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Feeding Habits of the Japanese Fire-belly Newt (Ampbihia: Urodela: Salamandridae) in Central Honshu, Japan 日本本州中部火腹蝾螈(两栖目:尾尾目:蝾螈科)的摄食习性
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q4 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-25 DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.162
Kotaro Ozaki, K. Nishikawa
Abstract: The Japanese fire-belly newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, is a near threatened species that is conservation dependent. Here, we examine feeding habits across the year within a genetically divergent intraspecific lineages of this species (the Central Lineage) to provide information to support future insitu and ex-situ conservation activities. Stomach contents from newts were collected in a paddy field habitat, Kyoto City, central Honshu, Japan for two consecutive years. Throughout the year, dipteran aquatic larvae were the most important food source both for males and females, although terrestrial invertebrates were also important prey for the newts. During periods of low prey availability shed skin could also be a relatively valuable source of food. Sympatric frogs and newts appear to target different prey and this may facilitate their co-existence. Our study provides new information on suitable prey items for the Central Lineage of C. pyrrhogaster both in its natural habitat and in captivity.
摘要:日本火腹蝾螈Cynops pyrrhogaster是一种濒临灭绝的物种,需要保护。在这里,我们研究了该物种在遗传上不同的种内谱系(中央谱系)中全年的进食习惯,为支持未来的原位和迁地保护活动提供信息。在日本本州岛中部京都市的稻田栖息地连续两年采集蝾螈的胃内容物。一年中,尽管陆生无脊椎动物也是蝾螈的重要猎物,但双足目水生幼虫是雄性和雌性最重要的食物来源。在猎物供应量低的时期,蜕皮也可能是一种相对有价值的食物来源。交感蛙和蝾螈似乎以不同的猎物为目标,这可能有助于它们的共存。我们的研究为pyrrhogaster中央品系在其自然栖息地和人工饲养中的合适猎物提供了新的信息。
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引用次数: 0
Factors Affecting the Surface Activity of Japanese Common Toad, Bufo japonicus formosus (Amphibia: Bufonidae) during the Non-breeding Season 非繁殖季节影响日本蟾蜍体表活性的因素
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q4 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.17
T. Kusano, Tomoyo Miura, S. Terui, Y. Shiga
Abstract: Lunar phase and weather conditions are known to affect breeding activity of the Japanese common toad, Bufo japonicus formosus. However, information on toad activity during non-breeding season is very scarce. In this study, we investigated the influence of weather conditions and lunar phase on toad activity during the non-breeding season (April-November). Surface activity during the non-breeding season was monitored in Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji Tokyo from 2010 to 2014. The effects of weather conditions and the lunar phase on the number of toads captured were analyzed using Random Forests models (an ensemble machine learning method). Toads began to forage on the soil surface from late April and activity lasted until mid-November. Some meteorological variables such as temperature, wind, and atmospheric pressure affected toad activity, but the lunar phase, which is the most important variable in breeding activity, did not have an effect on surface activity of the toads during non-breeding season. However, differences were observed among adult males and females with respect to their response to meteorological variables: males responded positively to rainfall, but females did not. A distinct difference in the effect of temperature was also observed between adults and juveniles: juveniles became more active when daily minimum temperature was >15°C, although adults did not respond to an increase in temperature. Our results on sexual differences in weather-mediated activity and lack of the lunar phase effects during non-breeding season provide useful information for our understanding of life history of these toads.
摘要:众所周知,月相和天气条件会影响日本蟾蜍的繁殖活动。然而,关于蟾蜍在非繁殖季节活动的信息非常稀少。在这项研究中,我们调查了非繁殖季节(4月至11月)天气条件和月相对蟾蜍活动的影响。2010年至2014年,在东京八王子市南大泽市监测了非繁殖季节的地表活动。使用随机森林模型(一种集成机器学习方法)分析了天气条件和月相对捕获蟾蜍数量的影响。蟾蜍从4月下旬开始在土壤表面觅食,活动一直持续到11月中旬。一些气象变量,如温度、风和大气压,影响蟾蜍的活动,但作为繁殖活动中最重要的变量的月相,在非繁殖季节对蟾蜍的表面活动没有影响。然而,成年男性和女性对气象变量的反应存在差异:男性对降雨反应积极,而女性则不然。成年人和青少年之间也观察到温度影响的明显差异:当每日最低温度>15°C时,青少年变得更活跃,尽管成年人对温度升高没有反应。我们对天气介导的蟾蜍活动的性别差异以及在非繁殖季节缺乏月相效应的研究结果为我们了解这些蟾蜍的生活史提供了有用的信息。
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引用次数: 0
Deeper or Shallower? Interactions and Temporal Variability in Choosing Burrowing Depth between Species of Economic Burrowing Frogs of Forest Area from Northeastern Thailand 更深还是浅层?泰国东北部林区经济潜蛙种间潜穴深度选择的相互作用和时间变异性
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q4 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.35
Akeapot Srifa, K. Lauprasert
Abstract: Burrowing is one of the important seasonal behaviors in amphibians that could be related to physiological ecology and environmental factors. Burrowing characteristics and temporal variability in burrowing behaviors were explored and examined from three sampling surveys in northeastern Thailand in 2017–2018. Four species of burrowing frogs were identified with overwhelmingly abundant specimens in two species, Glyphoglossus molossus and Kaloula mediolineata. In general, K. mediolineata burrowed deeper than G. molossus although their body size were not different. There were no clear relationships between burrowing depth and frog body size in each species, although G. molossus showed larger SVL in dry seasons than that in rainy seasons. In contrast to K. mediolineata which preferred to burrow deeper in dry seasons, burrowing depth of G. molossus was almost stable among seasons. The results of this study highlighted an interaction between season and species in the burrowing depth of these two frog species in northeastern Thailand.
摘要:挖洞是两栖动物重要的季节行为之一,可能与生理生态和环境因素有关。通过2017-2018年在泰国东北部进行的三次抽样调查,探讨了挖洞特征和挖洞行为的时间变异性。共鉴定出4种穴居蛙,其中Glyphoglossus molossus和Kaloula mediolineata两种标本极为丰富。一般而言,中线田鼠的穴居深度比鼹鼠田鼠深,但体型差异不大。各物种的挖洞深度与蛙体大小之间没有明显的关系,但旱季的洞深比雨季的洞深大。与在旱季偏好挖深的中线栎不同,毛毛栎的挖深在季节间基本稳定。这项研究的结果突出了季节和物种之间的相互作用,在泰国东北部的这两种青蛙的穴居深度。
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引用次数: 0
A New Species of Small Green Treefrog (Pelodryadidae: Litoria) from the Lakekamu Basin in Southern Papua New Guinea 巴布亚新几内亚南部Lakekamu盆地的一种小型绿色树蛙(Pelodryadidae:Litoria)
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q4 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.43
S. Richards, David P Bickford
Abstract: We describe a new species of very small (male body length 22.0–22.8 mm), green treefrog in the pelodryadid genus Litoria Tschudi from lowland rainforest on the southern margin of Papua New Guinea's central cordillera. The new species is morphologically most similar to Litoria leucova, a small green treefrog known only from the north-flowing Sepik River catchment in western Papua New Guinea. It differs from that species by having longer limbs (TL/SVL 0.56–0.60 vs. 0.53–0.55), a poorly defined (vs. prominent) tympanum, in having a distinct lemon yellow mid-lateral line, and in its unique advertisement call comprising a slowly repeated series of short clicks followed by a discrete group of pulses produced rapidly but with highly variable inter-pulse intervals. Although genetic data are not available, the new species' association with a fast-flowing rocky stream suggests that its relationships may lie with other torrent-dwelling Litoria species.
摘要:我们描述了一种来自巴布亚新几内亚中部堇青石南缘低地雨林的pelodryadid Litoria Tschudi属的非常小(雄性体长22.0–22.8毫米)的绿色树蛙新种。这种新物种在形态上与Litoria leucova最为相似,Litoria elucova是一种绿色的小型树蛙,只在巴布亚新几内亚西部的塞皮克河流域北部发现。它与该物种的不同之处在于,它有较长的四肢(TL/SVL 0.56–0.60 vs.0.53–0.55),鼓室定义不清(与突出相比),有一条明显的柠檬黄色中侧线,以及它独特的广告呼叫,包括缓慢重复的一系列短点击,然后是一组快速产生但脉冲间间隔高度可变的离散脉冲。尽管没有遗传数据,但这个新物种与快速流动的岩石溪流的联系表明,它可能与其他生活在激流中的Litoria物种有关系。
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引用次数: 0
Female-biased Sex Ratios and Control Effects Observed in Two Local Populations of Red-eared Slider Turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) in Western Japan 日本西部两个红耳滑龟(Trachemys scripta elegans)地方种群的雌性偏性比例及其控制效果
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q4 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.27
Tomoko Nishibori, N. Tada, M. Saka
Abstract: High abundance of invasive red-eared slider (RES) turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) in Japan has been a serious issue in freshwater ecosystems. Information on reproductive parameters, such as sex ratios, of RES turtles is needed to effectively control the invasive species. We conducted a long-term field study on RES turtles at two study sites: the Taisho River (a shallow river) and Teradaike Pond (an irrigation reservoir that was irregularly drained to maintain the embankment and water quality) in western Japan. Using trapping and muddling methods, we captured RES turtles and checked for sex, carapace length, and body weight. We also examined whether the population of RES turtles could be reduced by continuously removing the turtles captured at each study site. The sex ratio (male/both sexes) of RES turtles that could be sexed by external morphology (presumably adult turtles) was 0.27 at the Taisho River and 0.26 at Teradaike Pond. At both sites, these sex ratios were almost the same as those of RES turtles that could be sexed only by necropsy after euthanasia (presumably juvenile turtles). These sex ratios were markedly biased toward females and consistent between the adult and the juvenile turtles, thus suggesting that more females had been produced than males. At the Taisho River, a total of 1,366 RES turtles were captured and eliminated over more than ten years. Nevertheless, the annual catch did not tend to decrease and only an effect of preventing population growth was observed. At Teradaike Pond, a total of 1,831 RES turtles were captured over nine years. Nearly half of them were caught for the initial two years, during which the pond was drained. Thereafter, the annual catch of RES turtles clearly decreased. These results suggest that it is difficult to control RES turtles established in rivers but that it is feasible to effectively control RES turtles in enclosed small water bodies, such as irrigation reservoirs, by intensively capturing and eliminating the turtles during the drainage period.
摘要:日本入侵红耳滑龟(RES)的高丰度一直是淡水生态系统中的一个严重问题。需要RES海龟的生殖参数信息,如性别比,以有效控制入侵物种。我们在两个研究地点对RES海龟进行了长期的实地研究:日本西部的大正河(一条浅河)和Teradaike池塘(一个不规则排水的灌溉水库,以保持堤坝和水质)。使用诱捕和搅乱的方法,我们捕获了RES海龟,并检查了它们的性别、甲壳长度和体重。我们还研究了是否可以通过连续移除在每个研究地点捕获的海龟来减少RES海龟的数量。可以通过外部形态进行性别鉴定的RES龟(可能是成年龟)的性别比(雄性/两性)在大正河为0.27,在Teradaike池塘为0.26。在这两个地点,这些性别比几乎与RES海龟的性别比相同,RES海龟只能在安乐死后通过尸检进行性别鉴定(可能是幼年海龟)。这些性别比例明显偏向雌性,成年海龟和幼年海龟之间的性别比例一致,因此表明雌性海龟的数量比雄性海龟多。在大正河,十多年来共捕获并消灭了1366只RES海龟。尽管如此,年捕获量并没有减少的趋势,只观察到了阻止人口增长的效果。在Teradaike池塘,九年来共捕获了1831只RES海龟。在最初的两年里,近一半的鱼被捕获,在此期间,池塘被排干。此后,RES海龟的年捕获量明显减少。这些结果表明,很难控制在河流中建立的RES龟,但通过在排水期集中捕获和消灭海龟,在封闭的小型水体(如灌溉水库)中有效控制RES龟是可行的。
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引用次数: 0
Two New Species of Leptobrachella from Northern Thailand (Amphibia, Anura, Megophryidae) 泰国北部细臂虫二新种记述(两栖纲,无尾目,巨蝽科)
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q4 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.83
M. Matsui, S. Panha, Koshiro Eto
Abstract: Phylogenetic analyses using mtDNA gene sequences revealed the presence of two genetic clades in the genus Leptobrachella (former Leptolalax) from northern Thailand. One formed a clade including L. ventripunctata and L. aerea, while another included L. bourrreti and L. laoi. The first clade contained L. cf. minima from Doi Suthep, while the second clade contained L. murphyi and two undescribed species, one from Doi Inthanon, at a high altitude of 2,300 m asl, and another from Mae Hong Son, at Myanmar border. These form a clade, that is sister to L. murphyi. Morphologically, the first species is generally similar to L. murphyi, while the second species resembles L. cf. minima. However, they are clearly distinguished from those described species by great genetic differences, and we describe them as L. korifi sp. nov. and L. sinorensis sp. nov., respectively.
摘要/ Abstract摘要:利用mtDNA基因序列进行系统发育分析,发现来自泰国北部的lepptobrachella属(原Leptolalax)存在两个遗传支系。其中一个分支包括L. ventripunctata和L. aerea,另一个分支包括L. bourrreti和L. laoi。第一个分支包含来自素贴Doi的L. cf. minima,而第二个分支包含L. murphyi和两个未描述的物种,一个来自海拔2300 m的Doi Inthanon,另一个来自缅甸边境的Mae Hong Son。它们形成一个分支,是L. murphyi的姐妹。在形态上,第一种与L. murphyi大体相似,而第二种与L. cf. minima相似。但由于遗传差异较大,与已描述种有明显区别,我们将其分别命名为L. korifi sp. nov和L. sinorensis sp. nov。
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引用次数: 0
Skeletochronology of the Levant Green Frog, Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882), in Southern Iran 伊朗南部Levant Green Frog的骨骼年表,Pelophilax bedriagae(Camerano,1882)
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q4 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.55
Maryam Khaloei, B. Fathinia, A. Shafaeipour
Abstract: Skeletochronology is a reliable method for estimating the age and growth rate of many ectothermic vertebrates, including amphibians. The Levant green frog, Pelophylax bedriagae (Ranidae), is a relatively large frog distributed in the western and northern parts of Iran. The age structure of Pelophylax bedriagae was determined by examining 52 females and 39 males collected from Kohgilouyeh and Bouyerahmad Provinces (Yasouj and Basht). The age range of the two populations is three to 10 years. The maximum age for males and females is 10 and eight years, respectively. The highest age distribution for males is six years (17.6%) and four and six years (15.4%) for females. On average, males (6.2±1.4 years) are older than females (5.2±1.3 years). Male and female body size is correlated with age within both populations. However, despite being significantly different in average body size, the average age of the two populations (Yasouj vs. Basht) is not significantly different.
摘要:骨骼年表是估计包括两栖动物在内的许多外热脊椎动物年龄和生长速度的可靠方法。黎凡特绿蛙,Pelophilax bedriagae(蛙科),是一种相对较大的蛙,分布在伊朗西部和北部。通过对科希卢耶省和布耶拉赫马德省(亚苏伊省和巴什特省)采集的52只雌性和39只雄性进行检查,确定了Pelophilax卧床虫科的年龄结构。这两个群体的年龄范围为3至10岁。男性和女性的最高年龄分别为10岁和8岁。男性的最高年龄分布为6岁(17.6%),女性为4岁和6岁(15.4%)。平均而言,男性(6.2±1.4岁)比女性(5.2±1.3岁)年长。在这两个群体中,男性和女性的体型都与年龄相关。然而,尽管平均体型有显著差异,但这两个群体的平均年龄(Yasouj和Basht)没有显著差异。
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引用次数: 0
Expanded Description of Achalinus yangdatongi (Serpentes: Xenodermidae) 杨达通吉Achalinus yangdatongi的扩展描述(蛇:异足目)
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q4 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.1
Ruiying Xu, Ke Li, He Zhang, Hao He, Fei Zhu, Yayong Wu, P. Guo
Abstract: Achalinus yangdatongi Hou, Wang, Guo, Chen, Yuan & Che, 2021 was described based on single specimen. After morphological examination of recently collected specimens from the type locality and close region, several specimens (3 females and 1 male) were identified as this species. Genetic distances (p-distance) calculated from a fragment of the mtDNA gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were less than 1.8% between the newly collected specimens and the type specimen. Achalinus yangdatongi is redescribed and several of its diagnostics are revised accordingly: dorsal body scales 23 rows throughout; ventrals 155–171; subcaudals 59–76, unpaired; maxillary teeth 24–26.
摘要:以单体标本为基础,对杨达通吉Achalinus yangdatongi Hou,Wang,Guo,Chen,Yuan&Che,2021进行了描述。在对最近从模式区和近缘区采集的标本进行形态学检查后,几个标本(3只雌性和1只雄性)被鉴定为该物种。根据mtDNA基因片段细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I(COI)计算的新采集标本和模式标本之间的遗传距离(p距离)小于1.8%。对羊大通Achalinus yangdatongi进行了重新描述,并对其几种诊断方法进行了相应的修订:背侧体鳞片23排;腹壁155–171;59–76亚囊,不成对;上颌齿24-26。
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引用次数: 2
Intrapopulation Morphological Variation in Introduced African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Anura: Pipidae) in Japan 日本引进非洲爪蛙(两栖纲:无尾目:鼩科)种群内形态变异
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q4 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.64
Kento Takata, K. Nishikawa, Yuta Otsu, Hiroaki Ui
Abstract: The African clawed frog Xenopus laevis is a largely aquatic frog occurring from central to southern Africa. This species has been used as experimental animal, and has been introduced in many countries including Japan. However, despite its importance as an experimental animal and invasive alien species across the world, but there are few studies on basic biology of X. laevis including individual variation. In this study, we investigated individual variation in external morphology and allometric patterns. Traits not directly related to the skeleton showed high variability, but ecologically important traits like eye size at the youngest stage, showed low variability. No significant external left-right differences were identified. Allometric analysis showed that males have larger heads and eyes than females, suggesting male-male combat during breeding. Male forelimb suggests also showed a faster growth rate, suggesting that longer forelimbs are advantageous for males in breeding.
摘要:非洲爪蟾是一种主要分布于非洲中部和南部的水生蛙。该物种已被用作实验动物,并已在包括日本在内的许多国家引入。然而,尽管它作为一种实验动物和世界各地的入侵外来物种很重要,但对包括个体变异在内的laevis的基础生物学研究却很少。在这项研究中,我们研究了外部形态和异速生长模式的个体变异。与骨骼没有直接关系的性状表现出高变异性,但最年轻阶段的眼睛大小等生态重要性状表现出低变异性。没有发现明显的外部左右差异。异速分析显示,雄性的头和眼睛比雌性大,这表明雄性在繁殖过程中会打架。雄性前肢也显示出更快的生长速度,这表明较长的前肢有利于雄性繁殖。
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引用次数: 0
Change in the Guild Structure of a Snake Community in Japan over 30 Years 30年来日本蛇社行会结构的变化
IF 0.7 4区 生物学 Q4 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.74
Kiyoto Sawada, S. Kadowaki
Abstract: Long-term field studies have provided evidence of worldwide declines in vertebrate populations, including amphibians and reptiles. However, studies investigating the decline in snake populations are scarce. As obligate predators, snakes play important roles in local ecosystems and are in turn affected by their food resources. In the present study we investigated the seasonal abundance of snakes and their food habits in a rice paddy field and compared the results of the present study with those of a previous study that was conducted at the same site approximately 30 years ago. Our results showed that Elaphe quadrivirgata, a dietary generalist snake that had been one of the dominant species at the site, has drastically declined and that Rhabdophis tigrinus and Gloydius blomhoffii have remained as dominant species. Furthermore, in the present study, most of the stomach contents of R. tigrinus consisted of the Japanese tree frog, Dryophytes japonicus, whereas three frog species, D. japonicus, Rana japonica, and Pelophylax porosus porosus, had been the main prey of R. tigrinus 30 years ago. In addition, fewer individuals of R. tigrinus and G. blomhoffii contained food in their stomachs than 30 years ago. Our findings imply that a change in prey availability may have affected the guild structure of snakes at this study site, although further investigation is necessary to verify the reasons for the decline of the dietary generalist, E. quadrivirgata.
摘要:长期的野外研究提供了世界范围内脊椎动物种群减少的证据,包括两栖动物和爬行动物。然而,调查蛇数量下降的研究很少。作为专性捕食者,蛇在当地生态系统中扮演着重要的角色,反过来又受到其食物资源的影响。在本研究中,我们调查了水稻田中蛇的季节性丰度及其食物习性,并将本研究的结果与大约30年前在同一地点进行的先前研究的结果进行了比较。结果表明,四角蛇(Elaphe quadrivirgata)是该遗址的优势种之一,其数量急剧减少,而tigrinus和Gloydius blomhoffii仍然是优势种。此外,在本研究中,虎背天牛胃内容物主要由日本树蛙(Dryophytes japonicus)组成,而30年前虎背天牛的主要猎物是日本树蛙(d.japonicus)、日本蛙(Rana japonica)和虎背天牛(Pelophylax porosus porosus)。此外,与30年前相比,tigrinus和G. blomhoffii的胃中含有食物的个体减少了。我们的研究结果表明,在该研究地点,猎物可得性的变化可能影响了蛇的行囊结构,尽管需要进一步的调查来验证饮食通才E. quadrivirgata下降的原因。
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引用次数: 1
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Current Herpetology
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