Mayra Mendoza Cariño, Ana Laura Bautista Olivas, Daniel Mendoza Cariño, C. O. Solorio, Hector Francisco Duarte Tagles, Gerardo Cruz Flores
Agriculture productivity in the state of Nayarit has decreased since 1998. The aim of the study was to undertake the agroclimatic zoning across the state in order to determine the type of crops more convenient to render the highest yields, based on Papadakis climate classification system. Hydric and thermal characteristics pertaining to the geographic distribution of crops were used, as well as indexes derived from meteorological data provided by 25 climate stations. There were three climatic groups identified: tropical, subtropical and cold land, having four, three and two subgroups each, respectively. First two climatic groups support winter cereals such as oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Secale cereale L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); and summer cereals such as corn (Zea mays L.), millet (Panicum italicum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench); in addition to banana (Musa paradisiaca L.), citrus and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.). On the other hand, corn and potato were found in the cold land climatic group. Based on Papadakis’ methodology, for each climatic sub-group identified, a set of recommendation management were given to improve yields: crop type, sowing season, irrigation, fertilizing and other agrochemicals application; and to avoid crop damage. Agroclimatic zoning map was generated by using the inverse distance weighted interpolation method. This study may contribute to the successful planning of crops across the region and thus improving the state’s economy.
{"title":"Agroclimatic zoning of the state of Nayarit, México","authors":"Mayra Mendoza Cariño, Ana Laura Bautista Olivas, Daniel Mendoza Cariño, C. O. Solorio, Hector Francisco Duarte Tagles, Gerardo Cruz Flores","doi":"10.20937/atm.53002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53002","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture productivity in the state of Nayarit has decreased since 1998. The aim of the study was to undertake the agroclimatic zoning across the state in order to determine the type of crops more convenient to render the highest yields, based on Papadakis climate classification system. Hydric and thermal characteristics pertaining to the geographic distribution of crops were used, as well as indexes derived from meteorological data provided by 25 climate stations. There were three climatic groups identified: tropical, subtropical and cold land, having four, three and two subgroups each, respectively. First two climatic groups support winter cereals such as oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Secale cereale L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); and summer cereals such as corn (Zea mays L.), millet (Panicum italicum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench); in addition to banana (Musa paradisiaca L.), citrus and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.). On the other hand, corn and potato were found in the cold land climatic group. Based on Papadakis’ methodology, for each climatic sub-group identified, a set of recommendation management were given to improve yields: crop type, sowing season, irrigation, fertilizing and other agrochemicals application; and to avoid crop damage. Agroclimatic zoning map was generated by using the inverse distance weighted interpolation method. This study may contribute to the successful planning of crops across the region and thus improving the state’s economy.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49326939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to understand the interaction between rainfall and streamflow variability in the La Plata basin (LPB) along a wide range of timescales. LPB is divided in six sub-basins associated to the main rivers (Paraguay, Paraná, Uruguay and Iguazú). The amplification of the streamflow response is addressed in order to evaluate to what extent river discharges variability can be explained by precipitation fluctuations. Mean annual cycles corresponding to 1931-2010 period and to each of the decades comprising it are analyzed. Streamflow interdecadal changes are observed in most of the gauging stations. In addition, an 11-year moving-average filter is applied to the normalized annual time series. Results exhibit a considerable higher percentage of explained variance in the streamflow filtered series, highlighting the predominance of low frequency variability present in these compared to those of precipitation. Consistently, river discharges show higher spectral density over decadal/interdecadal frequencies compared to precipitation analysis. A simple statistical approach to advance in the understanding of the complex rainfall-streamflow physical relationship is addressed with promising results: streamflow spectrums are derived directly from the precipitation spectrum, transformed by a 'basin' operator, characteristic of the basin itself. It is assumed that watersheds acts on precipitation as spatio-temporal integrators operating as low-pass filters, like a moving average. Streamflow power spectrums are simulated assuming that the underlying process is an autoregressive moving average (ARMA). Considering as the only input the sub-basin areal-averaged precipitation timeseries, results show that simulated streamflow spectrums fits effectively the observations at the sub-basin scale.
{"title":"Relationship between rainfall and streamflow in the La Plata Basin: annual cycles, interdecadal and multidecadal variability","authors":"Carla N. Gulizia, I. Camilloni","doi":"10.20937/atm.53013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53013","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to understand the interaction between rainfall and streamflow variability in the La Plata basin (LPB) along a wide range of timescales. LPB is divided in six sub-basins associated to the main rivers (Paraguay, Paraná, Uruguay and Iguazú). The amplification of the streamflow response is addressed in order to evaluate to what extent river discharges variability can be explained by precipitation fluctuations. Mean annual cycles corresponding to 1931-2010 period and to each of the decades comprising it are analyzed. Streamflow interdecadal changes are observed in most of the gauging stations. In addition, an 11-year moving-average filter is applied to the normalized annual time series. Results exhibit a considerable higher percentage of explained variance in the streamflow filtered series, highlighting the predominance of low frequency variability present in these compared to those of precipitation. Consistently, river discharges show higher spectral density over decadal/interdecadal frequencies compared to precipitation analysis. A simple statistical approach to advance in the understanding of the complex rainfall-streamflow physical relationship is addressed with promising results: streamflow spectrums are derived directly from the precipitation spectrum, transformed by a 'basin' operator, characteristic of the basin itself. It is assumed that watersheds acts on precipitation as spatio-temporal integrators operating as low-pass filters, like a moving average. Streamflow power spectrums are simulated assuming that the underlying process is an autoregressive moving average (ARMA). Considering as the only input the sub-basin areal-averaged precipitation timeseries, results show that simulated streamflow spectrums fits effectively the observations at the sub-basin scale.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43539959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the relation between COVID-19, air pollution, and public transport mobility in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). We test if the restrictions to economic activity introduced to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 are associated with a structural change in air pollution levels and public transport mobility. Our results show that mobility in public transportation was significantly reduced following the government's recommendations. Nonetheless, we show that the reduction in mobility was not accompanied by a reduction in air pollution. Furthermore, Granger-causality tests show that the precedence relation between public transport mobility and air pollution disappeared as a product of the restrictions. Thus, our results suggest that air pollution in the MCMA seems primarily driven by industry and private car usage. In this regard, the government should redouble its efforts to develop policies to reduce industrial pollution and private car usage.
{"title":"Air Pollution and Mobility in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area in Times of COVID-19","authors":"J. E. Vera-Valdés, C. Rodríguez-Caballero","doi":"10.20937/atm.53052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53052","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the relation between COVID-19, air pollution, and public transport mobility in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). We test if the restrictions to economic activity introduced to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 are associated with a structural change in air pollution levels and public transport mobility. Our results show that mobility in public transportation was significantly reduced following the government's recommendations. Nonetheless, we show that the reduction in mobility was not accompanied by a reduction in air pollution. Furthermore, Granger-causality tests show that the precedence relation between public transport mobility and air pollution disappeared as a product of the restrictions. Thus, our results suggest that air pollution in the MCMA seems primarily driven by industry and private car usage. In this regard, the government should redouble its efforts to develop policies to reduce industrial pollution and private car usage.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46444649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. B. González, J. Santana, V. Cachorro, C. Toledano, J. Antuna-Marrero, René Estevan Arredondo, Á. Frutos
The effects of cumulus clouds (Cu) and the combination of stratocumulus-cumulus clouds (Sc-Cu) on the solar radiation at the earth’s surface were evaluated at Camagüey (Cuba) for a 6-year period (from June 2010 to May 2016). Two methods to calculate the cloud radiative effect (CRE) were employed. The first method (CREm) uses solar irradiances in cloudy conditions from actinometric observations, where cloud information was also reported by visual observation. In the second method (CRE0) surface solar irradiances were estimated for both cloudy and clear sky conditions using a 1-D radiative transfer model, and cloud optical depth (COD) retrieved from an AERONET sun-photometer as the main input. A temporal correspondence criterion between COD retrievals and actinometric observations was performed in order to classify COD of each cloud type. After the application of this criterion, the COD belonging to the optically thin clouds was removed. Finally, 255 and 732 COD observations for Cu and Sc-Cu respectively, were found. Results show statistically significant difference at the 95% confidence level between CRE calculated for Sc-Cu and Cu, using the both methods. Mean values of CREm and CRE0 for Cu (Sc-Cu) were −442 W/m2 (−390 W/m2) and −460 W/m2 (−417 W/m2), respectively. CRE0 shows a linear relation with ln(COD), with stronger correlation at lower solar zenith angle. The shortwave cloud effect efficiency (CEE) for the two cloud types sharply decreases with the increase of the COD up to the value of 20. For larger COD, the CEE is less sensitive to the increase of COD.
{"title":"Surface shortwave cloud radiative effect of Cumulus (Cu) and Stratocumulus-Cumulus (Sc-Cu) cloud types in the Caribbean area (Camagüey Cuba, 2010-2016)","authors":"B. B. González, J. Santana, V. Cachorro, C. Toledano, J. Antuna-Marrero, René Estevan Arredondo, Á. Frutos","doi":"10.20937/atm.52858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.52858","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of cumulus clouds (Cu) and the combination of stratocumulus-cumulus clouds (Sc-Cu) on the solar radiation at the earth’s surface were evaluated at Camagüey (Cuba) for a 6-year period (from June 2010 to May 2016). Two methods to calculate the cloud radiative effect (CRE) were employed. The first method (CREm) uses solar irradiances in cloudy conditions from actinometric observations, where cloud information was also reported by visual observation. In the second method (CRE0) surface solar irradiances were estimated for both cloudy and clear sky conditions using a 1-D radiative transfer model, and cloud optical depth (COD) retrieved from an AERONET sun-photometer as the main input. A temporal correspondence criterion between COD retrievals and actinometric observations was performed in order to classify COD of each cloud type. After the application of this criterion, the COD belonging to the optically thin clouds was removed. Finally, 255 and 732 COD observations for Cu and Sc-Cu respectively, were found. Results show statistically significant difference at the 95% confidence level between CRE calculated for Sc-Cu and Cu, using the both methods. Mean values of CREm and CRE0 for Cu (Sc-Cu) were −442 W/m2 (−390 W/m2) and −460 W/m2 (−417 W/m2), respectively. CRE0 shows a linear relation with ln(COD), with stronger correlation at lower solar zenith angle. The shortwave cloud effect efficiency (CEE) for the two cloud types sharply decreases with the increase of the COD up to the value of 20. For larger COD, the CEE is less sensitive to the increase of COD.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42053551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dry events occurring in the Southeast Region of Brazil (SEB) during the summer (rainfall season) have been in evidence in the last years, mainly due to previous extreme events in the 2013/14 and 2014/15 seasons. Drought analyses are usually carried out with monthly data. Here our methodology addresses the issue with daily data in order to generate a thorough analysis. Dry events were evaluated for different homogeneous precipitation sub-regions within the SEB, over 37 December-February (DJF) seasons and with two different timescales of duration: synoptic (5-9 days) and intraseasonal (≥10 days). Two main distinct dynamic patterns were found for dry events in southern and central-northern parts of SEB, respectively, but no major differences were identified for the different timescales of occurrence. Southern events were characterized by a stationary ridge acting over the whole southern South America, making the transient systems approximation to southern SEB difficult. At the same time, this pattern showed a northern-shifted South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) configuration. In the central-northern events, a high pressure centered between the South and Southeast regions of Brazil was associated with the dryness conditions. An anomalous southward shift of meteorological systems characteristic of the South American summer was also verified for these events. Over the South Atlantic, an opposite SST anomaly configuration was identified between southern and central-northern events.
{"title":"Summer dry events on synoptic and intraseasonal timescales in the Southeast Region of Brazil","authors":"A. Bier, S. Ferraz, T. Ambrizzi","doi":"10.20937/atm.53025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53025","url":null,"abstract":"Dry events occurring in the Southeast Region of Brazil (SEB) during the summer (rainfall season) have been in evidence in the last years, mainly due to previous extreme events in the 2013/14 and 2014/15 seasons. Drought analyses are usually carried out with monthly data. Here our methodology addresses the issue with daily data in order to generate a thorough analysis. Dry events were evaluated for different homogeneous precipitation sub-regions within the SEB, over 37 December-February (DJF) seasons and with two different timescales of duration: synoptic (5-9 days) and intraseasonal (≥10 days). Two main distinct dynamic patterns were found for dry events in southern and central-northern parts of SEB, respectively, but no major differences were identified for the different timescales of occurrence. Southern events were characterized by a stationary ridge acting over the whole southern South America, making the transient systems approximation to southern SEB difficult. At the same time, this pattern showed a northern-shifted South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) configuration. In the central-northern events, a high pressure centered between the South and Southeast regions of Brazil was associated with the dryness conditions. An anomalous southward shift of meteorological systems characteristic of the South American summer was also verified for these events. Over the South Atlantic, an opposite SST anomaly configuration was identified between southern and central-northern events.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43721178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vannia Aliaga Nestares, Diego Zimmermann, Nelson Quispe Gutiérrez
The behavior of the second band of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), near the Peruvian coast during early 2017, is studied, using precipitation, surface winds, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric variables in different isobaric levels. The proposal of a daily index (Ia) to identify, opportunely, the formation of this band and the Lorenz energy terms in the region is also considered. This band was present from late January to early April 2017, associated with an anomalous dipole of sea level pressure between the east and west Oriental Equatorial Pacific, that configured anomalously northerly surface winds and relaxation of southeasterly trade winds near Peru. In medium levels, a zonally-oriented positive mixing ratio anomaly is observed in early March over the ITCZ’s second band, associated with heavy rain systems over the northern Peruvian coastal region. In the same period, positive anomalies of divergence in high tropospheric levels are observed. The daily Ia index allowed an effective detection of the ITCZ’s second band with 11 days prior the maximum coastal precipitation, and the Lorenz energy terms showed kinetic eddies energy (KE) peaks in January and February and a contribution of barotropic instability in equatorial regions.
{"title":"Behavior of ITCZ’ second band near the Peruvian coast during the 2017 coastal El Niño","authors":"Vannia Aliaga Nestares, Diego Zimmermann, Nelson Quispe Gutiérrez","doi":"10.20937/atm.53017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53017","url":null,"abstract":"The behavior of the second band of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), near the Peruvian coast during early 2017, is studied, using precipitation, surface winds, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric variables in different isobaric levels. The proposal of a daily index (Ia) to identify, opportunely, the formation of this band and the Lorenz energy terms in the region is also considered. This band was present from late January to early April 2017, associated with an anomalous dipole of sea level pressure between the east and west Oriental Equatorial Pacific, that configured anomalously northerly surface winds and relaxation of southeasterly trade winds near Peru. In medium levels, a zonally-oriented positive mixing ratio anomaly is observed in early March over the ITCZ’s second band, associated with heavy rain systems over the northern Peruvian coastal region. In the same period, positive anomalies of divergence in high tropospheric levels are observed. The daily Ia index allowed an effective detection of the ITCZ’s second band with 11 days prior the maximum coastal precipitation, and the Lorenz energy terms showed kinetic eddies energy (KE) peaks in January and February and a contribution of barotropic instability in equatorial regions.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47010632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Wootton, P. Rocha, Dario Alejandro Navarrete Gutiérrez
Changes in atmospheric CO2, ocean temperature, and regional vegetation conditions in Mesoamerica indicate that significant trends in temperature and rainfall may have occurred in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Mexico. This is an important region for flora and fauna which could be affected by climate trends. We aimed to determine if and where (27-year) climate trends had occurred in the Sierra Madre and lower elevation regions between 1990-2016, if these trends were part of longer term 1960-2016 (57-year) changes, and how changes in large-scale and regional/local conditions may be influencing these trends. In the Sierra Madre, overall minimum daily temperatures increased, maximum temperatures decreased, and most significant mean temperature trends were cooler during the 27-year period. Both the start and end of the wet season trended earlier in the year, and wet season rainfall increased significantly. Trends were not significant during the 57-year period in the Sierra Madre; however, in the adjacent Pacific coast region, significant warmer temperature trends continued during this period. Within regions, there was large variation in temperature and rainfall changes and some local trends were opposite to the regional averages. Large-scale processes of warming sea surface temperatures in the east coast of Mexico, a change from the positive to negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and increases in atmospheric CO2 may be influencing these trends. At the regional scale, increases in dense vegetation and evapotranspiration since 1990 may have created characteristics favoring a positive feedback of higher ocean-based moisture and vegetation-based precipitation cycling.
{"title":"Regional patterns of vegetation, temperature, and rainfall trends in the coastal mountain range of Chiapas, Mexico","authors":"A. Wootton, P. Rocha, Dario Alejandro Navarrete Gutiérrez","doi":"10.20937/atm.53026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53026","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in atmospheric CO2, ocean temperature, and regional vegetation conditions in Mesoamerica indicate that significant trends in temperature and rainfall may have occurred in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Mexico. This is an important region for flora and fauna which could be affected by climate trends. We aimed to determine if and where (27-year) climate trends had occurred in the Sierra Madre and lower elevation regions between 1990-2016, if these trends were part of longer term 1960-2016 (57-year) changes, and how changes in large-scale and regional/local conditions may be influencing these trends. In the Sierra Madre, overall minimum daily temperatures increased, maximum temperatures decreased, and most significant mean temperature trends were cooler during the 27-year period. Both the start and end of the wet season trended earlier in the year, and wet season rainfall increased significantly. Trends were not significant during the 57-year period in the Sierra Madre; however, in the adjacent Pacific coast region, significant warmer temperature trends continued during this period. Within regions, there was large variation in temperature and rainfall changes and some local trends were opposite to the regional averages. Large-scale processes of warming sea surface temperatures in the east coast of Mexico, a change from the positive to negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and increases in atmospheric CO2 may be influencing these trends. At the regional scale, increases in dense vegetation and evapotranspiration since 1990 may have created characteristics favoring a positive feedback of higher ocean-based moisture and vegetation-based precipitation cycling.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49420392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic introduced a significant decrease in industrial activities and other anthropic interventions on the environment, followed by a reduction of the emission of pollutant gases and aerosols. Monitoring of air quality is commonly performed through automatic stations, which can provide nearly real-time, accurate information. However, stations located in urban areas are subject to maintenance problems and extensive coverage for large areas is not feasible. As an alternative approach, data from orbital sensors can provide useful information for large areas at a low cost. Consequently, this study aimed to analyze the partial COVID-19 lockdown effect in atmospheric pollutants and indirect impact in UV radiation in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data on concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), total ozone (O3), and ultraviolet index (UVI) acquired by the OMI sensor aboard the Aura satellite were accessed for May, for the entire period 2010 to 2018, 2019, and 2020. Differences between these time series were calculated. Results showed significant reductions in nitrogen dioxide in most of the study area by as much as 33.9%, followed by increases in total ozone of up to 3.5% and the ultraviolet index by up to 4.8%. Although NO2 plays a fundamental role in stratospheric chemistry, our results suggest that its decrease in 2020 was not directly responsible for the increase in total O3; however, NO2 was partially the cause for the increase in UVI, which in turn led to the heating of the stratosphere, generating an increase in ozone.
{"title":"Partial COVID-19 lockdown effect in atmospheric pollutants and indirect impact in UV radiation in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","authors":"A. Becerra-Rondon, J. Ducati, Rafael Haag","doi":"10.20937/atm.53027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53027","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic introduced a significant decrease in industrial activities and other anthropic interventions on the environment, followed by a reduction of the emission of pollutant gases and aerosols. Monitoring of air quality is commonly performed through automatic stations, which can provide nearly real-time, accurate information. However, stations located in urban areas are subject to maintenance problems and extensive coverage for large areas is not feasible. As an alternative approach, data from orbital sensors can provide useful information for large areas at a low cost. Consequently, this study aimed to analyze the partial COVID-19 lockdown effect in atmospheric pollutants and indirect impact in UV radiation in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data on concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), total ozone (O3), and ultraviolet index (UVI) acquired by the OMI sensor aboard the Aura satellite were accessed for May, for the entire period 2010 to 2018, 2019, and 2020. Differences between these time series were calculated. Results showed significant reductions in nitrogen dioxide in most of the study area by as much as 33.9%, followed by increases in total ozone of up to 3.5% and the ultraviolet index by up to 4.8%. Although NO2 plays a fundamental role in stratospheric chemistry, our results suggest that its decrease in 2020 was not directly responsible for the increase in total O3; however, NO2 was partially the cause for the increase in UVI, which in turn led to the heating of the stratosphere, generating an increase in ozone.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44893424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Rodríguez-Yáñez, E. Rivera-fernandez, Daniel Alvarado-González, M. Abdalah-Hernández, Rafael Quirós-Quirós
The assessment of atmospheric corrosion is currently based on studies of atmospheric basins (AB). The models applied to the estimation of atmospheric corrosion imply measurements of several meteorological and atmospheric pollution parameters, which make the estimation complex. The main meteorological parameters to be considered in tropical atmospheric corrosion are associated with temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH). These parameters are also included in the calculation of the time of humidification (TDH). In addition, the atmospheric pollutants associated with corrosion are chloride (Cl) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The Western Central Valley (WCV) in Costa Rica is a low-pollution AB; therefore, it is possible to employ simplified atmospheric corrosion models based on few atmospheric parameters. The meteorological parameters of the study region were analyzed in terms of their dependence on altitude and their applicability in simplified empirical equations of the corrosion rate (Vcorr) for the WCV. These simple relations were compared with the model proposed by the ISO 9223-2012 standard.
{"title":"Prediction of atmospheric corrosion from meteorological parameters: Case of the atmospheric basin of the Costa Rican Western Central Valley","authors":"J. Rodríguez-Yáñez, E. Rivera-fernandez, Daniel Alvarado-González, M. Abdalah-Hernández, Rafael Quirós-Quirós","doi":"10.20937/ATM.52966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/ATM.52966","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment of atmospheric corrosion is currently based on studies of atmospheric basins (AB). The models applied to the estimation of atmospheric corrosion imply measurements of several meteorological and atmospheric pollution parameters, which make the estimation complex. The main meteorological parameters to be considered in tropical atmospheric corrosion are associated with temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH). These parameters are also included in the calculation of the time of humidification (TDH). In addition, the atmospheric pollutants associated with corrosion are chloride (Cl) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The Western Central Valley (WCV) in Costa Rica is a low-pollution AB; therefore, it is possible to employ simplified atmospheric corrosion models based on few atmospheric parameters. The meteorological parameters of the study region were analyzed in terms of their dependence on altitude and their applicability in simplified empirical equations of the corrosion rate (Vcorr) for the WCV. These simple relations were compared with the model proposed by the ISO 9223-2012 standard.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89298155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Danielle Alves de Novaes Gomes, J. Oliveira, Thiago Simonato Mozer
This work aimed to identify and quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of a Brazilian steel industry. It identifies and quantifies the emissions for a further study of an effective action plan by the organization. As a result, it was found that Scope 1 emissions (direct emissions from the company) were the largest emissions from the industry, representing more than 89% of total emissions. The Stationary Combustion category presented the highest emission values mainly due to the use of natural gas and charcoal. Biogenic CO2 emissions have shown the importance of organizations adhering to biomass use as a raw material in their processes, thereby reducing their GHG emissions to the atmosphere. Scope 2 emissions (indirect emissions, comprising the energy category) represented 10.87% of total emissions, the configuration of the Brazilian energy matrix contributes to this scenario. In order to achieve a differential control that would provide an indicator for the organization, it was necessary to adapt the tool for a monthly report. The studied company was interested in carrying out a more detailed monitoring, in a shorter time reporting of its emissions. Thus, after the results referring to the quantification of GHG emissions for the annual report, the results referring to the adaptation carried out in the GHG Protocol tool, version 2018.1.4 were also presented in this work.
{"title":"Quantification of greenhouse gas emissions of a steel industry in Brazil","authors":"Danielle Alves de Novaes Gomes, J. Oliveira, Thiago Simonato Mozer","doi":"10.20937/ATM.52940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/ATM.52940","url":null,"abstract":"This work aimed to identify and quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of a Brazilian steel industry. It identifies and quantifies the emissions for a further study of an effective action plan by the organization. As a result, it was found that Scope 1 emissions (direct emissions from the company) were the largest emissions from the industry, representing more than 89% of total emissions. The Stationary Combustion category presented the highest emission values mainly due to the use of natural gas and charcoal. Biogenic CO2 emissions have shown the importance of organizations adhering to biomass use as a raw material in their processes, thereby reducing their GHG emissions to the atmosphere. Scope 2 emissions (indirect emissions, comprising the energy category) represented 10.87% of total emissions, the configuration of the Brazilian energy matrix contributes to this scenario. In order to achieve a differential control that would provide an indicator for the organization, it was necessary to adapt the tool for a monthly report. The studied company was interested in carrying out a more detailed monitoring, in a shorter time reporting of its emissions. Thus, after the results referring to the quantification of GHG emissions for the annual report, the results referring to the adaptation carried out in the GHG Protocol tool, version 2018.1.4 were also presented in this work.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48537812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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