Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment最新文献

A unified Element-based Finite Volume Method for linear and nonlinear geomechanics and compositional reservoir simulation 线性和非线性地质力学及储层模拟的统一有限元有限体积法

IF 3.7 2区工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS

Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.gete.2026.100791

Marcelo Menezes Farias , Ivens da Costa Menezes Lima , Francisco Marcondes , Kamy Sepehrnoori

This work presents an unstructured grid-based formulation for compositional reservoir simulation coupled with elastic, elastoplastic, and viscoplastic geomechanical models. Implemented in the UTCOMPRS simulator using the Element-based Finite Volume Method (EbFVM), the proposed approach explicitly solves both flow and mechanical equations on unstructured grids. It supports nonlinear models, such as Mohr-Coulomb, Drucker-Prager, and a Perzyna-based viscoplastic criterion to represent material yield. Five case studies are conducted to verify the geomechanical implementation: Prandtl’s benchmark validates the plastic and viscoplastic models; primary production matched results from a commercial simulator; WAG injection and CO₂ storage cases demonstrated the influence of the geomechanical model on production forecast, reservoir pressure, and rock deformation; and a Pre-Salt reservoir proxy tested computational efficiency, and numerical accuracy of the EbFVM across multiple grid refinements. Results show that the EbFVM captures nonlinear deformation while delivering solutions comparable to fine meshes using significantly coarser grids. The proposed formulation provides a robust and versatile tool for simulating complex reservoir-geomechanical problems.

这项工作提出了一种基于非结构化网格的组合储层模拟公式，结合了弹性、弹塑性和粘塑性地质力学模型。采用基于单元的有限体积法（Element-based Finite Volume Method, EbFVM）在UTCOMPRS模拟器中实现，该方法明确地求解了非结构化网格上的流动方程和力学方程。它支持非线性模型，如Mohr-Coulomb， Drucker-Prager和基于perzyna的粘塑性标准来表示材料产量。五个案例研究验证了地质力学的实现：Prandtl的基准验证了塑性和粘塑性模型；商业模拟器的初步生产匹配结果；WAG注入和CO2封存实例证明了地质力学模型对产量预测、储层压力和岩石变形的影响；以盐下储层为例，测试了EbFVM在多种网格细化下的计算效率和数值精度。结果表明，EbFVM可以捕获非线性变形，同时使用更粗糙的网格提供与精细网格相当的解决方案。所提出的公式为模拟复杂的储层地质力学问题提供了一个强大而通用的工具。

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引用次数: 0

The contribution of physical-chemical effects of abandoned mine water to the deterioration of Mode-I fracture toughness- based on CT-DEM integrated modeling 基于CT-DEM综合建模的矿山废水物化效应对ⅰ型断裂韧性退化的贡献

IF 3.7 2区工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS

Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.gete.2026.100793

Yang Shen , Baiquan Lin , Minghua Lin , Ting Liu , Tong Liu , Zhiyong Hao , Wei Yang

The fracture zone of abandoned mining sites is prone to Mode-I fractures. In coal rock layers with more aquifers, the erosion and dissolution of abandoned mine water will accelerate this process. To investigate the respective effects and contributions of swelling and erosion on Mode-I fracture in abandoned mine water, this study combines laboratory experiments and discrete element simulations to explore the macro- and micro-fracture processes of samples under the coupled action of erosion and swelling. Five time gradients were set for treating the prepared NSCB samples (0, 7, 14, 21, 30 days), and the degree of deterioration of the Mode-I fracture toughness of the coal samples was explored. A mechanical model for mineral dissolution-swelling was established by combining Computed Tomography(CT) scanning and the discrete element grain-based model (GBM). The Swelling/ dissolution expansion coefficient were defined, by adjusting the expansion coefficient, the model simulates the damage process of coal particles and minerals undergoing dissolution-swelling. The research results indicate that the failure behavior transitions from brittle fracture to ductile fracture. Simulation results indicate that the initial stage of contact between abandoned mine water and coal is primarily characterized by hydraulic swelling, with corrosion starting to affect the sample in the later stages of contact. It is observed that corrosion leads to an increase in transgranular cracks during Mode-I fracture processes, whereas the original sample primarily experiences slip fracture along mineral crystal boundaries.

废弃矿区破碎带易出现i型裂缝。在含水层较多的煤岩层中，废弃矿井水的侵蚀和溶解将加速这一过程。为了研究溶胀和侵蚀对废矿水ⅰ型裂缝的影响和贡献，本研究采用室内实验和离散元模拟相结合的方法，研究了侵蚀和溶胀耦合作用下试样的宏观和微观断裂过程。设置5个时间梯度（0、7、14、21、30天）对制备的NSCB试样进行处理，探讨煤样i型断裂韧性的恶化程度。将计算机断层扫描（CT）与离散元颗粒模型（GBM）相结合，建立了矿物溶解—溶胀力学模型。定义膨胀/溶解膨胀系数，通过调整膨胀系数，模拟煤颗粒和矿物在溶胀过程中的破坏过程。研究结果表明，破坏行为由脆性断裂向韧性断裂转变。仿真结果表明，废矿水与煤接触初期主要表现为水力膨胀，接触后期腐蚀开始对试样产生影响。在i型断裂过程中，腐蚀导致穿晶裂纹增加，而原始试样主要沿着矿物晶界发生滑移断裂。

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引用次数: 0

Coupled stress–apparent resistivity model for rock deformation and failure based on experimental analysis 基于实验分析的岩石变形破坏耦合应力-视电阻率模型

IF 3.7 2区工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS

Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.gete.2026.100792

Zhongzhong Xu , Jiulong Cheng , Hongpeng Zhao

The key to preventing mine water disasters and gas hazards lies in monitoring the development of mining–induced fractures in the roof strata of coal seams. Although the borehole resistivity method (BRM) is an advanced technology, its effectiveness is limited by the incomplete understanding of how the apparent resistivity of rock varies during the development of mining-induced fractures and the difficulty in quantitatively analyzing the extent of fracture development. This study used experimental analysis to identify the patterns governing the apparent resistivity changes of rock throughout the development of mining-induced fractures under different confining pressure levels and to formulate a quantitative model for assessing rock fracture development. The study examined stress and the apparent resistivity of five rock types under three confining pressure levels. The results reveal that the relationship between stress and apparent resistivity in loaded rocks is characterized by distinct stage–dependent variations. Specifically, during the microcrack closure stage, there is a negative linear correlation between the apparent resistivity of the rock and stress. In the linear elastic stage, the apparent resistivity of identical rocks remains stable and consistent across varying confining pressure levels. Conversely, in the stable crack propagation and failure stages, a positive linear correlation is observed between the apparent resistivity of the rock and stress. Utilizing experimental data, a coupled stress–apparent resistivity model for rock deformation and failure (CSAR model) was developed. This study not only improves the precision of BRM in monitoring mining-induced fracture development in coal seam roof strata but also tackles the challenges of quantitatively analyzing the extent of fracture development.

预防矿井水害和瓦斯危害的关键是监测煤层顶板采动裂隙的发育情况。虽然钻孔电阻率法（BRM）是一项先进的技术，但由于对采动裂缝发育过程中岩石视电阻率变化的认识不完全，以及对裂缝发育程度的定量分析困难，限制了其有效性。通过实验分析，确定了不同围压水平下采动裂隙发育过程中岩石视电阻率变化规律，建立了评价岩石裂隙发育的定量模型。研究了3种围压水平下5种岩石的应力和视电阻率。结果表明，加载岩石中应力与视电阻率的关系具有明显的阶段性变化特征。具体而言，在微裂纹闭合阶段，岩石视电阻率与应力呈负线性相关。在线弹性阶段，同一岩石的视电阻率在不同围压水平下保持稳定一致。相反，在稳定裂纹扩展和破坏阶段，岩石视电阻率与应力呈线性正相关。利用实验数据，建立了岩石变形破坏的应力-视电阻率耦合模型（CSAR模型）。该研究不仅提高了BRM监测煤层顶板采动裂隙发育的精度，而且解决了裂隙发育程度定量分析的难题。

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引用次数: 0

Research on drilling fluid lost circulation and fracture width inversion in complex fractured formations based on fluid-solid coupling 基于流固耦合的复杂裂缝地层钻井液漏失及裂缝宽度反演研究

IF 3.7 2区工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS

Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.gete.2026.100790

Chengyun Ma , Zehan Zheng , Yihua Dou , Wenjun Shan , Wei Wang

Lost circulation in fractured formations is a critical issue, and accurate estimation of fracture width is essential for effective plugging. However, existing analytical models (e.g., Sanfilippo and Civan models) typically involve complex implicit solutions, neglect fracture deformation, and require numerous rock mechanics parameters that are difficult to obtain in real-time. To overcome these limitations, this study developed a 3D multi-scale loss model based on fluid-solid coupling to simulate the loss process dynamically. Based on the simulation results, a rapid fracture width inversion strategy was proposed. A distinct advantage of this approach is its flexibility regarding data availability: inversion models were established for two scenarios—one incorporating fracture density and another excluding it. Specifically, for wells lacking fracture density data (e.g., no imaging logs), the simplified model excluding fracture density allows for accurate prediction using only three readily available parameters: fluid viscosity, pressure differential, and cumulative loss volume. Validated against 48 sets of field data, this simplified model achieved a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.888 with a relative error of less than 10 %. Compared to traditional methods, the proposed approach significantly reduces parameter requirements and computational complexity, providing a practical and efficient tool for on-site decision-making.

裂缝地层的漏失是一个关键问题，准确估计裂缝宽度对于有效封堵至关重要。然而，现有的分析模型（如Sanfilippo和Civan模型）通常涉及复杂的隐式解，忽略了裂缝变形，并且需要大量难以实时获得的岩石力学参数。为了克服这些局限性，本研究建立了基于流固耦合的三维多尺度损失模型来动态模拟损失过程。基于仿真结果，提出了裂缝宽度快速反演策略。该方法的一个明显优势是其数据可用性的灵活性：针对两种情况建立了反演模型，一种包括裂缝密度，另一种不包括裂缝密度。具体来说，对于缺乏裂缝密度数据（例如，没有成像测井）的井，不包括裂缝密度的简化模型允许仅使用三个现成的参数进行准确预测：流体粘度、压差和累积损失量。经48组野外数据验证，该简化模型的决定系数（R2）为0.888，相对误差小于10 %。与传统方法相比，该方法显著降低了参数要求和计算复杂度，为现场决策提供了实用高效的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Peridynamic simulation of deep rock fragmentation subjected to cutter impact with Johnson-Cook model 基于Johnson-Cook模型的刀具冲击下深部岩石破碎的全动力学模拟

IF 3.7 2区工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS

Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.gete.2026.100789

Jingkai Chen, Dong Jiang, Zhangcong Huang, Xiaomin Zhang

The low penetration rate is one of the limitations of ultra-deep well drilling, which usually results from the high strength of formation rock with high in-situ stress. The shock-assisted-drilling technique has been proven to be effective in improving the penetration rate of deep rock; however, the fragmentation mechanism is still not clear. Benefiting from the advantages of Peridynamics in simulating crack-involved problems, this paper first introduces the concepts of ordinary state-based Peridynamics and the nonlocal plastic deformation. Then, the nonlocal strain rate effect is reconstructed by reformulating the Peridynamic constitutive relations with the Johnson-Cook model, and the numerical algorithm is developed subsequently. The strain rate effect of yield strength is then validated by solving a benchmark example of uniaxial loading; the stress-strain relation subjected to different load rates is generated. To further investigate the fragmentation under different load rates, the crack propagation of the Brazilian Disk subjected to the Split Hopkinson test is simulated. The crack propagation simulation of BD with/without a slot is consistent with the experiment results. Furthermore, the research systematically reveals the coupling influence of cutter impact and in-situ stress on rock damage evolution and plastic deformation. The numerical simulation demonstrates the stress regulation and damage suppression effects of cutter impact under different in-situ stresses. The dynamic behavior of the rock exhibits a strain-rate-strengthening characteristic and shows a positive correlation between yield strength and strain rate. These findings elucidated the damage evolution mechanism of deep formation rock under impact loads.

低钻速是超深井钻井的局限性之一，这通常是由于地层岩石强度高、地应力大所致。冲击辅助钻井技术已被证明是提高深部岩石穿透速度的有效方法；然而，碎片化机制尚不清楚。利用周动力学在模拟涉及裂纹问题方面的优势，本文首先介绍了普通的基于状态的周动力学和非局部塑性变形的概念。在此基础上，利用Johnson-Cook模型重构了非局部应变率效应，并推导了数值计算算法。通过求解单轴加载基准算例，验证了应变率效应对屈服强度的影响；得到了不同加载速率下的应力-应变关系。为了进一步研究不同加载速率下巴西盘的破碎性，对劈裂霍普金森试验下巴西盘的裂纹扩展进行了模拟。含/不含缝的双壁裂纹扩展模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。系统揭示了刀具冲击和地应力对岩石损伤演化和塑性变形的耦合影响。数值模拟验证了不同地应力下刀具冲击的应力调节和损伤抑制作用。岩石的动力行为表现为应变率强化特征，屈服强度与应变率呈正相关。研究结果阐明了深部地层岩石在冲击载荷作用下的损伤演化机制。

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引用次数: 0

Desiccation cracking behavior of discrete fiber mixed with clay material 离散纤维与粘土混合材料的干燥开裂行为

IF 3.7 2区工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS

Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.gete.2026.100788

Changde Yang , Yang Chen , Binbin Yang

This study introduces the results of evaporation cracking test on soil with different discrete polypropylene fiber content (PPFC). Changes in the cracking characteristics are quantitatively analyzed by using digital image processing technology. The results indicate that the fractal dimension (FD) of the cracking process can be divided into three stages. Stage A is defined as the rapid cracking stage when the rate of cracking increases rapidly with a PPFC of 0.2 %. However, the rate of cracking decreases with further increases in PPFC. In Stage B, the FD of cracks with a PPFC of 0.2 % and 0.7 % tends to be stable at first, while that of cracks with a PPFC less than 0.2 % increases gradually with time. The FD approaches a constant in Stage C and its value decreases with increases in the PPFC. The characteristics of the average moisture content of soil with different PPFC along with the drying time show a close agreement with those when the PPFC is less than 0.2 %. It is found that fibers can restrain the expansion of soil which reduces cracking and evaporation of free water which results in a delay of the evaporation of the bounded water. The 0.2 % PPFC is the optimal ratio for inhibiting Xinjiang clay.

介绍了不同离散聚丙烯纤维含量（PPFC）土壤的蒸发开裂试验结果。利用数字图像处理技术定量分析了裂纹特征的变化。结果表明，裂纹过程的分形维数（FD）可划分为三个阶段。阶段A定义为快速开裂阶段，当PPFC为0.2 %时，开裂速率迅速增加。然而，随着PPFC的进一步增加，开裂率降低。在B阶段，当PPFC为0.2 %和0.7 %时，裂缝的FD开始趋于稳定，而当PPFC小于0.2 %时，裂缝的FD随着时间的推移逐渐增大。FD在C期接近一个常数，其值随着PPFC的增加而降低。不同PPFC条件下土壤平均含水率随干燥时间的变化特征与PPFC < 0.2 %时基本一致。结果表明，纤维可以抑制土体的膨胀，减少土体的开裂和自由水的蒸发，从而延缓有界水的蒸发。0.2 %的PPFC是抑制新疆粘土的最佳配比。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of pore pressure-dependent friction laws on supershear earthquakes 孔隙压力相关摩擦规律对超剪切地震的影响

IF 3.7 2区工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS

Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.gete.2026.100787

Sandro Andrés , David Santillán , Ruben Juanes , Luis Cueto-Felgueroso

Supershear earthquakes are a particular class of seismic events in which the rupture velocity exceeds the shear wave velocity. These high-speed ruptures challenge conventional fault mechanics and have significant implications for the assessment of seismic hazards. This work investigates the relationship between pore pressure-dependent friction laws and the propagation of seismic ruptures, particularly the transition to supershear speeds. We present a numerical approach that couples fluid flow, rock deformation, and frictional contact, using stress-rate-dependent rate-and-state friction laws to simulate fault reactivation and rupture propagation. Our simulations demonstrate that the dependence of frictional properties on the effective normal stress rate can partially explain the occurrence of supershear ruptures, leading to a transition from sub-Rayleigh to supershear propagation patterns, as opposed to classical rate-and-state laws. We perform a parametric sweep, varying confining stresses, tectonic ratio, and fluid compressibility, and perform a dimensionless analysis to quantify the impact of hydromechanical parameters on supershear ruptures. Our analysis reveals that the stress drop during rupture is a key parameter in distinguishing between sub-Rayleigh and supershear rupture regimes. This study contributes to understanding the mechanisms that control fault friction behavior and its impact on seismic risk in underground reservoirs, which is crucial for the safe implementation of technologies such as green hydrogen storage and geothermal energy.

超剪切地震是破裂速度超过横波速度的一类特殊地震事件。这些高速断裂挑战了传统的断层力学，对地震危险性评估具有重要意义。这项工作研究了孔隙压力相关摩擦定律与地震破裂传播之间的关系，特别是过渡到超剪切速度。我们提出了一种耦合流体流动、岩石变形和摩擦接触的数值方法，使用与应力速率相关的速率和状态摩擦定律来模拟断层的再激活和破裂扩展。我们的模拟表明，摩擦特性对有效法向应力速率的依赖可以部分解释超剪切破裂的发生，导致从亚瑞利到超剪切传播模式的转变，而不是经典的速率-状态定律。我们进行了参数扫描、改变围应力、构造比和流体压缩性，并进行了无量纲分析，以量化流体力学参数对超剪切破裂的影响。分析表明，破裂过程中的应力降是区分亚瑞利破裂和超剪切破裂的关键参数。该研究有助于理解断层摩擦行为的控制机制及其对地下储层地震风险的影响，这对绿色储氢和地热能等技术的安全实施至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Cracking patterns, self-healing and properties of sand-bentonite liner under environmental stresses: A CT scanning and laboratory testing approach 环境应力下砂-膨润土衬垫的开裂模式、自修复和性能：CT扫描和实验室测试方法

IF 3.7 2区工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS

Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.gete.2026.100786

Mina Fattahi, Reza Imam

Compacted Impervious Liners (CILs) play a critical role in landfills by preventing environmental pollution. Where local soils do not meet stringent design criteria, soil amendment with bentonite is widely adopted to enhance properties of CILs. This study focuses on examining the behavior of a typical sand-bentonite mixture used as CIL and investigating the cracking patterns, self-healing properties in terms of hydraulic conductivity and uniaxial strength under wet-dry and freeze-thaw cycles, and effects of bentonite type and percentage on these properties. CT scanning and image processing results showed that in higher plasticity mixtures containing more sodium bentonite, cracks formed during wet-dry cycles tend to be larger and surficial; however, following freeze-thaw cycles, they are thinner, shorter and distributed uniformly over the sample depth. In the lower plasticity calcium bentonite mixtures, the cracking patterns during the two types of environmental stresses are reversed. Moreover, three patterns of changes in hydraulic conductivity and self healing during wet-dry cycles depending on the bentonite type of the mixture are also identified. Possible explanations for the cracking and self-healing observations are also provided. Effects of bentonite type and mixture plasticity on the various mixture properties including strength, stiffness, post-peak softening rate, failure mechanism, hydraulic conductivity, compaction properties, etc. are also examined. It was noticed that for the low PI mixture, wet-dry cycles finally lead to either increase or decrease in hydraulic conductivity depending on the mixture density.

压实防渗衬垫（CILs）在垃圾填埋场中起到了防止环境污染的重要作用。在当地的土壤不符合严格的设计标准，土壤改良剂与膨润土被广泛采用，以提高混凝土的性能。本研究的重点是研究一种典型的砂-膨润土混合物作为CIL的行为，研究其在干湿循环和冻融循环下的开裂模式、水力导电性和单轴强度方面的自愈性能，以及膨润土类型和百分比对这些性能的影响。CT扫描和图像处理结果表明，在含钠型膨润土较多的高塑性混合料中，干湿循环过程中形成的裂纹往往较大且较浅；然而，在冻融循环之后，它们变得更薄、更短，并且在样品深度上分布均匀。在低塑性钙膨润土混合物中，两种环境应力作用下的开裂模式是相反的。此外，根据混合物的膨润土类型，还确定了干湿循环过程中水力导电性和自愈性的三种变化模式。对裂缝和自愈现象的可能解释也提供了。研究了膨润土类型和混合料塑性对混合料强度、刚度、峰后软化率、破坏机制、导电性、压实性等性能的影响。值得注意的是，对于低PI混合物，干湿循环最终会导致导电性的增加或减少，这取决于混合物的密度。

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引用次数: 0

Thermoporoelastic model for fluid-driven debonding of cement during CO2 injection in a vertical well 直井注二氧化碳过程中固井流体驱动脱粘热孔弹性模型

IF 3.7 2区工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS

Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.gete.2025.100785

A.V. Valov , E.V. Dontsov , F. Zhang

Well integrity is a critical challenge in carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects, where debonding of cement sheath can form preferential pathways for CO

_{2}

leakage. This study introduces a numerical framework for simulating fluid-driven debonding along the cement interfaces during CO

_{2}

injection. A pseudo-3D fracture propagation model, adapted to cylindrical well geometry, is coupled with a thermoporoelastic finite element mechanical model of the composite casing-cement-formation system. The framework accounts for poroelastic material behavior, thermal stresses, variations in fluid pressure and temperature, in-situ stress anisotropy, formation layering, and initial stress states induced by well construction and cement hydration. Fracture propagation is simulated in both vertical and circumferential directions, incorporating the effects of buoyancy, fluid viscosity, interfacial adhesion strength, and pressure-dependent leak-off. Numerical results reveal three distinct debonding regimes: crescent-shaped partial debonding, large incomplete debonding with non-monotonic aperture, and complete debonding that is characterized by a fully open channel around the circumference of the well. Sensitivity analysis reveals that debonding evolution is strongly influenced by cement shrinkage, injection conditions, cold fluid effects, and changes in reservoir stress over time. The model provides a predictive tool for assessing leakage risk and fracture evolution under varying cementing conditions, injection scenarios, and reservoir stress states.

在碳捕集与封存（CCS）项目中，井的完整性是一个关键的挑战，在CCS项目中，水泥环的脱粘会形成二氧化碳泄漏的优先途径。该研究引入了模拟二氧化碳注入过程中沿水泥界面流体驱动脱粘的数值框架。将拟三维裂缝扩展模型与套管-水泥-地层复合系统的热孔弹性有限元力学模型相结合，该模型适用于柱形井的几何形状。该框架考虑了孔隙弹性材料特性、热应力、流体压力和温度变化、地应力各向异性、地层分层以及井建和水泥水化引起的初始应力状态。在垂直和周向两个方向上模拟裂缝扩展，同时考虑浮力、流体粘度、界面粘附强度和压力相关泄漏的影响。数值结果显示了三种不同的脱粘模式：月牙形部分脱粘，非单调孔径的大不完全脱粘，以及以井周周围完全开放的通道为特征的完全脱粘。敏感性分析表明，水泥收缩、注入条件、冷流体效应和油藏应力随时间变化对脱粘演化有强烈影响。该模型为评估不同固井条件、注入方案和油藏应力状态下的泄漏风险和裂缝演化提供了预测工具。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of pore-water salinity and sulphate concentration on the breakdown pressure of limestone rocks 孔隙水矿化度和硫酸盐浓度对石灰岩破裂压力的影响

IF 3.7 2区工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS

Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.gete.2025.100781

Mohammad Rezaee, Mohsen Masihi, Hassan Mahani

Hydraulic fracturing (HF) is widely used to enhance production from subsurface energy systems, with fracturing pressure governed by geochemical and geomechanical factors. While similar rock types and stress conditions may exist across regions, rock-pore water interactions can vary, influencing fracture behavior. A key factor overlooked in current models is sulphate ion variability in pore water, which interacts with carbonate rock and alters its mechanical properties. This study investigates how sulphate concentration in the formation water affects HF in limestone rock, using laboratory-scale experiments and theoretical modeling. A custom-built 2D fracturing apparatus was used to evaluate breakdown pressure (BP) dependency on sulphate concentration and injection rate. Additional insights were obtained through surface complexation modeling, disjoining pressure calculations, microscopic imaging, and elemental analysis. Results indicate that BP increases with injection rate, facilitating smoother, more effective fractures. The primary weakening mechanism arises from alterations in intergranular forces due to brine composition changes, rather than mineral dissolution or precipitation. Salinity affects BP by modifying both rock tensile strength and local stress state. Notably, BP exhibits a non-monotonic trend with sulphate concentration, reaching maximum weakening at 1 M salinity. High salinity results in lower BP, leading to irregular, less conductive fractures, while lower sulphate levels enhance injectivity post-HF, improving reservoir performance. These novel findings provide critical insights for optimizing HF and injection operations, particularly when brine salinity differs from formation water, enabling more effective well stimulation strategies in carbonate reservoirs.

水力压裂（HF）被广泛用于提高地下能源系统的产量，压裂压力受地球化学和地质力学因素的影响。虽然不同地区可能存在相似的岩石类型和应力条件，但岩石-孔隙-水的相互作用可能会有所不同，从而影响裂缝行为。当前模型忽略的一个关键因素是孔隙水中硫酸盐离子的变化，它与碳酸盐岩相互作用并改变其力学性质。本研究利用实验室规模的实验和理论模型研究了地层水中硫酸盐浓度对石灰岩中HF的影响。使用定制的2D压裂仪来评估破裂压力（BP）与硫酸盐浓度和注入速率的关系。通过表面络合模拟、分离压力计算、显微成像和元素分析获得了更多的见解。结果表明，BP随着注入速度的增加而增加，有利于裂缝更平滑、更有效。主要的弱化机制是由于卤水成分变化引起的晶间力的改变，而不是矿物溶解或沉淀。盐度通过改变岩石抗拉强度和局部应力状态来影响BP。值得注意的是，BP随硫酸盐浓度呈非单调趋势，在1 M盐度时减弱最大。高矿化度导致BP降低，导致裂缝不规则、导流性差，而较低的硫酸盐水平提高了hf后的注入能力，改善了储层性能。这些新发现为优化HF和注入作业提供了重要的见解，特别是当盐水盐度与地层水不同时，可以实现更有效的碳酸盐岩储层增产策略。

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引用次数: 0