet remains had an impact on the level of inhibition. We recorded inhibition in 40 % of mtDNA extracts derived from pellets older than 150 months, whereas in DNA extracts from pellets younger than 80 months, we did not observe a negative impact of inhibition on PCR efficiency. The amplification success rate was 89.9 % for the mitochondrial fragment and 39.4 % in the case of the nuclear fragment. We observed partial degradation of DNA evidenced by the fact that the longest fragments that we were able to amplify in the case of mtDNA were 450 and 200 bp for nuDNA. The study shows that pellets can be considered as a source of DNA and have high potential for molecular research in the case of threatened species and species that are difficult to study using standard field techniques.

猫头鹰丸作为DNA来源的潜力很大。然而,这种收集DNA的非侵入性方法很少被使用,其方法方面的理解也很差。我们研究了从含有最小的欧洲啮齿动物- - - Harvest鼠- - -的猫头鹰颗粒中提取和扩增DNA的方法。我们使用猫头鹰颗粒中鉴定的下颌骨进行线粒体和核DNA扩增。对于DNA提取,我们测试了两种商业协议,并使用了一种协议是两种商业试剂盒的组合,以确保DNA提取的高效率。此外,我们还记录到,从牙齿中提取的DNA含量是从同一下颌骨中提取的DNA含量的五倍。DNA含量与生物样品质量呈显著正相关;然而,颗粒残留物的年龄对抑制水平有影响。我们记录了来自超过150个月的颗粒的40%的mtDNA提取物的抑制作用,而来自小于80个月的颗粒的DNA提取物,我们没有观察到抑制对PCR效率的负面影响。线粒体片段的扩增成功率为89.9%,核片段的扩增成功率为39.4%。我们观察到DNA的部分降解,事实证明,我们能够在mtDNA的情况下扩增的最长片段是450和200 bp的nuDNA。该研究表明,颗粒可以被视为DNA的来源,并且在使用标准现场技术难以研究的濒危物种和物种的情况下具有很高的分子研究潜力。
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引用次数: 1
The biological potential of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Gray 1834) as an invasive species in Europe-new risks for disease spread? 浣熊犬(Nyctereutes procyonoides,Gray 1834)作为欧洲入侵物种的生物潜力--疾病传播的新风险?
Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-03-10 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-013-0138-9
Astrid Sutor, Sabine Schwarz, Franz Josef Conraths

Invasive wildlife species have the potential to act as additional host and vector species for infectious diseases. The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonides), a carnivore species that has its origin in Asia, was taken as an example to demonstrate biological and ecological prerequisites which enables an invasive species to occupy a new habitat permanently. Studies conducted during the last 20 years identified a total of 35 species of endoparasites, five ectoparasites, six bacterial or protozoan species, and five viruses found in the subspecies Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis in its original and newly occupied habitat or in Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis in its original habitat, respectively. With reference to raccoon dogs impact as vector species and the relevance for human and animal health, we selected Trichinella spp., Echinococcus multilocularis, Francisella tularensis, rabies virus, and canine distemper virus for detailed description. Results of studies from Finland and Germany furthermore showed that biological characteristics of the raccoon dog make this carnivore an ideal host and vector for a variety of pathogens. This may result in a growing importance of this invasive species concerning the epidemiology of some transmissible diseases in Europe, including the hazard that the existence of autochthonous wildlife, particularly small populations, is endangered. Potential adverse effects on human and animal health in the livestock sector must also be taken into account. Especially with regard to its potential as a reservoir for zoonotic diseases, the raccoon dog should receive more attention in disease prevention and eradication strategies.

入侵野生生物物种有可能成为传染病的额外宿主和病媒物种。我们以浣熊犬(Nyctereutes procyonides)这一起源于亚洲的食肉动物物种为例,说明入侵物种永久占据新栖息地的生物和生态先决条件。在过去 20 年中进行的研究发现,在 Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis 亚种的原栖息地和新栖息地或 Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis 亚种的原栖息地分别发现了 35 种内寄生虫、5 种外寄生虫、6 种细菌或原生动物和 5 种病毒。考虑到浣熊犬作为病媒物种的影响以及与人类和动物健康的相关性,我们选择了毛滴虫属、多形棘球蚴、土拉弗氏菌、狂犬病毒和犬瘟热病毒进行详细描述。芬兰和德国的研究结果进一步表明,浣熊犬的生物特性使这种食肉动物成为各种病原体的理想宿主和载体。这可能会导致这种入侵物种在欧洲某些传染病流行病学中的重要性日益增加,包括危及本土野生动物(尤其是小种群)的生存。此外,还必须考虑到对人类和畜牧业动物健康的潜在不利影响。特别是考虑到浣熊犬作为人畜共患疾病贮藏库的潜力,浣熊犬在疾病预防和根除战略中应得到更多关注。
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引用次数: 0
Reproductive failure in moose (Alces alces) due to embryonic mortality and unfertilized oocytes. 驼鹿(Alces Alces)由于胚胎死亡和卵母细胞未受精而导致的生殖失败。
Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-12-15 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-013-0173-6
Jonas Malmsten, Anne-Marie Dalin

Knowledge on reproductive success is vital for successful management of large ungulates and is often measured by means of observing surviving offspring. In harvested ungulates, postmortem investigations of reproductive organs are used to estimate reproductive potential by obtaining ovulation rates and fetus numbers. However, there are differences in numbers of offspring observed, fetal/embryo counts, and ovulation rates. We hypothesize that the discrepancy between estimated reproductive potential and reproductive outcome in large ungulates is not only due to ova loss but also due to embryonic mortality. We investigated reproductive status in early pregnancy by sampling hunter-harvested moose (Alces alces) in southern Sweden from 2007 to 2011. In all, 213 reproductive organs were examined postmortem, and in confirmed pregnant moose (n = 53), 25 % (19 of 76) embryos were nonviable and 6 % of ova was unfertilized. The discrepancy between the ovulation rate of all pregnant moose (1.49) and the number of expected offspring per pregnant female, when embryonic mortality and unfertilized oocytes were accounted for (1.08), was 27.5 %. An association between inflammation of the inner mucous membrane (endometritis) of the moose's uterus and embryonic mortality was observed. This is the first comprehensive report of embryonic mortality and endometritis in moose. The observed discrepancy between ovulation rates and early embryonic development/survival shows that ovulation rates are indicative but not accurate estimates of moose reproductive rate. The use of ovulation rates as a sole estimator of future offspring rates may lead to an overharvest of a managed moose population.

关于繁殖成功的知识对于大型有蹄类动物的成功管理至关重要,通常通过观察幸存的后代来衡量。在收获的有蹄类动物中,死后对生殖器官的调查被用来通过获得排卵率和胎儿数量来估计生殖潜力。然而,在观察到的后代数量、胎儿/胚胎计数和排卵率方面存在差异。我们推测,在大型有蹄类动物中,估计的生殖潜力和生殖结果之间的差异不仅是由于卵子的丢失,而且是由于胚胎的死亡。从2007年到2011年,我们对瑞典南部狩猎驼鹿(Alces Alces)的妊娠早期生殖状况进行了调查。总共213个生殖器官在死后被检查,在确认怀孕的驼鹿(n = 53)中,25%(76中的19)胚胎不能存活,6%的卵子未受精。当考虑胚胎死亡率和未受精卵母细胞(1.08)时,所有怀孕驼鹿的排卵率(1.49)与每只怀孕母鹿的预期子代数之间的差异为27.5%。观察到驼鹿子宫内粘膜炎症(子宫内膜炎)与胚胎死亡率之间的联系。这是第一个关于驼鹿胚胎死亡率和子宫内膜炎的综合报告。观察到的排卵率和早期胚胎发育/存活之间的差异表明,排卵率是驼鹿繁殖率的指示性估计,但不是准确的估计。使用排卵率作为未来后代率的唯一估计可能导致管理驼鹿种群的过度捕捞。
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引用次数: 5
"Reversed" intraguild predation: red fox cubs killed by pine marten. “反向”野生捕食:红狐幼崽被松貂杀死。
Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-014-0179-8
Marcin Brzeziński, Lukasz Rodak, Andrzej Zalewski

Camera traps deployed at a badger Meles meles set in mixed pine forest in north-eastern Poland recorded interspecific killing of red fox Vulpes vulpes cubs by pine marten Martes martes. The vixen and her cubs settled in the set at the beginning of May 2013, and it was abandoned by the badgers shortly afterwards. Five fox cubs were recorded playing in front of the den each night. Ten days after the first recording of the foxes, a pine marten was filmed at the set; it arrived in the morning, made a reconnaissance and returned at night when the vixen was away from the set. The pine marten entered the den several times and killed at least two fox cubs. It was active at the set for about 2 h. This observation proves that red foxes are not completely safe from predation by smaller carnivores, even those considered to be subordinate species in interspecific competition.

在波兰东北部的混交松林中的獾群中设置的相机陷阱记录了红狐狐幼崽被松貂马特斯马特斯杀死的情况。2013年5月初,这只雌狐和她的幼崽们定居在这里,不久之后就被獾抛弃了。每天晚上都有五只小狐狸在洞穴前玩耍。在第一次记录狐狸的十天后,一只松貂在片场被拍摄下来;它在早上到达,进行了侦察,并在晚上雌狐离开片场时返回。这只松貂多次进入洞穴,杀死了至少两只狐狸幼崽。这一观察结果证明,在小型食肉动物的捕食下,红狐并不是完全安全的,即使是那些在种间竞争中被认为是从属物种的动物。
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引用次数: 6
The influence of habitat structure on genetic differentiation in red fox populations in north-eastern Poland. 波兰东北部生境结构对赤狐种群遗传分化的影响。
Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-03-22 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-014-0180-2
Jacinta Mullins, Allan D McDevitt, Rafał Kowalczyk, Iwona Ruczyńska, Marcin Górny, Jan M Wójcik

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) has the widest global distribution among terrestrial carnivore species, occupying most of the Northern Hemisphere in its native range. Because it carries diseases that can be transmitted to humans and domestic animals, it is important to gather information about their movements and dispersal in their natural habitat but it is difficult to do so at a broad scale with trapping and telemetry. In this study, we have described the genetic diversity and structure of red fox populations in six areas of north-eastern Poland, based on samples collected from 2002-2003. We tested 22 microsatellite loci isolated from the dog and the red fox genome to select a panel of nine polymorphic loci suitable for this study. Genetic differentiation between the six studied populations was low to moderate and analysis in Structure revealed a panmictic population in the region. Spatial autocorrelation among all individuals showed a pattern of decreasing relatedness with increasing distance and this was not significantly negative until 93 km, indicating a pattern of isolation-by-distance over a large area. However, there was no correlation between genetic distance and either Euclidean distance or least-cost path distance at the population level. There was a significant relationship between genetic distance and the proportion of large forests and water along the Euclidean distances. These types of habitats may influence dispersal paths taken by red foxes, which is useful information in terms of wildlife disease management.

红狐(Vulpes Vulpes)是全球陆地食肉动物中分布最广的物种,占据了北半球的大部分地区。由于它携带的疾病可以传播给人类和家畜,因此收集它们在自然栖息地的活动和分布情况的信息很重要,但通过诱捕和遥测技术很难在大范围内做到这一点。在这项研究中,我们基于2002-2003年收集的样本,描述了波兰东北部六个地区红狐种群的遗传多样性和结构。我们测试了从狗和红狐基因组中分离的22个微卫星位点,从中选择了9个适合本研究的多态性位点。6个研究群体的遗传分化程度为低至中等,结构分析显示该地区存在泛型群体。所有个体之间的空间自相关均表现出随距离增加而降低的趋势,直到93 km时才出现显著的负相关,表明在大范围内存在逐距离隔离的趋势。在种群水平上,遗传距离与欧几里得距离和最小代价路径距离均无相关性。在欧几里得距离上,遗传距离与大森林和水的比例有显著的关系。这些类型的栖息地可能影响红狐的传播路径,这对野生动物疾病管理是有用的信息。
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引用次数: 1
Long-term responses in population dynamics and diversity of small mammals in riparian and upland habitats within an agricultural landscape 农业景观中河岸和高地生境中小型哺乳动物种群动态和多样性的长期响应
Pub Date : 2013-12-11 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-013-0172-7
T. Sullivan, D. S. Sullivan, J. Sullivan
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引用次数: 4
Differential selection of North American and Scandinavian conifer browse by northwestern moose (Alces alces andersoni) in winter 西北驼鹿(Alces Alces andersoni)冬季对北美和斯堪的纳维亚针叶树的不同选择
Pub Date : 2013-11-22 DOI: 10.1007/s13364-013-0170-9
Roy V. Rea, O. Hjeljord, S. Härkönen
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Acta Theriologica
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