Ropinirole HCl is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist which is recommended for the treatment of both Parkinson’s disease and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Its half-life is about 6 hours and it is metabolized in the liver primarily by CYP1A2. Its metabolites are water-soluble and rapidly excreted from the body in urine. However, its oral bioavailability is low. Therefore, this current project aimed to produce and evaluate sustained release ropinirole microparticles coated with Eudragit® RS 100 and RL 100 by varying polymer types and concentrations. Ropinirole microparticles were prepared by oil in oil emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Emulsifier concentration was constantly set at 2% with a stirring speed of 500 pm. FTIR analysis of microparticles, drugs, and polymers was carried out. Analysis of compatibility, particle size, encapsulation effciency, yield, flow properties, and release profile were also performed. The optical microscope showed the spherical microparticles with better flow properties and encapsulation. Ropinirole FTIR analysis produced sharp characteristic bands of C=O stretching at 1699 cm-1, bending of CH3 at 1457 cm-1, C=C aromatic stretching at 1521 cm-1 and 1541 cm-1, and C-H aromatic bending at 765 cm-1. Eudragit® RS 100 and Eudragit® RL 100 showed a major peak with C=O stretching at 1716 cm-1. Within 8 hours, the drug release was in the range of 47.48-98.78%. Increasing the polymer concentration increased particle size, entrapment efficiency, and sustained drug release. Eudragit® RS 100 alone achieved a better sustained release than in combination with Eudragit® RL 100 or Eudragit® RL 100 alone.
{"title":"Individual and Combined Effect of Eudragit® RS 100 and Eudragit® RL 100 on Sustained Release Characteristics of Ropinirole HCl-loaded Microparticles","authors":"Nabeel Siddique","doi":"10.7454/psr.v10i2.1265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v10i2.1265","url":null,"abstract":"Ropinirole HCl is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist which is recommended for the treatment of both Parkinson’s disease and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Its half-life is about 6 hours and it is metabolized in the liver primarily by CYP1A2. Its metabolites are water-soluble and rapidly excreted from the body in urine. However, its oral bioavailability is low. Therefore, this current project aimed to produce and evaluate sustained release ropinirole microparticles coated with Eudragit® RS 100 and RL 100 by varying polymer types and concentrations. Ropinirole microparticles were prepared by oil in oil emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Emulsifier concentration was constantly set at 2% with a stirring speed of 500 pm. FTIR analysis of microparticles, drugs, and polymers was carried out. Analysis of compatibility, particle size, encapsulation effciency, yield, flow properties, and release profile were also performed. The optical microscope showed the spherical microparticles with better flow properties and encapsulation. Ropinirole FTIR analysis produced sharp characteristic bands of C=O stretching at 1699 cm-1, bending of CH3 at 1457 cm-1, C=C aromatic stretching at 1521 cm-1 and 1541 cm-1, and C-H aromatic bending at 765 cm-1. Eudragit® RS 100 and Eudragit® RL 100 showed a major peak with C=O stretching at 1716 cm-1. Within 8 hours, the drug release was in the range of 47.48-98.78%. Increasing the polymer concentration increased particle size, entrapment efficiency, and sustained drug release. Eudragit® RS 100 alone achieved a better sustained release than in combination with Eudragit® RL 100 or Eudragit® RL 100 alone.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136242505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have emerged as a novel drug delivery system and have been utilized for delivering various kinds of drugs since the 1990s. These particles may consist of multiple solid lipids, including glycerides, waxes, and fatty acids, and can be stabilized by a wide range of surfactants. SLN have garnered significant attention from researchers due to its innovative and versatile nature. Moreover, such delivery system has numerous advantages over traditional colloidal carriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and emulsions. Several research groups have been developing SLN formulations and fabrication techniques based on their intended purpose, and this research number is still increasing globally. Given the vast potential for the development of SLN in the future, coupled with the wide variety of materials and techniques to be considered during the manufacturing process, this paper provides an extensive overview of the general introduction of SLN, their benefits and drawbacks, and the numerous excipients which can be associated with the SLN formulation. Various aspects related to the models of drug incorporation and fabrication methods are also systematically discussed in this review. In addition, an analysis of the factors that impact the stability of the SLN will also be documented to provide further insight for future advancements in SLN research.
{"title":"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN): Formulation and Fabrication","authors":"Delly Ramadon","doi":"10.7454/psr.v10i2.1313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v10i2.1313","url":null,"abstract":"Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have emerged as a novel drug delivery system and have been utilized for delivering various kinds of drugs since the 1990s. These particles may consist of multiple solid lipids, including glycerides, waxes, and fatty acids, and can be stabilized by a wide range of surfactants. SLN have garnered significant attention from researchers due to its innovative and versatile nature. Moreover, such delivery system has numerous advantages over traditional colloidal carriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and emulsions. Several research groups have been developing SLN formulations and fabrication techniques based on their intended purpose, and this research number is still increasing globally. Given the vast potential for the development of SLN in the future, coupled with the wide variety of materials and techniques to be considered during the manufacturing process, this paper provides an extensive overview of the general introduction of SLN, their benefits and drawbacks, and the numerous excipients which can be associated with the SLN formulation. Various aspects related to the models of drug incorporation and fabrication methods are also systematically discussed in this review. In addition, an analysis of the factors that impact the stability of the SLN will also be documented to provide further insight for future advancements in SLN research.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":"388 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136242507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that is one of the top five causes of blindness in those over 50. The standard treatment is pan-retinal photocoagulation, which is effective but has established side effects. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy becomes an alternative to avoid the side effects caused by laser therapy. This systematic review aims to know the effectiveness of anti-VEGF therapy compared to the pan-retinal photocoagulation laser therapy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. This review was carried out using a systematic review checklist on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The articles reviewed were randomized controlled trial articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, six articles were selected from a total of 215. Patients who received anti-VEGF medication had better visual acuity (positive values), whereas patients who received laser therapy had poorer visual acuity (negative values). Those results are because the laser directs light towards the retina, damaging photoreceptors and retinal cells as well as reducing visual acuity. On the contrary, anti-VEGF prevents damage to retinal endothelial cells and blood leaks in the vitreous by decreasing VEGF expression and thus resulting in improved visual acuity. Anti-VEGF proved to be a more practical alternative therapy in improving visual acuity than pan-retinal photocoagulation for patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
{"title":"Evaluation of Anti-VEGF and Pan-Retinal Photocoagulation Laser Therapies in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Patients: A Systematic Review","authors":"Namira Putri Imani","doi":"10.7454/psr.v10i2.1304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v10i2.1304","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that is one of the top five causes of blindness in those over 50. The standard treatment is pan-retinal photocoagulation, which is effective but has established side effects. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy becomes an alternative to avoid the side effects caused by laser therapy. This systematic review aims to know the effectiveness of anti-VEGF therapy compared to the pan-retinal photocoagulation laser therapy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. This review was carried out using a systematic review checklist on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The articles reviewed were randomized controlled trial articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, six articles were selected from a total of 215. Patients who received anti-VEGF medication had better visual acuity (positive values), whereas patients who received laser therapy had poorer visual acuity (negative values). Those results are because the laser directs light towards the retina, damaging photoreceptors and retinal cells as well as reducing visual acuity. On the contrary, anti-VEGF prevents damage to retinal endothelial cells and blood leaks in the vitreous by decreasing VEGF expression and thus resulting in improved visual acuity. Anti-VEGF proved to be a more practical alternative therapy in improving visual acuity than pan-retinal photocoagulation for patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136242509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
3,4-Dimethoxychalcone and rutin, a flavonoid that contains chromophore groups, can absorb UV light and thus can be developed as a sunscreen. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum formula of 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin containing gel, evaluate its physical stability, and activity of 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin gel as a sunscreen through in vitro and in vivo tests. HPMC, CMC-Na, and methylcellulose were formulated into a gel base to obtain good adhesion and a clear appearance gel. Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) with Design Expert software version 10 was utilized to determine the optimum gel formulation. UVA-PF protection, photostability with transpore method, and acute dermal irritation test were performed to evaluate sunscreen activity of 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin gel. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results showed that the optimum formula for 3,4-dimethoxychalcone-rutin gel consisted of 1.5% HPMC, 1.8% CMC-Na and 0.6% methylcellulose, which showed a pH of 6.96, viscosity of 89.10 dpa.s, and spreadability of 16.30 cm2. The pH, viscosity, and spreadability of base and 3,4-dimethoxychalcone- rutin gel was stable for 4 weeks of storage. The UVA-PF value is 6.48 which according to the FDA is included in the category of a two star (**) sunscreen label. The sunscreen did not exhibit a shift in wavelength after 6 hours of irradiation. Based on the primary irritation test, 3,4-dimethoxychalcone- rutin sunscreen produced zero (0) erythema and edema index. Thus, it did not cause irritation to the skin of experimental animals. Therefore, the gel containing 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin had potential as a sunscreen product based on in vitro-in vivo tests and was safe on animal skin.
{"title":"Optimization of 3,4-Dimethoxychalcone and Rutin Containing Gel with Simplex Lattice Design and In Vitro-In Vivo Test as a Sunscreen","authors":"Abdul Karim Zulkarnain","doi":"10.7454/psr.v10i2.1298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v10i2.1298","url":null,"abstract":"3,4-Dimethoxychalcone and rutin, a flavonoid that contains chromophore groups, can absorb UV light and thus can be developed as a sunscreen. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum formula of 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin containing gel, evaluate its physical stability, and activity of 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin gel as a sunscreen through in vitro and in vivo tests. HPMC, CMC-Na, and methylcellulose were formulated into a gel base to obtain good adhesion and a clear appearance gel. Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) with Design Expert software version 10 was utilized to determine the optimum gel formulation. UVA-PF protection, photostability with transpore method, and acute dermal irritation test were performed to evaluate sunscreen activity of 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin gel. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results showed that the optimum formula for 3,4-dimethoxychalcone-rutin gel consisted of 1.5% HPMC, 1.8% CMC-Na and 0.6% methylcellulose, which showed a pH of 6.96, viscosity of 89.10 dpa.s, and spreadability of 16.30 cm2. The pH, viscosity, and spreadability of base and 3,4-dimethoxychalcone- rutin gel was stable for 4 weeks of storage. The UVA-PF value is 6.48 which according to the FDA is included in the category of a two star (**) sunscreen label. The sunscreen did not exhibit a shift in wavelength after 6 hours of irradiation. Based on the primary irritation test, 3,4-dimethoxychalcone- rutin sunscreen produced zero (0) erythema and edema index. Thus, it did not cause irritation to the skin of experimental animals. Therefore, the gel containing 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin had potential as a sunscreen product based on in vitro-in vivo tests and was safe on animal skin.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136242357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fused deposition modeling (FDM), known as a highly effective 3D printing technique, holds promise as an alternative approach to tablet manufacturing. While commonly employing thermoplastic polymers as starting materials, the integration of established pharmaceutical excipients remains unexplored. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) is a frequently used excipient known for its potential to confer immediate-release properties to drugs. However, its suitability for extrusion is hindered by its thermal and melt-rheological properties. In contrast, polylactic acid (PLA), which has robust mechanical strength and thermal plasticity, was expected to overcome PVP’s limitations. This study aims to obtain drug-loaded filaments using the combination of PVP and PLA through a hot-melt extrusion process, aiming for favorable mechanical properties and immediate-release behavior. Utilizing a twin-screw extruder, and theophylline was used as the model drug, three formulations were optimized –FP1, FP2, and FP3– containing 0%, 10%, and 20% theophylline, respectively. Subsequent evaluation including filament morphology, mechanical properties, drug content, and drug release profile, were performed to each filament. FP2 emerged as the most promising formulation, with 10.35% (w/w) drug load and over 95% drug released in an hour. All formulations exhibited slightly rough filament surfaces with diameters averaging 1.4-1.6 mm. Notably, an increase in the theophylline content correlates with the diminished filament strength, evident in reduced hardness and a rise in brittleness. This study emphasized the potential of PVP-PLA-based filaments for future pharmaceutical 3D printing formulations, providing immediate drug release characteristics.
{"title":"Utilization of PVP-PLA Combination in Fabricating Theophylline-loaded Filament for 3D Printing with Immediate Release Behavior","authors":"Silvia Surini","doi":"10.7454/psr.v10i2.1307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v10i2.1307","url":null,"abstract":"Fused deposition modeling (FDM), known as a highly effective 3D printing technique, holds promise as an alternative approach to tablet manufacturing. While commonly employing thermoplastic polymers as starting materials, the integration of established pharmaceutical excipients remains unexplored. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) is a frequently used excipient known for its potential to confer immediate-release properties to drugs. However, its suitability for extrusion is hindered by its thermal and melt-rheological properties. In contrast, polylactic acid (PLA), which has robust mechanical strength and thermal plasticity, was expected to overcome PVP’s limitations. This study aims to obtain drug-loaded filaments using the combination of PVP and PLA through a hot-melt extrusion process, aiming for favorable mechanical properties and immediate-release behavior. Utilizing a twin-screw extruder, and theophylline was used as the model drug, three formulations were optimized –FP1, FP2, and FP3– containing 0%, 10%, and 20% theophylline, respectively. Subsequent evaluation including filament morphology, mechanical properties, drug content, and drug release profile, were performed to each filament. FP2 emerged as the most promising formulation, with 10.35% (w/w) drug load and over 95% drug released in an hour. All formulations exhibited slightly rough filament surfaces with diameters averaging 1.4-1.6 mm. Notably, an increase in the theophylline content correlates with the diminished filament strength, evident in reduced hardness and a rise in brittleness. This study emphasized the potential of PVP-PLA-based filaments for future pharmaceutical 3D printing formulations, providing immediate drug release characteristics.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136242508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tablet production is a very intricate process influenced by numerous process variables or parameters. This study aimed to identify the critical processing variables that affect Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) of vitamin C film-coated caplets utilizing a statistical experimental design. A two-level complete factorial design with two central points was used to examine the process parameters that posed the greatest risk to CQAs. The process variables investigated included mesh size and duration for the lubrication process, as well as speed and main thickness for compression. Statistical results showed that mesh number, lubrication time, and their interaction significantly affect flow rate, Hausner ratio, and compressibility index. Higher mesh number and longer duration improved flow properties; lower main thickness significantly increased core caplet hardness; and lower dissolution rates were observed at higher compression speeds. Based on this study, it can be concluded that mesh number and lubrication time only significantly affected the bulk quality attributes but did not have a significant impact on the quality attributes of vitamin C caplets. On the other hand, the parameters of the compression process, such as speed and main thickness, greatly impacted the quality attributes of vitamin C caplets. In this study, the use of mesh number 20 with 7 minutes of lubrication, and a speed of 17 rpm with a main thickness scale of 2.00 were determined as the optimal process parameters. The optimal process parameters for the lubrication and compression processes were obtained from statistical analysis of the response data.
{"title":"Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University, Pakistan","authors":"Ratna Annisa Utami","doi":"10.7454/psr.v10i2.1317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v10i2.1317","url":null,"abstract":"Tablet production is a very intricate process influenced by numerous process variables or parameters. This study aimed to identify the critical processing variables that affect Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) of vitamin C film-coated caplets utilizing a statistical experimental design. A two-level complete factorial design with two central points was used to examine the process parameters that posed the greatest risk to CQAs. The process variables investigated included mesh size and duration for the lubrication process, as well as speed and main thickness for compression. Statistical results showed that mesh number, lubrication time, and their interaction significantly affect flow rate, Hausner ratio, and compressibility index. Higher mesh number and longer duration improved flow properties; lower main thickness significantly increased core caplet hardness; and lower dissolution rates were observed at higher compression speeds. Based on this study, it can be concluded that mesh number and lubrication time only significantly affected the bulk quality attributes but did not have a significant impact on the quality attributes of vitamin C caplets. On the other hand, the parameters of the compression process, such as speed and main thickness, greatly impacted the quality attributes of vitamin C caplets. In this study, the use of mesh number 20 with 7 minutes of lubrication, and a speed of 17 rpm with a main thickness scale of 2.00 were determined as the optimal process parameters. The optimal process parameters for the lubrication and compression processes were obtained from statistical analysis of the response data.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136242510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most drugs, including antiviral drugs, show low solubility in water, which affects dissolution, bioavailability, and therapeutic effectiveness. Therefore, many antiviral drugs are given in very large doses. One of the efforts to overcome these problems is the application of solid dispersions in which polymers and surfactants can trap drug molecules that are in the amorphous phase. Drugs in a hydrophilic carrier will increase wettability, water absorption capacity, and porosity of particles, so that the drug is released better. This review article will discuss the development of technology in solid-state, how solid dispersion overcomes the lack of solubility and the rate of dissolution of antiviral drugs, and solid dispersion preparation techniques. We also discuss some examples of successful applications of solid dispersion methods to antiviral drugs that have been circulating on the market. Overall, this review article offers information of innovation in the development of antiviral drugs to provide more solid dispersion antiviral drug products.
{"title":"Solid Dispersion Technology for Improving the Solubility of Antiviral Drugs","authors":"Maria Elvina Tresia Butar-Butar, Nasrul Wathoni, Hestiary Ratih, Yoga Windhu Wardhana","doi":"10.7454/psr.v10i1.1292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v10i1.1292","url":null,"abstract":"Most drugs, including antiviral drugs, show low solubility in water, which affects dissolution, bioavailability, and therapeutic effectiveness. Therefore, many antiviral drugs are given in very large doses. One of the efforts to overcome these problems is the application of solid dispersions in which polymers and surfactants can trap drug molecules that are in the amorphous phase. Drugs in a hydrophilic carrier will increase wettability, water absorption capacity, and porosity of particles, so that the drug is released better. This review article will discuss the development of technology in solid-state, how solid dispersion overcomes the lack of solubility and the rate of dissolution of antiviral drugs, and solid dispersion preparation techniques. We also discuss some examples of successful applications of solid dispersion methods to antiviral drugs that have been circulating on the market. Overall, this review article offers information of innovation in the development of antiviral drugs to provide more solid dispersion antiviral drug products.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49330955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hilda Maysarah, L. S. Desiyana, Siti Nurzuhra, D. Illian
Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) is one of the most popular coffees among Acehnese, an ethnic group from Aceh, Indonesia. The amount of coffee consumed is directly proportional to the amount of coffee waste produced. Spent coffee grounds are the residue obtained during the brewing process. Spent coffee grounds can be utilized by converting them into active charcoal adsorbents. This study aimed to produce activated charcoal from spent arabica coffee grounds (SACG), to utilize it as an active ingredient in the liquid bath soap formulations, and to determine the best formula. The characterization of activated charcoal was conducted and compared to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The liquid bath soap contains activated charcoal from SACG was divided into five formulas with various concentrations of cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) surfactants. Furthermore, the evaluation of liquid bath soap formula was performed. The characterization results showed that activated charcoal produced from SACG met the SNI requirements with a yield of 86.3%, volatile substance content of 10.67%, water content of 5.67%, ash content of 1.7%, pure carbon content of 81.96%, and iodium absorption of 1522.8 mg/g. The evaluation results revealed that liquid bath soap formula with activated charcoal from SACG containing a combination of 5% CAPB and 5% SLS (F5) was the best formula that met the requirements. SACG can be used as an excellent raw material for activated charcoal in liquid bath soap formulations.
{"title":"Utilization of Spent Arabica Coffee Grounds as Raw Material for Activated Charcoal in Liquid Bath Soap Formulation","authors":"Hilda Maysarah, L. S. Desiyana, Siti Nurzuhra, D. Illian","doi":"10.7454/psr.v10i1.1282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v10i1.1282","url":null,"abstract":"Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) is one of the most popular coffees among Acehnese, an ethnic group from Aceh, Indonesia. The amount of coffee consumed is directly proportional to the amount of coffee waste produced. Spent coffee grounds are the residue obtained during the brewing process. Spent coffee grounds can be utilized by converting them into active charcoal adsorbents. This study aimed to produce activated charcoal from spent arabica coffee grounds (SACG), to utilize it as an active ingredient in the liquid bath soap formulations, and to determine the best formula. The characterization of activated charcoal was conducted and compared to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The liquid bath soap contains activated charcoal from SACG was divided into five formulas with various concentrations of cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) surfactants. Furthermore, the evaluation of liquid bath soap formula was performed. The characterization results showed that activated charcoal produced from SACG met the SNI requirements with a yield of 86.3%, volatile substance content of 10.67%, water content of 5.67%, ash content of 1.7%, pure carbon content of 81.96%, and iodium absorption of 1522.8 mg/g. The evaluation results revealed that liquid bath soap formula with activated charcoal from SACG containing a combination of 5% CAPB and 5% SLS (F5) was the best formula that met the requirements. SACG can be used as an excellent raw material for activated charcoal in liquid bath soap formulations.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44612495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concurrent use of fluoxetine and risperidone to treat schizophrenia may result in drug interactions. This study aims to analyse the clinical outcomes of fluoxetine-risperidone therapy and the possibility of their interaction in schizophrenic patients. The clinical outcomes are patient status at the time of hospital discharge, the length of hospitalisation and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale- Excitement Component (PANSS-EC). This study was conducted prospectively in psychiatric ward of HB Saanin Mental Hospital from May to October 2021 and study subjects were selected using consecutive sampling technique with inclusion criteria. Forty-three patients were eligible for this study. Research data were collected from direct observation and notes from medical records. To provide an overview of the frequency distribution and percentage of the variables evaluated, the data were analysed through descriptive statistics and a chi-square test using SPSS v.22. Symptoms due to risperidone-fluoxetine interaction were found in four patients (10%). The symptoms experienced are categorised as extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS). The results of the clinical outcomes showed that 38 patients (88%) having recovered and five patients (12%) were in remission. The PANSS-EC in male patient (6.24±1.12) was higher than female (5.88±1.12). The length of hospitalization was higher in patient with age 36-45 years (23.72). This study showed no significant relationship between fluoxetine-risperidone interaction on the outcome of therapy (p>0.05). It can be concluded that EPS was found in 10% of schizophrenic patients. However, there was no significant association between EPS due to fluoxetine-risperidone interaction with clinical outcomes.
{"title":"Interaction between Fluoxetine and Risperidone and Its Association with Clinical Outcomes in Schizophrenic Patients","authors":"Fitri Rachmaini, Dian Ayu Juwita, Rahmad Abdillah, Rezy Dwi Afrianti, F. Wahyuni","doi":"10.7454/psr.v10i1.1266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v10i1.1266","url":null,"abstract":"The concurrent use of fluoxetine and risperidone to treat schizophrenia may result in drug interactions. This study aims to analyse the clinical outcomes of fluoxetine-risperidone therapy and the possibility of their interaction in schizophrenic patients. The clinical outcomes are patient status at the time of hospital discharge, the length of hospitalisation and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale- Excitement Component (PANSS-EC). This study was conducted prospectively in psychiatric ward of HB Saanin Mental Hospital from May to October 2021 and study subjects were selected using consecutive sampling technique with inclusion criteria. Forty-three patients were eligible for this study. Research data were collected from direct observation and notes from medical records. To provide an overview of the frequency distribution and percentage of the variables evaluated, the data were analysed through descriptive statistics and a chi-square test using SPSS v.22. Symptoms due to risperidone-fluoxetine interaction were found in four patients (10%). The symptoms experienced are categorised as extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS). The results of the clinical outcomes showed that 38 patients (88%) having recovered and five patients (12%) were in remission. The PANSS-EC in male patient (6.24±1.12) was higher than female (5.88±1.12). The length of hospitalization was higher in patient with age 36-45 years (23.72). This study showed no significant relationship between fluoxetine-risperidone interaction on the outcome of therapy (p>0.05). It can be concluded that EPS was found in 10% of schizophrenic patients. However, there was no significant association between EPS due to fluoxetine-risperidone interaction with clinical outcomes.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47416911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a health problem in Indonesia. Prevention and treatment of IDA is carried out by giving fortified foods and oral iron therapy. Both can use ferrous fumarate which is made with reacting bivalent iron and disodium fumarate. Bivalent iron can be obtained from iron sand in Indonesia. This study aims to synthesize ferrous fumarate from Indonesian iron sand, which is from Malang, Sukabumi, and Cianjur area, and to determine its absorption through in vivo body weight gain test in male Wistar white rats (Rattus norvegicus). First, ferrous fumarate was synthesized through reaction of ferrous sulfate, which was made from Indonesian iron sand with the highest iron content, which was from Sukabumi area, and disodium fumarate. Second, in vivo body weight gain test was conducted to 3 rat groups (negative control, ferrous sulfate group, and ferrous fumarate group, respectively) and monitored for two weeks. The results showed that ferrous fumarate was successfully obtained as brownish red-orange fine powder with yield of 62.17 ± 1.66 %. In addition, the in vivo body weight test suggested that the rats from ferrous fumarate group showed similar weight gain (35.1%) compared to those from the ferrous sulfate group (30.6%), indicating a possibility of iron absorption from ferrous fumarate.
{"title":"Synthesis of Ferrous Fumarate from Indonesian Iron Sand and In Vivo Body Weight Gain Test in Rats","authors":"Taufiq Indra Rukmana, Felicia Natalia Kurniadi, Harmita Harmita","doi":"10.7454/psr.v10i1.1301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v10i1.1301","url":null,"abstract":"Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a health problem in Indonesia. Prevention and treatment of IDA is carried out by giving fortified foods and oral iron therapy. Both can use ferrous fumarate which is made with reacting bivalent iron and disodium fumarate. Bivalent iron can be obtained from iron sand in Indonesia. This study aims to synthesize ferrous fumarate from Indonesian iron sand, which is from Malang, Sukabumi, and Cianjur area, and to determine its absorption through in vivo body weight gain test in male Wistar white rats (Rattus norvegicus). First, ferrous fumarate was synthesized through reaction of ferrous sulfate, which was made from Indonesian iron sand with the highest iron content, which was from Sukabumi area, and disodium fumarate. Second, in vivo body weight gain test was conducted to 3 rat groups (negative control, ferrous sulfate group, and ferrous fumarate group, respectively) and monitored for two weeks. The results showed that ferrous fumarate was successfully obtained as brownish red-orange fine powder with yield of 62.17 ± 1.66 %. In addition, the in vivo body weight test suggested that the rats from ferrous fumarate group showed similar weight gain (35.1%) compared to those from the ferrous sulfate group (30.6%), indicating a possibility of iron absorption from ferrous fumarate.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47940602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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