Pediatrics and Neonatology最新文献_第2页

Horseshoe pulmonary sequestration. 马蹄肺隔离。

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS

Pediatrics and Neonatology

Pub Date : 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2025.11.007

Lei Fan, Zhaotian Liu, Jianshe Zhao, Yi Lu

引用次数: 0

Impact of early parenteral amino acid on preterm infant: A multicenter study. 早期肠外氨基酸对早产儿的影响：一项多中心研究。

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS

Pediatrics and Neonatology

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2025.11.008

Yi-Yu Lin, Chia-Huei Chen, Ming-Luen Tsai, Po-Nien Tsao, Yu-Wei Huang, Ya-Chi Hsu, Wei-Yu Chen, Hung-Yang Chang

Background: Early nutrition is essential for the growth and neurodevelopment of preterm infants, especially those with very low birth weight (VLBW). This multicenter retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the effects of early parenteral amino acid (AA) administration on growth outcomes, feeding patterns, and short-term neonatal outcomes.

Methods: This study included VLBW infants (<32 weeks of gestation) treated in six tertiary neonatal intensive care units across Taiwan between 2019 and 2023. Participants were grouped based on the timing of parenteral AA initiation (≤24 h or > 24 h after birth) and initial dose (≤2.5 g/kg/day or > 2.5 g/kg/day). Clinical outcomes and nutritional practices were compared across the groups.

Results: Among the 959 infants, who received AAs earlier, the time to achieve full feeding was significantly shorter (23.4 ± 13.3 days vs. 26.2 ± 11.4 days, p = 0.035) compared to those who received AAs later. Among the 973 infants, infants receiving higher doses of AAs reached full feeding earlier (21.6 ± 14 days vs. 25.5 ± 12 days, p < 0.001) and had higher nadir body weights (981.1 ± 247.5 g vs. 941.8 ± 264.4 g, p = 0.028). Short-term outcomes, such as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) requiring treatment (13.3 % vs. 19 %, p = 0.019), pulmonary hemorrhage (2.9 % vs. 5.7 %, p = 0.036), and moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (45.6 % vs. 54.3 %, p = 0.01), were significantly lower in the high-dose group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the initial AA dose was independently associated with decreased risks of BPD and PDA.

Conclusion: Early initiation and higher doses of parenteral AAs were associated with improved feeding efficiency and reduced morbidities, such as PDA and BPD, in VLBW infants. Further large-scale and long-term studies are required to confirm these findings and determine the optimal dosing strategies.

背景：早期营养对早产儿的生长和神经发育至关重要，特别是那些极低出生体重（VLBW）的早产儿。这项多中心回顾性队列研究旨在评估早期肠外氨基酸（AA）给药对生长结局、喂养方式和短期新生儿结局的影响。方法：本研究纳入VLBW婴儿（出生后24 h）和初始剂量（≤2.5 g/kg/day或> 2.5 g/kg/day）。比较各组的临床结果和营养实践。结果：在959例接受AAs治疗的婴儿中，较早接受AAs治疗的婴儿实现完全喂养的时间明显短于较晚接受AAs治疗的婴儿（23.4±13.3天∶26.2±11.4天，p = 0.035）。在973名婴儿中，接受高剂量AAs的婴儿更早达到完全喂养（21.6±14天vs. 25.5±12天）。结论：早期开始和高剂量的肠外AAs与VLBW婴儿喂养效率的提高和发病率的降低有关，如PDA和BPD。需要进一步的大规模和长期研究来证实这些发现并确定最佳给药策略。

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引用次数: 0

Acute kidney injury and long-term renal outcomes in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis 儿童糖尿病酮症酸中毒的急性肾损伤和长期肾脏预后。

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS

Pediatrics and Neonatology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2024.11.009

Nuttanicha Suraphan , Vichit Supornsilchai , Tawatchai Deekajorndech

Background

The cumulative evidence suggests that children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) have increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, there is insufficient data among Thai patients, and the available information of long-term renal outcomes is limited.

Objectives

To investigate the proportion and risk factors associated with AKI in children with T1DM and DKA, and to differentiate long-term renal outcomes between those experiencing AKI and those who are unaffected.

Methods

Conducting a retrospective study, we enrolled children aged 1–18 years with T1DM and DKA at university hospital from January 2010 to August 2023. Participants were categorized into two groups based on the presence of AKI according to the 2012 KDIGO guidelines. The clinical parameters associated with these risk factors and long-term renal outcomes were evaluated.

Results

This study included 85 children with T1DM admitted for 122 episodes of DKA, with 46 episodes (37.7 %) experiencing AKI. Identified AKI risk factors during DKA encompassed hypertension (adjusted odds ratio, aOR, 4.36; p = 0.05), serum glucose >500 mg/dL (aOR, 13.7; p < 0.001), WBC counts >15,000 cells/mm3 (aOR, 16.13; p < 0.001), and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio >5.5 (aOR, 5.29; p = 0.04). For long-term renal outcomes, individuals with AKI during DKA demonstrated higher prevalence of hypertension, microalbuminuria, and abnormal glomerular filtration rates.

Conclusion

AKI was common in children with T1DM experiencing DKA. Of note, it was linked to severe hyperglycemia, leukocytosis, and an elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, contributing to the deterioration in long-term renal prognosis.

背景：越来越多的证据表明，1型糖尿病（T1DM）和糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）患儿发生急性肾损伤（AKI）的风险增加。然而，泰国患者的数据不足，长期肾脏预后的可用信息有限。目的：调查T1DM和DKA患儿AKI的相关比例和危险因素，并区分AKI患者和未受影响患者的长期肾脏预后。方法：进行回顾性研究，纳入2010年1月至2023年8月在大学医院就诊的1-18岁T1DM和DKA患儿。根据2012年KDIGO指南，根据AKI的存在将参与者分为两组。评估与这些危险因素和长期肾脏预后相关的临床参数。结果：本研究纳入85例T1DM患儿，共122次发作DKA，其中46次（37.7%）发生AKI。DKA期间确定的AKI危险因素包括高血压(校正优势比，aOR, 4.36；p = 0.05)，血清葡萄糖浓度为500mg /dL (aOR为13.7；p 15000 cells/mm3 (aOR, 16.13；p 5.5 (aOR, 5.29；p = 0.04)。对于长期肾脏结果，DKA期间AKI患者表现出更高的高血压患病率、微量白蛋白尿和异常肾小球滤过率。结论：AKI在T1DM合并DKA患儿中较为常见。值得注意的是，它与严重的高血糖、白细胞增多和中性粒细胞-淋巴细胞比例升高有关，导致肾脏长期预后恶化。

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引用次数: 0

Effectiveness of early intervention and prediction of outcomes in taiwanese children with developmental delay 台湾发育迟缓儿童早期干预效果及预后预测。

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS

Pediatrics and Neonatology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2025.01.015

Chao-Yang Kuo , Hsi Chang , Emily Chia-Yu Su , Yu-Jui Huang , Min-Lan Tsai , Sung-Hui Tseng

Background/purpose

In the 1990s, the Taiwanese government introduced a nationwide program for enhancing the development of children with developmental delay (DD) at the earliest point. As a part of this program, children with suspected DD or those at a risk of DD are referred to child assessment centers, where they undergo comprehensive multidisciplinary assessments (MDAs) using standardized screening tools to determine their developmental status. This study investigated the correlation between developmental outcomes and child-level factors by using serial MDA data, and we also aimed to develop an MDA result-based predictive model for identifying factors facilitating functional improvement in children with DD.

Methods

This study included children who underwent at least two MDAs at Taipei Medical University Hospital between 2011 and 2020. DD and borderline DD were defined as scores more than1.5 and 1.0–1.5 standard deviations (SD), respectively, below the mean score in age-appropriate standardized norm-referenced tests. MDA results across various developmental domains were converted into a total developmental score. A machine-learning-based predictive model was constructed to differentiate between children with functional improvement and those without it.

Results

The final analysis included 684 children (1368 MDAs). Of them, 58.9 % exhibited improved total developmental scores. Children who initially exhibited normal development in socioemotional skills, fine motor abilities, or language skills during the initial assessment were likely to exhibit improved outcomes.

Conclusion

This study underscores the effectiveness of early intervention services in Taiwan. Consistent reassessments may facilitate subsequent educational interventions. Future studies should explore effective and efficient early intervention models for addressing DD.

作为该计划的一部分，疑似患有DD的儿童或有DD风险的儿童被转介到儿童评估中心，在那里他们使用标准化的筛查工具进行全面的多学科评估（mda），以确定他们的发育状况。本研究利用MDA序列数据，探讨发育结局与儿童水平因素的相关性，并建立基于MDA结果的预测模型，以识别促进dd患儿功能改善的因素。方法：本研究纳入2011 - 2020年间在台北医科大学附属医院接受两次以上MDA治疗的儿童。DD和边缘性DD被定义为得分分别高于1.5和1.0-1.5标准差（SD），低于适龄标准化标准参照测验的平均得分。不同发育领域的MDA结果被转化为总体发育评分。建立了一个基于机器学习的预测模型来区分功能改善的儿童和没有功能改善的儿童。结果：最终纳入684例患儿（1368例MDAs）。其中58.9%的儿童表现出总体发展得分的提高。在最初的评估中，在社会情感技能、精细运动能力或语言技能方面表现出正常发展的儿童可能会表现出改善的结果。结论：本研究强调早期干预服务在台湾的有效性。持续的重新评估可能有助于后续的教育干预。未来的研究应探索有效和高效的早期干预模式来解决DD。

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引用次数: 0

Perception of obesity and weight-loss attitudes among adolescents living with obesity, caregivers, and healthcare professionals in Taiwan: Data from the ACTION Teens survey study 台湾肥胖青少年、照顾者和医疗保健专业人员对肥胖和减肥态度的认知：来自ACTION青少年调查研究的数据。

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS

Pediatrics and Neonatology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2025.04.003

Chieh-Chung Lin , Hui-Chun Lo , Yu-Chen Yang , Chet Joe Sim , Bill Chen , Walter Chen

Background

The ACTION Teens study (NCT05013359) surveyed adolescents living with obesity (ALwO), caregivers (CGs) of ALwO, and healthcare professionals (HCPs) of ALwO, to identify behaviors, perceptions, attitudes, and barriers to effective obesity care. The goal was to generate insights to help improve obesity management for ALwO, both globally and locally. Here, we discuss insufficient management of adolescent obesity in Taiwan.

Methods

ACTION Teens was a cross-sectional, online survey study conducted in 2021. Three participant cohorts were recruited: ALwO (aged 12–<18 years with a body mass index ≥95th percentile for age and sex), CGs, and HCPs.

Results

Most ALwO (77 %) and CGs (86 %) were at least somewhat worried about their/their child's weight, but only 57 % of ALwO and 54 % of CGs recognized that they/their child had obesity. Many respondents believed obesity had at least as much impact on overall health/wellbeing as cancer (ALwO: 65 %; CGs: 54 %; HCPs: 36 %). Both ALwO (53 %) and CGs (40 %) indicated that they themselves are responsible for initiating weight discussions with HCPs; among HCPs, this was 17 %. ALwO and CGs were more likely to use social media (ALwO: 28 %; CGs: 62 %) or search engines (ALwO: 27 %; CGs: 72 %) for information about weight management than a doctor (ALwO: 19 %; CGs: 26 %). Barriers to weight loss among ALwO and CGs included inability to control hunger (ALwO: 25 %; CGs: 24 %) and dislike of exercise (ALwO: 22 %; CGs: 24 %). Key motivators for weight loss differed between ALwO (“I want to be healthier” [27 %]), CGs, (“My child wants to fit into smaller clothing” [32 %]), and HCPs (“Improved social life, social interactions, popularity” [84 %]).

Conclusion

This survey identified misalignment regarding obesity and weight management among ALwO, CGs, and HCPs in Taiwan. The results suggest HCPs should proactively initiate weight-loss communication. HCP–patient relationships based on communication and trust are key for weight-loss success.

背景：ACTION青少年研究（NCT05013359）调查了患有肥胖（ALwO）的青少年、ALwO的照顾者（CGs）和ALwO的医疗保健专业人员（HCPs），以确定有效肥胖护理的行为、观念、态度和障碍。目标是产生洞察力，以帮助改善全球和当地ALwO的肥胖管理。在此，我们讨论台湾青少年肥胖管理的不足。方法：ACTION Teens是一项于2021年进行的横断面在线调查研究。结果：大多数ALwO（77%）和cg（86%）至少有点担心他们/他们孩子的体重，但只有57%的ALwO和54%的cg认识到他们/他们的孩子患有肥胖症。许多受访者认为，肥胖对整体健康/福祉的影响至少与癌症一样大(ALwO: 65%；CGs: 54%；HCPs: 36%)。ALwO（53%）和CGs（40%）都表示，他们自己负责与hcp发起体重讨论；在HCPs中，这一比例为17%。低智商人群和高智商人群更倾向于使用社交媒体(低智商人群：28%；CGs: 62%)或搜索引擎(ALwO: 27%；调查对象：72%)比医生(低年龄群体：19%；CGs: 26%)。ALwO和CGs减肥的障碍包括无法控制饥饿(ALwO: 25%；体重：24%)和不喜欢运动(低体重：22%；CGs: 24%)。在ALwO（“我想更健康”[27%]）、CGs（“我的孩子想穿更小的衣服”[32%]）和hcp（“改善社交生活、社交互动、受欢迎程度”[84%]）之间，减肥的主要动机有所不同。结论：本调查发现台湾ALwO、CGs和hcp在肥胖和体重管理方面存在偏差。结果表明，医护人员应该主动发起减肥沟通。建立在沟通和信任基础上的医患关系是减肥成功的关键。

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引用次数: 0

Basal ganglia calcifications and hypocalcemic seizure in an adolescent with late-diagnosed DiGeorge syndrome 基底神经节钙化和低钙性癫痫发作的青少年晚期诊断迪乔治综合征。

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS

Pediatrics and Neonatology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2025.09.002

Chih-Hao Wang , Chun-Chao Huang , Che-Sheng Ho

引用次数: 0

Real-time ultrasound visualization of fetal intestinal torsion induced by cystic intestinal duplication: A case report 囊性肠重复致胎儿肠扭转的实时超声显示1例。

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS

Pediatrics and Neonatology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2025.10.007

Bo Yang , Cheng-Chao Liu , Min Zhang , Wei Zhang , Yue Li , Hai-Jun Ma

引用次数: 0

The improvement following speech and language therapy in children with mixed receptive-expressive language disorder across different age groups: A retrospective study 不同年龄组混合性接受-表达性语言障碍儿童言语治疗后的改善：一项回顾性研究。

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS

Pediatrics and Neonatology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2025.03.007

Kuo-Cheng Liu , Jian-Jia Huang , Yu-Cheng Pei , Shu-Chun Huang , Chia-Ying Chung

Background

Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder (MLD) may have long-term impacts on development, sociobehavioral problems, and mental health issues in children. Speech and language therapy (SLT) has been proven to improve developmental language disorder (DLD) in childhood, and post-SLT improvements in language development are more prominent in younger children with DLD than in older children. However, there is still limited evidence on MLD. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether post-SLT improvements occur in children with MLD and whether there are age-related differences in improvements.

Materials and methods

A retrospective study was conducted to achieve this aim. We examined medical records from September 2020 to May 2023 and collected information on children who received SLT for DLD. Children who were diagnosed with MLD by the Comprehensive Development Inventory for Infants and Toddlers (CDIIT) and underwent post-SLT reassessment by the CDIIT were included for analysis. All subjects were furthermore categorized into 2 groups based on their age at initial assessment: ≤3 years and >3 years. The pre- and post-intervention CDIIT scores were compared.

Results

A total of 41 children with MLD were included. The main effect of assessment time showed significant improvements in all language domain after SLT (all p < 0.01, η² > 0.14). While the main effect of age group revealed that post-SLT improvement was not influenced by age group classification, indicating comparable post-SLT improvements between the two age groups (all p > 0.05). Furthermore, the comparison of pre- and post-intervention differences between the two age groups did not yield significant differences, indicating that 12-week SLT was beneficial for children with MLD in both age groups.

Conclusion

The present study indicated that post-SLT improvement occurred in all language domains among children with MLD. Furthermore, comparable improvement was observed between the two age groups, indicating that SLT is beneficial for children with MLD across different age ranges.

背景：混合性接受-表达语言障碍（MLD）可能对儿童的发育、社会行为问题和心理健康问题产生长期影响。言语和语言治疗（SLT）已被证明可以改善儿童时期的发展性语言障碍（DLD），并且SLT后的语言发展改善在年幼的DLD儿童中比在年龄较大的儿童中更为突出。然而，关于MLD的证据仍然有限。因此，本研究旨在探讨slt后的改善是否发生在MLD儿童身上，以及这种改善是否存在与年龄相关的差异。材料和方法：为达到此目的进行回顾性研究。我们检查了2020年9月至2023年5月的医疗记录，并收集了接受SLT治疗DLD的儿童的信息。通过婴幼儿综合发展量表（CDIIT）诊断为MLD的儿童，并通过CDIIT进行slt后再评估，纳入分析。所有受试者根据初测年龄分为≤3岁和≤3岁两组。比较干预前和干预后的CDIIT评分。结果：共纳入41例MLD患儿。评估时间的主效应在语言学习后各语言领域均有显著改善（p < 0.05）。而年龄组的主要效应显示，slt后的改善不受年龄组分类的影响，表明两个年龄组之间的slt后改善具有可比性（均p < 0.05）。此外，两个年龄组的干预前后差异比较没有产生显著差异，表明12周的SLT对两个年龄组的MLD儿童都是有益的。结论：本研究表明，轻度语言障碍儿童的所有语言领域都出现了slt后的改善。此外，在两个年龄组之间观察到可比性的改善，表明SLT对不同年龄范围的MLD儿童有益。

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引用次数: 0

Pediatric hypertension: Current definition and knowledge gaps 儿童高血压：目前的定义和知识差距。

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS

Pediatrics and Neonatology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2025.03.004

You-Lin Tain

Elevated blood pressure (BP) and hypertension are common in children and adolescents, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood. Accurately assessing the prevalence and significance of pediatric hypertension requires a clear definition. The use of age-, sex-, and height-dependent percentiles to define pediatric hypertension began in 1977. Since then, several national and international clinical practice guidelines have refined its classification, diagnosis, and management, with notable contributions from The Fourth Report in 2004, the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) in 2016, and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2017. The 2017 AAP guideline redefined pediatric hypertension, increasing the number of children classified with elevated BP or hypertension. Despite these advancements, a universal diagnostic criterion for pediatric hypertension is still lacking. This review aims to summarize recent research on pediatric hypertension, focusing on evolving definitions, persistent knowledge gaps, and future directions. Addressing pediatric hypertension early with a lifespan approach is essential to reducing the global prevalence of hypertension and its associated CVD burden. The need for continued study and innovative strategies is underscored by research gaps in the prevention, detection, classification, and treatment of pediatric hypertension.

血压升高（BP）和高血压在儿童和青少年中很常见，显著增加了成年后心血管疾病（CVD）的风险。准确评估儿童高血压的患病率和意义需要明确的定义。1977年开始使用年龄、性别和身高依赖百分位数来定义小儿高血压。从那时起，一些国家和国际临床实践指南已经完善了其分类，诊断和管理，其中包括2004年的第四次报告，2016年的欧洲高血压学会（ESH）和2017年的美国儿科学会（AAP）。2017年AAP指南重新定义了儿童高血压，增加了血压升高或高血压的儿童数量。尽管取得了这些进展，但儿童高血压的普遍诊断标准仍然缺乏。本文综述了儿童高血压的最新研究，重点介绍了不断发展的定义、持续存在的知识差距和未来的发展方向。采用生命周期方法早期处理儿童高血压对于降低高血压的全球患病率及其相关的心血管疾病负担至关重要。在儿童高血压的预防、检测、分类和治疗方面的研究差距强调了继续研究和创新策略的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Tract integrity predicts neurological outcomes in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy 呼吸道完整性预测新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的神经预后。

IF 2.1 4区医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS

Pediatrics and Neonatology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2025.01.014

Pei-Ling Tsai , Yu-Chun Lo , Yi-Shan Tsai , Yea-Shwu Hwang , Ting-Chun Lin , Yao-Wen Liang , Chen-En Huang , Fu-Chun Hsu , Yi-Fang Tu , You-Yin Chen

Objective

Early prognostication in infants with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is crucial for follow-up management. Alternations of microstructural integrity of neural fiber tracts in large-scale neural networks might predict neurological outcomes.

Methods

All consecutively-admitted patients with neonatal HIE from 2016 to 2020 were enrolled. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography was performed at 4–7 days of age. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months of age were assessed with Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd edition.

Results

A total of 62 HIE infants were enrolled, and 53 of these underwent DTI. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were measured to indicate the microstructural integrity of tracts, including the arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, corticospinal tract (CST), and optic radiations (OR). Lower FA values of target tracts were associated with lower developmental scores at 24 months of age, particularly in the CST and OR (all P ≤ 0.003). The prognostic accuracy of FA values in CST surpassed that in the region of thalamus/basal ganglia (area under curves 0.839, 95 % CI: 0.728–0.950 vs. 0.755, 95 % CI: 0.583–0.928). Furthermore, the correlation between FA values in target tracts and developmental scores was most significant in infants with HIE stage III and this was not affected by therapeutic hypothermia.

Conclusion

Tract integrity in the CST and OR detected by DTI provides valuable insights for early prognostication in infants with HIE, regardless of therapeutic hypothermia.

目的：新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）的早期预后对后续治疗至关重要。大规模神经网络中神经纤维束微观结构完整性的改变可能预测神经预后。方法：选取2016 ~ 2020年所有连续入院的新生儿HIE患者。4-7日龄进行弥散张量成像（DTI）示束造影。使用Bayley婴儿发育量表（第三版）评估24月龄时的神经发育结果。结果：共纳入62例HIE患儿，其中53例接受了DTI治疗。测量分数各向异性（FA）和平均扩散率（MD）来指示束的微观结构完整性，包括弓状束、钩状束、额枕下束、皮质脊髓束（CST）和视光辐射（OR）。靶束FA值较低与24月龄时发育评分较低相关，尤其是CST和OR（均P≤0.003）。FA值对CST的预后准确性优于丘脑/基底节区（曲线下面积0.839,95% CI: 0.728-0.950 vs. 0.755, 95% CI: 0.583-0.928）。此外，靶束FA值与发育评分之间的相关性在HIE III期婴儿中最为显著，并且不受治疗性低温的影响。结论：DTI检测CST和OR的气道完整性为HIE婴儿的早期预后提供了有价值的见解，无论治疗性低温如何。

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引用次数: 0