Rafael Contreras Rengifo, Lilibeth Escobar Jiménez, María Camila Belalcazar Franco, Pedro José García Delgado, Lars Gidhagen, José Joaquín Vivas Moreno
The stricter guidelines for fine particles PM2.5 recently published by the World Health Organization also motivate smaller cities to assess the exposure levels. In this study, PM2.5 was assessed in the municipality of Vijes, an important lime production center in the Cauca River Valley, Colombia. The main objective was to determine PM2.5 concentration levels in the urban background of the city and to estimate the contribution from industrial sources located west of the urbanized area. The assessment of PM2.5 concentrations in a city without fixed air quality monitors, meteorological stations, and information on emission sources, was designed to be expedient and possible to perform with a very restricted budget. Four low-cost optical sensors and one low-cost meteorological station were installed during two separate campaigns, each three to four months long. The PM2.5 measurements were analyzed with the support of meteorological data and dispersion modeling. Mean levels of PM2.5 in the urban background were found to be below the Colombian limit value of 25 µg m–3, in the range of 14 to 19 µg m–3, and with lower levels in the city center. The monitor located in the westernmost urban area, closest to the industrial plants, registered a high 24-h mean level close to the national limit value. The industrial contribution to long-term PM2.5 concentrations in the urban background of Vijes was estimated to be within a maximum of 6 µg m–3, i.e., a minor fraction of the monitored PM2.5 mean levels in the urban background. The dominating part of the PM2.5 concentrations could be attributed to other anthropogenic sources within or east of Vijes, as well as originating from the regional background concentration characterizing the Cauca River Valley to the east of Vijes, where pre-harvest sugar cane burning is common.
世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)最近发布的更严格的细颗粒物PM2.5指南也促使小城市评估暴露水平。在本研究中，对哥伦比亚考卡河谷重要石灰生产中心维耶斯市的PM2.5进行了评估。主要目的是确定城市背景下的PM2.5浓度水平，并估计城市化地区西部工业来源的贡献。在一个没有固定空气质量监测站、气象站和排放源信息的城市，PM2.5浓度的评估是为了方便，并且可以在非常有限的预算下执行。四个低成本光学传感器和一个低成本气象站在两个独立的运动中安装，每个运动持续三到四个月。在气象资料和弥散模型的支持下，对PM2.5测量结果进行了分析。城市背景PM2.5的平均水平低于哥伦比亚的限值25µg - 3，在14 ~ 19µg - 3之间，市中心的水平较低。监测站位于城市最西部地区，离工厂最近，监测到的24小时平均水平接近国家限值。据估计，工业对维耶斯城市背景中长期PM2.5浓度的贡献最大不超过6µg m-3，即仅占城市背景监测PM2.5平均水平的一小部分。PM2.5浓度的主要部分可归因于维耶斯境内或以东的其他人为来源，以及来自维耶斯以东考卡河谷的区域背景浓度，在那里收割前焚烧甘蔗是常见的。
{"title":"Urban PM2.5 concentrations in a small Colombian city and the impact associated with particle emissions generated by small-scale lime production","authors":"Rafael Contreras Rengifo, Lilibeth Escobar Jiménez, María Camila Belalcazar Franco, Pedro José García Delgado, Lars Gidhagen, José Joaquín Vivas Moreno","doi":"10.20937/atm.53212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53212","url":null,"abstract":"The stricter guidelines for fine particles PM2.5 recently published by the World Health Organization also motivate smaller cities to assess the exposure levels. In this study, PM2.5 was assessed in the municipality of Vijes, an important lime production center in the Cauca River Valley, Colombia. The main objective was to determine PM2.5 concentration levels in the urban background of the city and to estimate the contribution from industrial sources located west of the urbanized area. The assessment of PM2.5 concentrations in a city without fixed air quality monitors, meteorological stations, and information on emission sources, was designed to be expedient and possible to perform with a very restricted budget. Four low-cost optical sensors and one low-cost meteorological station were installed during two separate campaigns, each three to four months long. The PM2.5 measurements were analyzed with the support of meteorological data and dispersion modeling. Mean levels of PM2.5 in the urban background were found to be below the Colombian limit value of 25 µg m–3, in the range of 14 to 19 µg m–3, and with lower levels in the city center. The monitor located in the westernmost urban area, closest to the industrial plants, registered a high 24-h mean level close to the national limit value. The industrial contribution to long-term PM2.5 concentrations in the urban background of Vijes was estimated to be within a maximum of 6 µg m–3, i.e., a minor fraction of the monitored PM2.5 mean levels in the urban background. The dominating part of the PM2.5 concentrations could be attributed to other anthropogenic sources within or east of Vijes, as well as originating from the regional background concentration characterizing the Cauca River Valley to the east of Vijes, where pre-harvest sugar cane burning is common.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135657263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), Mexico is committed to reducing unconditionally 22 and 51% of its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and black carbon, respectively, by 2030, with an emission peak in 2026. Additional reductions of 36 and 70%, respectively, are proposed conditioned to support from other parties. In this work, the percentage of reduction to reach the emission mitigation targets that Mexico proposed in its NDC is estimated. The results show that in order to meet its unconditional NDC, Mexico should start mitigation in 2020 with a 1.5% reduction rate until 2030 and a 3.3% reduction rate by 2050, to reach an emission peak in 2023. To meet the conditional NDC, a 3.1% emission reduction rate until 2030 should be applied, with peak emission in 2021, and 5.8% from 2030 to 2050. In none of these estimates an emission peak in 2026 matches the NDC mitigation options. Furthermore, none of the emissions reduction pathways estimated in this study fulfills the conditional or unconditional contribution and peaks in 2026 at the same time. Mexico has a long history in international climate policy and is a key emerging economy among the top 15 highest GHG emitters. If Mexico does not achieve its NDC, the international implications, both political and climatic, could put the NDC model at risk if there are more large emitters that do not comply with their contribution.
{"title":"Will Mexico meet its climate commitments?","authors":"X. Cruz-Nuñez","doi":"10.20937/atm.53174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53174","url":null,"abstract":"In its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), Mexico is committed to reducing unconditionally 22 and 51% of its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and black carbon, respectively, by 2030, with an emission peak in 2026. Additional reductions of 36 and 70%, respectively, are proposed conditioned to support from other parties. In this work, the percentage of reduction to reach the emission mitigation targets that Mexico proposed in its NDC is estimated. The results show that in order to meet its unconditional NDC, Mexico should start mitigation in 2020 with a 1.5% reduction rate until 2030 and a 3.3% reduction rate by 2050, to reach an emission peak in 2023. To meet the conditional NDC, a 3.1% emission reduction rate until 2030 should be applied, with peak emission in 2021, and 5.8% from 2030 to 2050. In none of these estimates an emission peak in 2026 matches the NDC mitigation options. Furthermore, none of the emissions reduction pathways estimated in this study fulfills the conditional or unconditional contribution and peaks in 2026 at the same time. Mexico has a long history in international climate policy and is a key emerging economy among the top 15 highest GHG emitters. If Mexico does not achieve its NDC, the international implications, both political and climatic, could put the NDC model at risk if there are more large emitters that do not comply with their contribution.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49127608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diego Brizuela‐Torres, Raymundo Villavicencio-García, J. A. Ruiz-Corral, Á. Cuervo-Robayo
Mexican temperate forests are among the most biodiverse in the world. At present, they face anthropogenic pressures and climatic changes. Quercus candicans is a canopy-dominant, widely distributed species common in the moist habitats of these ecosystems. Its ecological importance, habitat vulnerability, and wide distribution make it a useful model of the vulnerability of Mexican tree forest species to climate change. We used ecological niche modeling to estimate future climatic suitability for this species and its potential range shifts under two emissions scenarios and three-time frames. We also identified areas where novel climates could arise and where predictions should be interpreted cautiously. Additionally, we analyzed how climatic suitability could change across the national protected areas system. In both emissions scenarios, areas with suitable climatic conditions were predicted to experience a net reduction of more than 40% by 2070. This corresponds to more than 100 000 km2 becoming climatically unsuitable. In the national protected areas, we forecast a contraction of approximately 30%. Climatic novelty increased considerably in the higher emissions scenario (RCP 8.5), accounting for 10% of the Mexican temperate mountains, compared to 1% on RCP 4.5. Areas of expansion of suitability not intersected by novel climates occur in areas highly affected by land-use change and other anthropogenic pressures. Effective protection of temperate forests’ tree species such as Q. candicans would need to allow migrations across altitudinal gradients, as areas of stability and expansion of climatic suitability are forecasted to occur at higher altitude sections of mountain ranges.
{"title":"Effects of climate change on the potential distribution of a dominant, widely distributed oak species, Quercus candicans, in Mexico","authors":"Diego Brizuela‐Torres, Raymundo Villavicencio-García, J. A. Ruiz-Corral, Á. Cuervo-Robayo","doi":"10.20937/atm.53182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53182","url":null,"abstract":"Mexican temperate forests are among the most biodiverse in the world. At present, they face anthropogenic pressures and climatic changes. Quercus candicans is a canopy-dominant, widely distributed species common in the moist habitats of these ecosystems. Its ecological importance, habitat vulnerability, and wide distribution make it a useful model of the vulnerability of Mexican tree forest species to climate change. We used ecological niche modeling to estimate future climatic suitability for this species and its potential range shifts under two emissions scenarios and three-time frames. We also identified areas where novel climates could arise and where predictions should be interpreted cautiously. Additionally, we analyzed how climatic suitability could change across the national protected areas system. In both emissions scenarios, areas with suitable climatic conditions were predicted to experience a net reduction of more than 40% by 2070. This corresponds to more than 100 000 km2 becoming climatically unsuitable. In the national protected areas, we forecast a contraction of approximately 30%. Climatic novelty increased considerably in the higher emissions scenario (RCP 8.5), accounting for 10% of the Mexican temperate mountains, compared to 1% on RCP 4.5. Areas of expansion of suitability not intersected by novel climates occur in areas highly affected by land-use change and other anthropogenic pressures. Effective protection of temperate forests’ tree species such as Q. candicans would need to allow migrations across altitudinal gradients, as areas of stability and expansion of climatic suitability are forecasted to occur at higher altitude sections of mountain ranges.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49347720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The AMS Global Partners Program","authors":"W. Dabberdt, D. Baumgardner","doi":"10.20937/atm.53238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53238","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67656359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many climate models have been developed because of the importance of climatic factors' effects on the physical and biological environment, e.g., rock weathering, species distribution, and growth patterns of plants. Accurate, reliable climate surfaces are necessary, especially for countries such as Turkey, which has a complex terrain and limited monitoring stations. The accuracy of these models mainly depends on the spatial modeling methods used. In this study, Australian National University spline (ANUSPLIN) model was used to develop climate surfaces and was compared with other methods such as inverse distance weighting, Co-Kriging, lapse rate, and multilinear regression. The results from the developed climate surfaces were validated using three methods: (1) diagnostic statistics from the surface fitting model, such as signal, mean, root mean square predictive error, root mean square error estimate, root mean square residual of the spline, and estimate of the standard deviation of the noise in the spline; (2) a comparison of error statistics between interpolated surfaces with and the withheld climate data from 81 stations; and (3) a comparison with other interpolation methods using model performance metrics, such as mean absolute error, mean error, root mean square error, and R2adj. The most accurate results were obtained by the ANUSPLIN model. It explained 95%, 88%, 92%, and 71% of the variance in annual mean, minimum and maximum temperature, and total precipitation, respectively. The mean absolute error of these models was 0.63 °C, 1.16 °C, 0.72 °C, and 54.82 mm. The generated climate surfaces, having a spatial resolution of 0.005º x 0.005º could contribute to the fields of forestry, agriculture, and hydrology.
{"title":"Development of high-resolution annual climate surfaces for Turkey using ANUSPLIN and comparison with other methods","authors":"I. Yener","doi":"10.20937/atm.53189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53189","url":null,"abstract":"Many climate models have been developed because of the importance of climatic factors' effects on the physical and biological environment, e.g., rock weathering, species distribution, and growth patterns of plants. Accurate, reliable climate surfaces are necessary, especially for countries such as Turkey, which has a complex terrain and limited monitoring stations. The accuracy of these models mainly depends on the spatial modeling methods used. In this study, Australian National University spline (ANUSPLIN) model was used to develop climate surfaces and was compared with other methods such as inverse distance weighting, Co-Kriging, lapse rate, and multilinear regression. The results from the developed climate surfaces were validated using three methods: (1) diagnostic statistics from the surface fitting model, such as signal, mean, root mean square predictive error, root mean square error estimate, root mean square residual of the spline, and estimate of the standard deviation of the noise in the spline; (2) a comparison of error statistics between interpolated surfaces with and the withheld climate data from 81 stations; and (3) a comparison with other interpolation methods using model performance metrics, such as mean absolute error, mean error, root mean square error, and R2adj. The most accurate results were obtained by the ANUSPLIN model. It explained 95%, 88%, 92%, and 71% of the variance in annual mean, minimum and maximum temperature, and total precipitation, respectively. The mean absolute error of these models was 0.63 °C, 1.16 °C, 0.72 °C, and 54.82 mm. The generated climate surfaces, having a spatial resolution of 0.005º x 0.005º could contribute to the fields of forestry, agriculture, and hydrology.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67656217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) plays a key role in the photochemistry of the atmosphere, through absorption or dispersion processes by its constituents (ozone, cloudiness, aerosols, and pollutants in the troposphere). Quantifying UVR in a spatial-temporal way and knowing its relationships with modulating variables is important for Rio Grande do Sul State, a region with one of the highest skin neoplasms rates in Brazil. Ultraviolet radiation data for the region, acquired by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) for the 2006 to 2020 period, and expressed in terms of Erythemal Daily Dose (EDD), was used in this study, with the objectives of quantifying UVR incidence, its stability in time and spatial distribution. Our results show that for this study area the radiation varies from 3300 to 3700 J/m2, with a latitudinal gradient of 66.7 J/m2 per degree, with maxima recorded in December (6028 J/m2, summer) and minima in June (1123 J/m2, winter). 29.76% of the area had a long-term decreasing trend (z value =5), while 6.19% of the area had an increasing trend (z value=2). During the studied period of fifteen years, occurrences of high values of Erythemal Daily Dose are negatively correlated with Total O3 as the dominant relationship, being also recorded positive or negative correlations with Total NO2, depending of the investigated epoch or region.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal distributions of ultraviolet radiation from OMI orbital data and relationships with Total O3 and Total NO2Spatiotemporal distributions of ultraviolet radiation from OMI orbital data and relationships with Total O3 and Total NO2","authors":"Adriana Becerra Rondón, J. Ducati, R. Haag","doi":"10.20937/atm.53159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53159","url":null,"abstract":"Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) plays a key role in the photochemistry of the atmosphere, through absorption or dispersion processes by its constituents (ozone, cloudiness, aerosols, and pollutants in the troposphere). Quantifying UVR in a spatial-temporal way and knowing its relationships with modulating variables is important for Rio Grande do Sul State, a region with one of the highest skin neoplasms rates in Brazil. Ultraviolet radiation data for the region, acquired by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) for the 2006 to 2020 period, and expressed in terms of Erythemal Daily Dose (EDD), was used in this study, with the objectives of quantifying UVR incidence, its stability in time and spatial distribution. Our results show that for this study area the radiation varies from 3300 to 3700 J/m2, with a latitudinal gradient of 66.7 J/m2 per degree, with maxima recorded in December (6028 J/m2, summer) and minima in June (1123 J/m2, winter). 29.76% of the area had a long-term decreasing trend (z value =5), while 6.19% of the area had an increasing trend (z value=2). During the studied period of fifteen years, occurrences of high values of Erythemal Daily Dose are negatively correlated with Total O3 as the dominant relationship, being also recorded positive or negative correlations with Total NO2, depending of the investigated epoch or region.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67656248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Statistical and synoptic studies of spring dust storms over the Arabian Peninsula (AP) were performed using surface observations from 27 surface stations and meteorological data from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data set for the period from 1978 to 2008. The study showed that, spatially, the northern and eastern AP are the most affected by dust storms and that, temporally, the study period can be divided into two subperiods before and after 1995, with a pronounced increase before 1995 and a smooth increase (decrease) after 1995 with respect to dust (dust storms) types. The synoptic study reveals three main atmospheric systems: frontal systems over the northern region, Red Sea Trough (RST)-related systems over the western region and thermal low systems over the eastern region. Additionally, the synoptic study shows that all of the atmospheric systems are associated with a favorable pressure (geopotential) gradient area and that the shape and strength of the maximum wind and upper-layer atmospheric regimes are suitable for completely integrating the atmospheric layers. Moreover, the southern thermal low is a common synoptic component of dust-related atmospheric systems, but its effect is particularly pronounced on the atmospheric system of the eastern region.
{"title":"Synoptic characteristics of the spatial variability of spring dust storms over Saudi Arabia","authors":"Khaled A. Al-abbasi, A. Labban, A. Awad","doi":"10.20937/atm.53167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53167","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical and synoptic studies of spring dust storms over the Arabian Peninsula (AP) were performed using surface observations from 27 surface stations and meteorological data from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data set for the period from 1978 to 2008. The study showed that, spatially, the northern and eastern AP are the most affected by dust storms and that, temporally, the study period can be divided into two subperiods before and after 1995, with a pronounced increase before 1995 and a smooth increase (decrease) after 1995 with respect to dust (dust storms) types. The synoptic study reveals three main atmospheric systems: frontal systems over the northern region, Red Sea Trough (RST)-related systems over the western region and thermal low systems over the eastern region. Additionally, the synoptic study shows that all of the atmospheric systems are associated with a favorable pressure (geopotential) gradient area and that the shape and strength of the maximum wind and upper-layer atmospheric regimes are suitable for completely integrating the atmospheric layers. Moreover, the southern thermal low is a common synoptic component of dust-related atmospheric systems, but its effect is particularly pronounced on the atmospheric system of the eastern region.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67656445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Rivas, E. Rojas, D. Laroze, L. Pérez, M. de Paula Corrêa
In general, news media and meteorological bulletins report on the ultraviolet index (UVI) to prevent against overexposure to the sun. However, this information does not reflect the accumulated damage to the skin induced by the total amount of UVR accumulated over time, known as erythemal dose (ED). This study analyzed the UVI and ED measured at 30 and 60 minutes around solar noon (SN) in Arica, North of Chile. The results show that SN ED exceeded the Minimum Erythema Dose (MED) for all the skin types. During the summer, short exposures to sunlight for up to 1 hour may result in sun exposure up to 10 times greater than the acceptable occupational safe limit for unprotected human skin.
{"title":"Very high erythemal doses of ultraviolet radiation around solar noon measured in Arica, northern Chile","authors":"M. Rivas, E. Rojas, D. Laroze, L. Pérez, M. de Paula Corrêa","doi":"10.20937/atm.53184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53184","url":null,"abstract":"In general, news media and meteorological bulletins report on the ultraviolet index (UVI) to prevent against overexposure to the sun. However, this information does not reflect the accumulated damage to the skin induced by the total amount of UVR accumulated over time, known as erythemal dose (ED). This study analyzed the UVI and ED measured at 30 and 60 minutes around solar noon (SN) in Arica, North of Chile. The results show that SN ED exceeded the Minimum Erythema Dose (MED) for all the skin types. During the summer, short exposures to sunlight for up to 1 hour may result in sun exposure up to 10 times greater than the acceptable occupational safe limit for unprotected human skin.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48123316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents a synoptic classification at surface and at 500 hPa during the winter (June, July, and August) over Brazil, in order to identify the main synoptic-scale meteorological systems that influence the weather of this period. Through the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) for the 1979-2020 period, it was identified five main synoptic patterns that predominated during the winter which are practically the same for each of the three analyzed months. The most frequent synoptic pattern is associated with the climatological mean-field (CMF), represented by the two of the most characteristic systems of low-level atmospheric circulation in South America: The South Atlantic Subtropical High (SASH) and the North-Western Argentinean Low (NAL). There are two other synoptic patterns related to a classical cold front over the Southern (CF_SUL) and Southeastern (CF_SE) regions of Brazil, respectively. Finally, two other synoptic patterns are associated with a blocking anticyclone (BAn) and a cyclogenetic (CG) process over the Atlantic Ocean, respectively. Both of them correspond to the most frequent synoptic pattern related to cold waves and "Friagens" over Brazil.
{"title":"Classification of wintertime daily atmospheric circulation patterns over Brazil","authors":"G. Escobar","doi":"10.20937/atm.53176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53176","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a synoptic classification at surface and at 500 hPa during the winter (June, July, and August) over Brazil, in order to identify the main synoptic-scale meteorological systems that influence the weather of this period. Through the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) for the 1979-2020 period, it was identified five main synoptic patterns that predominated during the winter which are practically the same for each of the three analyzed months. The most frequent synoptic pattern is associated with the climatological mean-field (CMF), represented by the two of the most characteristic systems of low-level atmospheric circulation in South America: The South Atlantic Subtropical High (SASH) and the North-Western Argentinean Low (NAL). There are two other synoptic patterns related to a classical cold front over the Southern (CF_SUL) and Southeastern (CF_SE) regions of Brazil, respectively. Finally, two other synoptic patterns are associated with a blocking anticyclone (BAn) and a cyclogenetic (CG) process over the Atlantic Ocean, respectively. Both of them correspond to the most frequent synoptic pattern related to cold waves and \"Friagens\" over Brazil.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67656159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deciduous fruit trees need to be exposed to low winter temperatures for a certain period time to produce regular crops. In addition to the effects of global warming in many other areas, its effect on cold accumulation is also a reason of concern. As a result, many studies have been carried out in important horticultural areas around the world on the impact of climate change on cold accumulation. In this study, historical changes of cold accumulation calculated using five models were examined in 12 locations in Turkey for the first time. Results show that there was no significant trend in cold accumulation in the provinces of Ankara, Bingöl, Diyarbakır, Malatya, and Tunceli. In some locations, the significance, magnitude, and direction of the chilling trend differed according to the model used. All five models used in the study indicated significant decreases in winter chill accumulation in Şanlıurfa, a site with relatively mild winters. In Erzincan, which has relatively cold winters, increasing trends were detected in cold accumulation calculated according to Utah, Modified Utah, and Positive Utah models. Results show that serious consequences may arise related to the chilling requirement of deciduous fruit trees, especially in regions with mild winters.
{"title":"Historical Change of Winter Chill Accumulation in Some Regions of Turkey","authors":"H. Karadağ, K. Yıldız, K. Yürekli","doi":"10.20937/atm.53135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.53135","url":null,"abstract":"Deciduous fruit trees need to be exposed to low winter temperatures for a certain period time to produce regular crops. In addition to the effects of global warming in many other areas, its effect on cold accumulation is also a reason of concern. As a result, many studies have been carried out in important horticultural areas around the world on the impact of climate change on cold accumulation. In this study, historical changes of cold accumulation calculated using five models were examined in 12 locations in Turkey for the first time. Results show that there was no significant trend in cold accumulation in the provinces of Ankara, Bingöl, Diyarbakır, Malatya, and Tunceli. In some locations, the significance, magnitude, and direction of the chilling trend differed according to the model used. All five models used in the study indicated significant decreases in winter chill accumulation in Şanlıurfa, a site with relatively mild winters. In Erzincan, which has relatively cold winters, increasing trends were detected in cold accumulation calculated according to Utah, Modified Utah, and Positive Utah models. Results show that serious consequences may arise related to the chilling requirement of deciduous fruit trees, especially in regions with mild winters.","PeriodicalId":55576,"journal":{"name":"Atmosfera","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48731136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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