Schizophrenic patients who used antidepressant combination drug therapy in their treatment can cause drug interaction. This study aimed to determine the potential drug interactions of antidepressant in schizophrenic patients. The study designed was cross-sectional by random sampling. The samples were secondary data from outpatient prescriptions and medical record of schizophrenic patients in Psychiatric Hospital Dr. Soeharto Heerdjan during 2016. From 743 drug prescriptions, it was found that 694 (91.41%) drug prescriptions having 1286 (61.24%) cases of drug interaction. The most common interaction were fluoxetine and risperidone in 376 cases (29.24%). The proportion based on interaction level was 1246 cases (96.89%) for severe, 34 cases (2.64%) for moderate, and 6 cases (0.47%) for minor. The study concluded that antidepressant prescribing needs to be closely monitored because of high incidence in drug interactions or modified when the negative impact was greater than the positive impact.
{"title":"Analisis Potensi Interaksi Obat Golongan Antidepresan pada Pasien Skizofrenia di Rumah Sakit Jiwa Dr. Soeharto Heerdjan Tahun 2016","authors":"Atika Wahyu Puspitasari, Loranda Angeline","doi":"10.7454/PSR.V6I1.4196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/PSR.V6I1.4196","url":null,"abstract":"Schizophrenic patients who used antidepressant combination drug therapy in their treatment can cause drug interaction. This study aimed to determine the potential drug interactions of antidepressant in schizophrenic patients. The study designed was cross-sectional by random sampling. The samples were secondary data from outpatient prescriptions and medical record of schizophrenic patients in Psychiatric Hospital Dr. Soeharto Heerdjan during 2016. From 743 drug prescriptions, it was found that 694 (91.41%) drug prescriptions having 1286 (61.24%) cases of drug interaction. The most common interaction were fluoxetine and risperidone in 376 cases (29.24%). The proportion based on interaction level was 1246 cases (96.89%) for severe, 34 cases (2.64%) for moderate, and 6 cases (0.47%) for minor. The study concluded that antidepressant prescribing needs to be closely monitored because of high incidence in drug interactions or modified when the negative impact was greater than the positive impact.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41995372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shallots (Allium cepa L.) are generally used as cooking ingredients by the community. The part of the shallot widely used is only a part of the tuber, while the outer shell of the shallot is thrown away because it is only considered as wastes. Based on phytochemical screening results, extract of shallot peels contains phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The purpose of this research is to know the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of shallot peels against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus as Gram positive bacteria, Salmonella thypi and Eschericia coli as Gram negative bacteria and also antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The study was performed using disc diffusion method with the variation of concentration of ethanol extract of the peels of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125% and 1.5625% w/v, respectively, the positive control of chloramphenicol for bacteria, the positive control of nystatin for fungi and the negative control of DMSO. The diameter of the inhibition zone formed on the activity assay of ethanol extract of the shallot peels against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella thypi and Eschericia coli at the concentration of 50% was 11.75 mm, 16.03 mm, 9.42 mm and 7.77 mm, respectively. The inhibition zone formed on the activity assay of ethanol extract of the shallot peels against Trichophyton mentagrophytes at the concentration of 50% was 18.53 mm. As conclusion, ethanol extract of the shallot peels could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella thypi, Escherichia coli and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Shallot (Allium cepa L.) Peels Using the Disc Diffusion Method","authors":"Melzi Octaviani, Haiyul Fadhli, Erenda Yuneistya","doi":"10.7454/PSR.V6I1.4333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/PSR.V6I1.4333","url":null,"abstract":"Shallots (Allium cepa L.) are generally used as cooking ingredients by the community. The part of the shallot widely used is only a part of the tuber, while the outer shell of the shallot is thrown away because it is only considered as wastes. Based on phytochemical screening results, extract of shallot peels contains phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The purpose of this research is to know the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of shallot peels against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus as Gram positive bacteria, Salmonella thypi and Eschericia coli as Gram negative bacteria and also antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The study was performed using disc diffusion method with the variation of concentration of ethanol extract of the peels of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125% and 1.5625% w/v, respectively, the positive control of chloramphenicol for bacteria, the positive control of nystatin for fungi and the negative control of DMSO. The diameter of the inhibition zone formed on the activity assay of ethanol extract of the shallot peels against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella thypi and Eschericia coli at the concentration of 50% was 11.75 mm, 16.03 mm, 9.42 mm and 7.77 mm, respectively. The inhibition zone formed on the activity assay of ethanol extract of the shallot peels against Trichophyton mentagrophytes at the concentration of 50% was 18.53 mm. As conclusion, ethanol extract of the shallot peels could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella thypi, Escherichia coli and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48054485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Anticholinergic Use on Cognitive Impairment in Geriatric Patients in Central Lombok, Indonesia","authors":"Dita Marina Lupitaningrum, F. Rahmawati","doi":"10.7454/psr.v6i1.4077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v6i1.4077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45875841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Setiawan, Widyati, F. R. Marpaung, E. Sukandar, Susaniwati, D. Lukas, Heru Wijono, Taufin Warindra, Roni Kurniawan, T. Wibowo, Wahyu Hendradi, M. O. Costa, M. Abdul-Aziz, J. Roberts
ABSTRACT The severity of diseases, the complexity of treatment, and the use of medical devices in the intensive care unit (ICU) may change the pharmacokinetics (PK) profile of antibiotics among critically ill patients.This narrative review aims to explain the PK profile of critically ill patients compared to other group of patients and to describe the pharmacokinetic-pharmacidynamic (PK-PD) target attainment among this group of patients. Only articles published less than 10 years ago were included in this narrative review. Evidences have indicated that critically ill patients have relatively larger volume distribution (Vd) of hydrophilic antibiotics compared to patients with stable conditions. The fluid shifting to interstitial space, hypoalbuminemia, and aggressive fluid treatment may contribute to the increase value of Vd in critically ill patients. The clearance (CL) of hydrophilic antibiotics in critically ill patients is highly determined by dynamic changing of renal function compared to patients in other wards. The phenomenon of augmented renal clearance and the use of high intensity of renal replacement therapy can increase the CL of hydrophilic antibiotics. The different PK profile of antibiotics may lead to the failure of attaining the PK-PD target if the dose of antibiotics is not adjusted according to such differences. ABSTRAK Tingkat keparahan penyakit yang relatif tinggi dibandingkan pasien di bangsal rawat lain dan penggunaan terapi serta alat medis yang relatif lebih kompleks di ruang intensive care unit (ICU) dapat berdampak pada perubahan profil farmakokinetik (PK) antibiotik pada pasien kritis. Tujuan utama kajian naratif ini adalah untuk memaparkan profil PK dan ketercapaian target farmakokinetik-farmakodinamik (PK-PD) pasien kritis di ICU. Hanya artikel yang diterbitkan dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir yang digunakan dalam kajian naratif ini. Bukti penelitian menunjukkan bahwa volume distribusi (Vd) antibiotik hidrofilik pada pasien kritis lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pasien yang relatif lebih stabil atau subyek sehat. Perpindahan cairan intravaskuler ke daerah interstitial, hipoalbuminemia, dan terapi cairan khususnya yang diberikan secara agresif merupakan faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan Vd pada pasien kritis. Clearance (CL) antibiotik hidrofilik pada pasien kritis ditentukan oleh perubahan fungsi ginjal yang relatif lebih dinamis dibandingkan dengan pasien di ruang rawat inap lain. Fenomena augmented renal clearance yang umum dijumpai pada pasien kritis dan penggunaan renal replacement therapy dengan intensitas yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan CL antibiotik hidrofilik. Perbedaan profil PK tersebut berpotensi menyebabkan kegagalan untuk mencapai target PK-PD apabila tidak dilakukan penyesuaian dosis antibiotik pada pasien kritis. Identifikasi profil PK perlu diupayakan sebagai langkah awal untuk mengoptimalkan pemberian antibiotik pada kelompok pasien kritis.
{"title":"Narrative Study on Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics among Critically Ill Patients: the Implication on the Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics Target Attainment","authors":"E. Setiawan, Widyati, F. R. Marpaung, E. Sukandar, Susaniwati, D. Lukas, Heru Wijono, Taufin Warindra, Roni Kurniawan, T. Wibowo, Wahyu Hendradi, M. O. Costa, M. Abdul-Aziz, J. Roberts","doi":"10.7454/psr.v6i1.4274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v6i1.4274","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The severity of diseases, the complexity of treatment, and the use of medical devices in the intensive care unit (ICU) may change the pharmacokinetics (PK) profile of antibiotics among critically ill patients.This narrative review aims to explain the PK profile of critically ill patients compared to other group of patients and to describe the pharmacokinetic-pharmacidynamic (PK-PD) target attainment among this group of patients. Only articles published less than 10 years ago were included in this narrative review. Evidences have indicated that critically ill patients have relatively larger volume distribution (Vd) of hydrophilic antibiotics compared to patients with stable conditions. The fluid shifting to interstitial space, hypoalbuminemia, and aggressive fluid treatment may contribute to the increase value of Vd in critically ill patients. The clearance (CL) of hydrophilic antibiotics in critically ill patients is highly determined by dynamic changing of renal function compared to patients in other wards. The phenomenon of augmented renal clearance and the use of high intensity of renal replacement therapy can increase the CL of hydrophilic antibiotics. The different PK profile of antibiotics may lead to the failure of attaining the PK-PD target if the dose of antibiotics is not adjusted according to such differences. ABSTRAK Tingkat keparahan penyakit yang relatif tinggi dibandingkan pasien di bangsal rawat lain dan penggunaan terapi serta alat medis yang relatif lebih kompleks di ruang intensive care unit (ICU) dapat berdampak pada perubahan profil farmakokinetik (PK) antibiotik pada pasien kritis. Tujuan utama kajian naratif ini adalah untuk memaparkan profil PK dan ketercapaian target farmakokinetik-farmakodinamik (PK-PD) pasien kritis di ICU. Hanya artikel yang diterbitkan dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir yang digunakan dalam kajian naratif ini. Bukti penelitian menunjukkan bahwa volume distribusi (Vd) antibiotik hidrofilik pada pasien kritis lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pasien yang relatif lebih stabil atau subyek sehat. Perpindahan cairan intravaskuler ke daerah interstitial, hipoalbuminemia, dan terapi cairan khususnya yang diberikan secara agresif merupakan faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan Vd pada pasien kritis. Clearance (CL) antibiotik hidrofilik pada pasien kritis ditentukan oleh perubahan fungsi ginjal yang relatif lebih dinamis dibandingkan dengan pasien di ruang rawat inap lain. Fenomena augmented renal clearance yang umum dijumpai pada pasien kritis dan penggunaan renal replacement therapy dengan intensitas yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan CL antibiotik hidrofilik. Perbedaan profil PK tersebut berpotensi menyebabkan kegagalan untuk mencapai target PK-PD apabila tidak dilakukan penyesuaian dosis antibiotik pada pasien kritis. Identifikasi profil PK perlu diupayakan sebagai langkah awal untuk mengoptimalkan pemberian antibiotik pada kelompok pasien kritis.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.7454/psr.v6i1.4274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71343220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kori Yati, Mahdi Jufri, Misri Gozan, Mardiastuti H Wahid, Lusi Putri Dwita
Tobacco extract had been proven to have antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. To maximize the use of tobacco extract on topical use as an antibacterial, it could be formulated into a pharmaceutical preparation. This study aimed to formulate tobacco extract in gel preparation by using Hidroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) as a gelling agent and to test its activity on S. mutans . The tobacco extract gel was prepared in 3 formulas with variations of HPMC concentration of 1.5% (F1), 2% (F2) and 2.5% (F3). The research began with tobacco extraction, then continued with characteristics evaluation. The extract was formulated in gel form and evaluated for 12 weeks of physical stability. Antibacterial activity was tested using the diffusion method. The evaluation results of tobacco extract gel showed that all formulas were stable during 12 weeks storage. Antimicrobial activity against S.mutans showed inhibitory diameter of F1, F2 and F3, were 9,07 mm, 19,53 mm, and 11,57 mm respectively. The test was continued by determining the relative potential of F2 compared to erythromycin. The test results showed 1.2 x 10 -2 relative potential compare to erythromycin. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that HPMC concentration difference did not give significant difference to the physical stability of tobacco gel, with the best antibacterial activity on S. mutans obtained from F2.
{"title":"Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Hidroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) terhadap Stabilitas Fisik Gel Ekstrak Tembakau (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) dan Aktivitasnya terhadap Streptococcus mutans","authors":"Kori Yati, Mahdi Jufri, Misri Gozan, Mardiastuti H Wahid, Lusi Putri Dwita","doi":"10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4146","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco extract had been proven to have antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. To maximize the use of tobacco extract on topical use as an antibacterial, it could be formulated into a pharmaceutical preparation. This study aimed to formulate tobacco extract in gel preparation by using Hidroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) as a gelling agent and to test its activity on S. mutans . The tobacco extract gel was prepared in 3 formulas with variations of HPMC concentration of 1.5% (F1), 2% (F2) and 2.5% (F3). The research began with tobacco extraction, then continued with characteristics evaluation. The extract was formulated in gel form and evaluated for 12 weeks of physical stability. Antibacterial activity was tested using the diffusion method. The evaluation results of tobacco extract gel showed that all formulas were stable during 12 weeks storage. Antimicrobial activity against S.mutans showed inhibitory diameter of F1, F2 and F3, were 9,07 mm, 19,53 mm, and 11,57 mm respectively. The test was continued by determining the relative potential of F2 compared to erythromycin. The test results showed 1.2 x 10 -2 relative potential compare to erythromycin. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that HPMC concentration difference did not give significant difference to the physical stability of tobacco gel, with the best antibacterial activity on S. mutans obtained from F2.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49475063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karas ( Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) leaves contain secondary metabolite such as alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, antraquinone, and triterpenoid. Flavonoid compound has anti inflammatory activity. This research was conducted to investigate the effective anti inflammatory dose from the reduction of rat paw edema using plethismometer. Karas leaves was macerated with 96% ethanol and then evaporated until crude extract was obtained. This research was carried out using 25 male rats that was divided into 5 treatment groups, negative control (CMC-Na 1%), positive control (Natrium diclofenac 4.5 mg/kgBW), dosage I (45 mg/kgBW), dosage II (90 mg/kgBW), and dosage III (180 mg/kgBW). The extract was administrated orally half an hour before the induction of 0.1 ml carragenan 2% solution. The anti inflammatory activity was observed from the volume of edema, AUC, and the percentage of antiinflammatory activity. The data was analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS. The result shows that there was a significant difference between negative control with the treatment groups (dosage I, II, and III). There was no significant difference between positive control with dosage II and III, however there was a significant difference to dosage I. The percentage of antiinflammatory activity of positive control, dosage I, dosage II, and dosage III was 39.3%, 22.9%, 29.6%, and 37.9% respectively. The conclusion of this research was that the effective dose of ethanolic extract form karas leaves was 180 mg/kgBB.
{"title":"Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Karas (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.)","authors":"Pratiwi Apridamayanti, Ferlino Sanera, Robiyanto Robiyanto","doi":"10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4094","url":null,"abstract":"Karas ( Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) leaves contain secondary metabolite such as alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, antraquinone, and triterpenoid. Flavonoid compound has anti inflammatory activity. This research was conducted to investigate the effective anti inflammatory dose from the reduction of rat paw edema using plethismometer. Karas leaves was macerated with 96% ethanol and then evaporated until crude extract was obtained. This research was carried out using 25 male rats that was divided into 5 treatment groups, negative control (CMC-Na 1%), positive control (Natrium diclofenac 4.5 mg/kgBW), dosage I (45 mg/kgBW), dosage II (90 mg/kgBW), and dosage III (180 mg/kgBW). The extract was administrated orally half an hour before the induction of 0.1 ml carragenan 2% solution. The anti inflammatory activity was observed from the volume of edema, AUC, and the percentage of antiinflammatory activity. The data was analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS. The result shows that there was a significant difference between negative control with the treatment groups (dosage I, II, and III). There was no significant difference between positive control with dosage II and III, however there was a significant difference to dosage I. The percentage of antiinflammatory activity of positive control, dosage I, dosage II, and dosage III was 39.3%, 22.9%, 29.6%, and 37.9% respectively. The conclusion of this research was that the effective dose of ethanolic extract form karas leaves was 180 mg/kgBB.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47242144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Numlil Khaira Rusdi, Ni Putu Ermi Hikmawanti, Maifitrianti Maifitrianti, Yuanita Sofiana Ulfah, Ayyoehan Tiara Annisa
Decreased of libido is illustrated with disinterest in sexual activity caused by erectile dysfunction, impotence, and infertility. It can be treated by aphrodisiac agents. Katuk or Sauropus androgynus (L). Merr has long been used as a medicinal plant. The aim of this research was to evaluate which fraction of katuk leaf ethanol extract that had the aphrodisiac activity with parameters of climbing, introduction and the weight of testicular and seminal vesicle of male rat. Sprague-Dawley male rats as animals model divided into five groups: the normal control group, the positive control group (X-gra®), the n -hexane, ethyl acetate and water fraction groups in which each fraction group given a dose of 11.85 mg/kg body weight. The number of climbing and introductions were calculated on 0, 1 st , 3 th , and 5 th day. The data were tested statistically with one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey test. The weight of testicular and seminal vesicle of male rat were observed on the 15 th day. Previously, rats were anesthetized using ketamine and then performed surgery. The results showed that the n -hexane fraction (11.85 mg/kg body weight) increased libido with the average number of climbing was 16.5 times and the average number of introductions was 27.75 times. It was also able to increase the weight of testicular and seminal vesicle of male rat compare to positive control (X-gra® 51 . 37 mg/kg body weight). The compounds contained in n -hexane fraction are terpenoids and steroids. Penurunan libido digambarkan dengan ketidaktertarikan dalam melakukan aktivitas seksual yang disebabkan karena disfungsi ereksi, impoten dan infertilitas . Penurunan libido dapat diatasi dengan obat-obatan yang dapat meningkatkan gairah seksual (afrodisiaka). Daun katuk ( Sauropus androgynus (L). Merr) telah lama digunakan sebagai tanaman obat . Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui fraksi dari ekstrak etanol daun katuk yang berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan libido dengan parameter climbing , introduction , dan peningkatan bobot testis dan vesikula seminalis tikus putih jantan. Tikus jantan galur Sprague-Dawley sebagai model hewan coba dibagi menjadi 5 ( lima ) kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol normal, kelompok kontrol positif (X-gra®), kelompok fraksi n -heksana, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air dimana tiap kelompok fraksi diberi dosis 1 1 , 8 5 mg/kgBB. Perhitungan jumlah climbing dan introduction dilakukan pada hari ke-0, 1, 3 dan 5. Data yang didapat diuji secara statistik dengan uji one-way AN O VA yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Parameter peningkatan bobot testis dan vesikula seminalis tikus putih jantan diamati pada hari ke-15 . Sebelumnya, tikus dianestesi dengan ketamin, kemudian dilakukan pembedahan. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan yang dilakukan, diperoleh bahwa fraksi n- heksana dengan dosis 11,85 mg /Kg BB dapat meningkatkan libido dengan rata-rata jumlah climbing 16,5 kali dan rata-rata jumlah introduction 27,75 kali . Fraksi tersebut juga mampu meningkatkan bobot
{"title":"Aktivitas Afrodisiaka Fraksi dari Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L). Merr) Pada Tikus Putih Jantan","authors":"Numlil Khaira Rusdi, Ni Putu Ermi Hikmawanti, Maifitrianti Maifitrianti, Yuanita Sofiana Ulfah, Ayyoehan Tiara Annisa","doi":"10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4100","url":null,"abstract":"Decreased of libido is illustrated with disinterest in sexual activity caused by erectile dysfunction, impotence, and infertility. It can be treated by aphrodisiac agents. Katuk or Sauropus androgynus (L). Merr has long been used as a medicinal plant. The aim of this research was to evaluate which fraction of katuk leaf ethanol extract that had the aphrodisiac activity with parameters of climbing, introduction and the weight of testicular and seminal vesicle of male rat. Sprague-Dawley male rats as animals model divided into five groups: the normal control group, the positive control group (X-gra®), the n -hexane, ethyl acetate and water fraction groups in which each fraction group given a dose of 11.85 mg/kg body weight. The number of climbing and introductions were calculated on 0, 1 st , 3 th , and 5 th day. The data were tested statistically with one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey test. The weight of testicular and seminal vesicle of male rat were observed on the 15 th day. Previously, rats were anesthetized using ketamine and then performed surgery. The results showed that the n -hexane fraction (11.85 mg/kg body weight) increased libido with the average number of climbing was 16.5 times and the average number of introductions was 27.75 times. It was also able to increase the weight of testicular and seminal vesicle of male rat compare to positive control (X-gra® 51 . 37 mg/kg body weight). The compounds contained in n -hexane fraction are terpenoids and steroids. Penurunan libido digambarkan dengan ketidaktertarikan dalam melakukan aktivitas seksual yang disebabkan karena disfungsi ereksi, impoten dan infertilitas . Penurunan libido dapat diatasi dengan obat-obatan yang dapat meningkatkan gairah seksual (afrodisiaka). Daun katuk ( Sauropus androgynus (L). Merr) telah lama digunakan sebagai tanaman obat . Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui fraksi dari ekstrak etanol daun katuk yang berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan libido dengan parameter climbing , introduction , dan peningkatan bobot testis dan vesikula seminalis tikus putih jantan. Tikus jantan galur Sprague-Dawley sebagai model hewan coba dibagi menjadi 5 ( lima ) kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol normal, kelompok kontrol positif (X-gra®), kelompok fraksi n -heksana, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air dimana tiap kelompok fraksi diberi dosis 1 1 , 8 5 mg/kgBB. Perhitungan jumlah climbing dan introduction dilakukan pada hari ke-0, 1, 3 dan 5. Data yang didapat diuji secara statistik dengan uji one-way AN O VA yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Parameter peningkatan bobot testis dan vesikula seminalis tikus putih jantan diamati pada hari ke-15 . Sebelumnya, tikus dianestesi dengan ketamin, kemudian dilakukan pembedahan. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan yang dilakukan, diperoleh bahwa fraksi n- heksana dengan dosis 11,85 mg /Kg BB dapat meningkatkan libido dengan rata-rata jumlah climbing 16,5 kali dan rata-rata jumlah introduction 27,75 kali . Fraksi tersebut juga mampu meningkatkan bobot","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41834393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gelatin yang ada di pasaran mayoritas berasal dari babi dan sapi. Bahan baku pembuatan gelatin dari sumber lain terus diteliti karena erat kaitannya dengan kehalalan produk. Saat ini gelatin dari ikan merupakan salah satu alternatif sumber pembuatan gelatin. Ikan patin ( Pangasius hypophthalmus ) adalah jenis ikan yang dikembangkan di Kabupaten Kampar , Provinsi Riau. K ulit ikan patin ini dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber bahan baku pada pembuatan gelatin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan hasil karakterisasi gelatin yang diekstraksi dari kulit ikan patin melalui proses asam dan basa. Pada proses asam digunakan asam sulfat pH 3 lalu diekstraksi dengan aquades pada suhu 60 o C. Pada proses basa, dilakukan penambahan NaOH 0,2 N yang diikuti dengan asam asetat 0,05 N dan diekstraksi dengan aquades pada suhu 60 o C. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan meliputi perhitungan nilai rendemen, uji organoleptis, kadar air, pH, kadar abu, viskositas, kekuatan gel dan analisis profil tekstur menggunakan texture analyzer , kadar protein dengan metode Kjeldahl dan kadar asam amino secara KCKT. Karakterisasi gelatin ikan patin dengan proses asam memberikan hasil sebagai berikut: rendemen (14,94%), kadar air (9,80%), pH (5,14), kadar abu (0,19%), viskositas (3,12 cP), kadar protein (97,71%), dan kadar asam amino tertinggi yaitu glisin = 16,90%, prolin = 11,08%, asam glutamat = 9,10%. Hasil karakterisasi gelatin dengan proses basa: rendemen (14,30%), kadar air (7,25%), pH (5,35), kadar abu (1,54%), viskositas (5,35 cP), kekuatan gel (141,5 g), kadar protein (91,92%), kadar asam amino paling banyak yaitu glisin = 18,15% , prolin = 12,30% , asam glutamat = 10,73%. Gelatin ikan patin yang dihasilkan melalui proses basa menunjukkan karakteristik yang lebih baik daripada proses asam. Gelatin in the majority market comes from pigs and cows. The raw material of gelatin manufacture from other sources continue to be studied because it closely related with halal product. Currently gelatin from fish is an alternative to gelatin making. Catfish ( Pangasius hypophthalmus ) is a fish species developed in Kampar regency of Riau Province . The catfish skin can be used as raw material source in gelatin production . This study aims to compare the characteristics of gelatin extracted from catfish skin with acid and alkaline pretreatment. In the acid pretreatment, sulfuric acid is used until the solution at pH 3 , then it is extracted with distilled water at 60oC. In the alkaline pretreatment, the sample was added by 0.2 N NaOH followed by 0.05 N acetic acid and then extracted with distilled water at 60oC. Characterization s done were includ ing calculation of rendement value, organoleptic test, moisture content, pH, ash content, viscosity, gel strength and texture profile analysis using texture analyzer, protein content with Kjeldahl method and analysis amino acid with HPLC. Characterization of catfish gelatin with acid process gives the following results: rendement (14.94%), wate
大多数市场上的明胶来自猪和牛。其他来源的默认明胶制造材料仍在继续研究，因为它与产品故障密切相关。目前，鱼类明胶是明胶生产的替代来源之一。下眼斑鱼（Pangasius hyphthalmus）是一种生长在廖内省坎普角的鱼类。K折叠这个补丁可以作为明胶生产的默认资源。本研究旨在比较通过酸性和碱性过程从雄鱼皮肤中提取的明胶特性。在酸性工艺中，使用pH为3的硫酸，然后在60°C下用aquades提取。在碱性工艺中，加入0.2 N的NaOH，然后加入0.05 N的乙酸，并在60°C.下用Aquade提取。所执行的特性包括下降值的计算、感官测试、水率、pH、灰分率、粘度，-凝胶强度和使用质地分析仪的质地剖面分析、使用凯氏定氮法的蛋白质速率和使用KCKT的氨基酸速率。患者鱼胶的酸法特性得到以下结果：低浓度（14.94%）、含水率（9.80%）、pH值（5.14）、灰分（0.19%）、粘度（3.12cP）、蛋白质率（97.71%），氨基酸率最高的是甘氨酸=16.90%、脯氨酸=11.08%、谷氨酸=9.10%。明胶特性的基本过程为：低浓度（14.30%）、含水率（7.25%）、pH（5.35）、灰分（1.54%）、粘度（5.35cP）、凝胶强度（141.5g）、蛋白质率（91.92%），大多数氨基酸为甘氨酸=18.15%、脯氨酸=12.30%、谷氨酸=10.73%。通过碱法生产的明胶图案显示出比酸法更好的特性。明胶在大多数市场上来自猪和牛。从其他来源生产明胶的原料仍在继续研究，因为它与清真产品密切相关。目前，鱼类明胶是明胶制造的替代品。鲶鱼（Pangasius hyphthalmus）是廖内省磅湛县开发的一种鱼类。鲶鱼皮可作为明胶生产的原料来源。本研究旨在比较酸性和碱性预处理从鲶鱼皮中提取的明胶的特性。在酸预处理中，使用硫酸直到溶液的pH为3，然后用60℃的蒸馏水提取。在碱性预处理中，样品加入0.2 N NaOH，然后加入0.05 N乙酸，然后用60℃的蒸馏水提取。所做的表征包括热值的计算、感官测试、水分含量、pH、灰分、粘度、凝胶强度和质地分析，用凯氏定氮法分析蛋白质含量，用高效液相色谱法分析氨基酸。采用酸法对鲶鱼明胶进行了表征，结果表明：含量低（14.94%），含水量（9.80%），pH值（5.14），灰分（0.19%），粘度（3.12cP），蛋白质含量（97.71%），氨基酸含量最高，甘氨酸=16.90%，脯氨酸=11.08%，谷氨酸=9.10%。用碱性法对明胶进行了表征，结果表明：低浓度（14.30%）、含水量（7.25%）、pH值（5.35）、灰分（1.54%）、粘度（5.35cP）、凝胶强度（141.5g）、蛋白质含量（91.92%），氨基酸含量最高的是甘氨酸=18.15%、脯氨酸=12.30%，碱性预处理的鲶鱼明胶比酸性预处理具有更好的性能。
{"title":"Karakterisasi Gelatin Hasil Ekstraksi dari Kulit Ikan Patin (Pangasius hypophthalmus) dengan Proses Asam dan Basa","authors":"Azlaini Yus Nasution, Harmita Harmita, Yahdiana Harahap","doi":"10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4029","url":null,"abstract":"Gelatin yang ada di pasaran mayoritas berasal dari babi dan sapi. Bahan baku pembuatan gelatin dari sumber lain terus diteliti karena erat kaitannya dengan kehalalan produk. Saat ini gelatin dari ikan merupakan salah satu alternatif sumber pembuatan gelatin. Ikan patin ( Pangasius hypophthalmus ) adalah jenis ikan yang dikembangkan di Kabupaten Kampar , Provinsi Riau. K ulit ikan patin ini dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber bahan baku pada pembuatan gelatin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan hasil karakterisasi gelatin yang diekstraksi dari kulit ikan patin melalui proses asam dan basa. Pada proses asam digunakan asam sulfat pH 3 lalu diekstraksi dengan aquades pada suhu 60 o C. Pada proses basa, dilakukan penambahan NaOH 0,2 N yang diikuti dengan asam asetat 0,05 N dan diekstraksi dengan aquades pada suhu 60 o C. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan meliputi perhitungan nilai rendemen, uji organoleptis, kadar air, pH, kadar abu, viskositas, kekuatan gel dan analisis profil tekstur menggunakan texture analyzer , kadar protein dengan metode Kjeldahl dan kadar asam amino secara KCKT. Karakterisasi gelatin ikan patin dengan proses asam memberikan hasil sebagai berikut: rendemen (14,94%), kadar air (9,80%), pH (5,14), kadar abu (0,19%), viskositas (3,12 cP), kadar protein (97,71%), dan kadar asam amino tertinggi yaitu glisin = 16,90%, prolin = 11,08%, asam glutamat = 9,10%. Hasil karakterisasi gelatin dengan proses basa: rendemen (14,30%), kadar air (7,25%), pH (5,35), kadar abu (1,54%), viskositas (5,35 cP), kekuatan gel (141,5 g), kadar protein (91,92%), kadar asam amino paling banyak yaitu glisin = 18,15% , prolin = 12,30% , asam glutamat = 10,73%. Gelatin ikan patin yang dihasilkan melalui proses basa menunjukkan karakteristik yang lebih baik daripada proses asam. Gelatin in the majority market comes from pigs and cows. The raw material of gelatin manufacture from other sources continue to be studied because it closely related with halal product. Currently gelatin from fish is an alternative to gelatin making. Catfish ( Pangasius hypophthalmus ) is a fish species developed in Kampar regency of Riau Province . The catfish skin can be used as raw material source in gelatin production . This study aims to compare the characteristics of gelatin extracted from catfish skin with acid and alkaline pretreatment. In the acid pretreatment, sulfuric acid is used until the solution at pH 3 , then it is extracted with distilled water at 60oC. In the alkaline pretreatment, the sample was added by 0.2 N NaOH followed by 0.05 N acetic acid and then extracted with distilled water at 60oC. Characterization s done were includ ing calculation of rendement value, organoleptic test, moisture content, pH, ash content, viscosity, gel strength and texture profile analysis using texture analyzer, protein content with Kjeldahl method and analysis amino acid with HPLC. Characterization of catfish gelatin with acid process gives the following results: rendement (14.94%), wate","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46482850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanopartikel insulin telah dikembangkan sebagai alternatif penghantaran insulin oral. Sistem penghantaran obat dengan nanopartikel dapat diperoleh dari polimer sambungsilang gom xantan dan gom akasia dengan natrium trimetafosfat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan nanopartikel insulin dengan menggunakan gom xantan dan gom akasia tersambungsilang untuk penghantaran oral. Pada penelitian ini nanopartikel insulin diperoleh dengan mencampur koloid gom xantan dan gom akasia dengan perbandingan 1:1 yang kemudian direaksikan dengan natrium trimetafosfat dalam suasana basa. Kemudian insulin dalam larutan HCl dimasukkan ke dalam koloid dan dikeringkan sehingga diperoleh serbuk nanopartikel insulin. Serbuk nanopartikel insulin dikarakterisasi meliputi penentuan data derajat substitusi (DS), efisiensi penjerapan, Dv 90 , daya mengembang, uji pelepasan obat in vitro , dan uji stabilitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel insulin yang terbentuk memiliki DS: 0,08 – 0,10 dengan efisiensi penjerapan 26,11% - 48,73%. Selain itu, nanopartikel insulin yang diperoleh memiliki nilai Dv 90 : 547 nm - 726 nm, dan daya mengembang sebesar 1,1 - 2,9 kali di dalam HCl pH 1,2 dan 2,5 - 3,4 kali di dalam dapar fosfat pH 6,8. Uji pelepasan in vitro menunjukkan bahwa dalam 3 jam telah dilepaskan insulin sebanyak 78,42% - 85,09%. Hasil uji stabilitas pada suhu 4 o C menunjukkan bahwa kadar insulin dalam nanopartikel adalah 74,46% - 85,09% pada minggu ke-9. Sebagai kesimpulan, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel gom xantan dan gom akasia tersambungsilang berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai sistem penghantaran insulin oral. The insulin nanoparticles has been developed as an alternative to oral insulin delivery. Nanoparticle drug delivery system could be prepared by a cross-linked polymer, which was composed of xanthan gum and acacia gum, and cross-linked by sodium trimetaphosphate. The aim of the present study was to produce insulin nanoparticles using the cross-linked polymer of xanthan gum and acacia gum for oral delivery. In this study, insulin nanoparticles was prepared by mixing xanthan gum and acacia gum colloid with the ratio 1:1 and using sodium trimetaphosphate as a cross-linking agent in bases condition. Afterwards, insulin solution in HCl was added into the colloid, and then dried to produce the insulin nanoparticles. Insulin nanoparticle powders were characterized in terms of degree of substitution (DS), entrapment efficiency, Dv 90 , swelling ability, in vitro release study, and stability test. The results showed that the substitution degree of the insulin nanoparticles was 0.08 – 0.10 and the entrapment efficiency was 26.11% - 48.73%. Moreover, the insulin nanoparticles had Dv 90 value 547 nm - 726 nm and swelling index of 1.1 - 2.9 in HCl pH 1.2 and 2.5 - 3.4 in phosphate buffer pH 6.8, respectively. According to the dissolution study, the insulin nanoparticles provided the insulin release of 78.42% - 85.67% within 3 hours. Furthermore,
{"title":"Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Sambungsilang Gom Xantan dan Gom Akasia Untuk Penghantaran Insulin Oral","authors":"A. Rachmawati, Silvia Surini","doi":"10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4192","url":null,"abstract":"Nanopartikel insulin telah dikembangkan sebagai alternatif penghantaran insulin oral. Sistem penghantaran obat dengan nanopartikel dapat diperoleh dari polimer sambungsilang gom xantan dan gom akasia dengan natrium trimetafosfat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan nanopartikel insulin dengan menggunakan gom xantan dan gom akasia tersambungsilang untuk penghantaran oral. Pada penelitian ini nanopartikel insulin diperoleh dengan mencampur koloid gom xantan dan gom akasia dengan perbandingan 1:1 yang kemudian direaksikan dengan natrium trimetafosfat dalam suasana basa. Kemudian insulin dalam larutan HCl dimasukkan ke dalam koloid dan dikeringkan sehingga diperoleh serbuk nanopartikel insulin. Serbuk nanopartikel insulin dikarakterisasi meliputi penentuan data derajat substitusi (DS), efisiensi penjerapan, Dv 90 , daya mengembang, uji pelepasan obat in vitro , dan uji stabilitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel insulin yang terbentuk memiliki DS: 0,08 – 0,10 dengan efisiensi penjerapan 26,11% - 48,73%. Selain itu, nanopartikel insulin yang diperoleh memiliki nilai Dv 90 : 547 nm - 726 nm, dan daya mengembang sebesar 1,1 - 2,9 kali di dalam HCl pH 1,2 dan 2,5 - 3,4 kali di dalam dapar fosfat pH 6,8. Uji pelepasan in vitro menunjukkan bahwa dalam 3 jam telah dilepaskan insulin sebanyak 78,42% - 85,09%. Hasil uji stabilitas pada suhu 4 o C menunjukkan bahwa kadar insulin dalam nanopartikel adalah 74,46% - 85,09% pada minggu ke-9. Sebagai kesimpulan, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel gom xantan dan gom akasia tersambungsilang berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai sistem penghantaran insulin oral. The insulin nanoparticles has been developed as an alternative to oral insulin delivery. Nanoparticle drug delivery system could be prepared by a cross-linked polymer, which was composed of xanthan gum and acacia gum, and cross-linked by sodium trimetaphosphate. The aim of the present study was to produce insulin nanoparticles using the cross-linked polymer of xanthan gum and acacia gum for oral delivery. In this study, insulin nanoparticles was prepared by mixing xanthan gum and acacia gum colloid with the ratio 1:1 and using sodium trimetaphosphate as a cross-linking agent in bases condition. Afterwards, insulin solution in HCl was added into the colloid, and then dried to produce the insulin nanoparticles. Insulin nanoparticle powders were characterized in terms of degree of substitution (DS), entrapment efficiency, Dv 90 , swelling ability, in vitro release study, and stability test. The results showed that the substitution degree of the insulin nanoparticles was 0.08 – 0.10 and the entrapment efficiency was 26.11% - 48.73%. Moreover, the insulin nanoparticles had Dv 90 value 547 nm - 726 nm and swelling index of 1.1 - 2.9 in HCl pH 1.2 and 2.5 - 3.4 in phosphate buffer pH 6.8, respectively. According to the dissolution study, the insulin nanoparticles provided the insulin release of 78.42% - 85.67% within 3 hours. Furthermore, ","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43713103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For years, natural polymers have played a significant role in pharmaceutical field due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. In Indonesia, most research in natural polymers focus on application of the polymers as inert pharmaceutical excipients or as drug matrix in micro- and nano- particle. Meanwhile, research about polymers in the world (mostly synthetic polymers) have been progressed to advanced drug delivery system. In this system, the polymer can act as either pharmacologically active molecules, or sophisticated carrier in targeted prodrug delivery system. The latter is called polymer-drug conjugates, a system where the drugs are covalently attached to a polymeric carrier, rather than simply entrapped in polymer matrix. Natural polymers have been one of the materials to use for the carrier due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review article emphasizes the opportunity, challenges and strategies to use natural polymers as carrier in polymer-drug conjugates. Moreover, we also discuss some aspects in regards of the synthesis and analysis, to give some perspectives and encouragement for the Indonesian researcher who are interested in exploring this research field.
{"title":"Synthesis of Polymer-Drug Conjugates Using Natural Polymer: What, Why and How?","authors":"Erny Sagita, Rezi Riadhi Syahdi, Arif Arrahman","doi":"10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4376","url":null,"abstract":"For years, natural polymers have played a significant role in pharmaceutical field due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. In Indonesia, most research in natural polymers focus on application of the polymers as inert pharmaceutical excipients or as drug matrix in micro- and nano- particle. Meanwhile, research about polymers in the world (mostly synthetic polymers) have been progressed to advanced drug delivery system. In this system, the polymer can act as either pharmacologically active molecules, or sophisticated carrier in targeted prodrug delivery system. The latter is called polymer-drug conjugates, a system where the drugs are covalently attached to a polymeric carrier, rather than simply entrapped in polymer matrix. Natural polymers have been one of the materials to use for the carrier due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review article emphasizes the opportunity, challenges and strategies to use natural polymers as carrier in polymer-drug conjugates. Moreover, we also discuss some aspects in regards of the synthesis and analysis, to give some perspectives and encouragement for the Indonesian researcher who are interested in exploring this research field.","PeriodicalId":55754,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.7454/PSR.V5I3.4376","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46463564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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