In our study, the primary goal was to gain insights into cognition by measuring spatial memorability for two different types of approaches to geometry in interior design (biomorphic design and non-biomorphic rectilinear design). To better understand the processes behind the memorability differences, we also looked at how spatial memorability interacted with visual attention and spatial pleasantness. After extensive pre-testing, two standardized photographic stimulus sets were created and used during the experiment, controlling for variables such as novelty, complexity, pleasantness, and the number and density of interior architectural elements. Each stimulus set contained equal numbers of photographs with biomorphic elements and photographs with non-biomorphic elements. Subjects (N = 68 students, mean age = 25.4 years) viewed the first stimulus set, then were given a “distractor” task. Next, subjects viewed the second stimulus set, and for each photograph indicated whether the image was one they had seen or whether it was new. Visual attention for each photograph was monitored using eye-tracking technology, and subjects also rated the pleasantness of each environment. The data were analyzed to test for the relative strength of memorability between environments with biomorphic elements and non-biomorphic elements, as well as the links between recognition memory, visual attention, and pleasantness. The results suggest that interior spaces with biomorphic elements positively contribute to spatial memorability, are found to be more pleasant, and increase visual attention.
The sleep environment is considered one of the most private spaces for humans, primarily linked to a home. As the main actant of the sleep environment, a bed is usually associated with a comfortable private space: the bedroom. However, when the sleep environment is outside and visible to the public gaze, its function evolves into an urban role. This essay focuses on “beds” out of place, offering a differentiated recognition of rough sleepers. A rough sleeper's bed, as a symbolic reference to the materials placed in the public space, becomes an active part of urban life, a node where new interactions occur. Together with images of discarded mattresses left for public disposal and juxtaposed with the data based on sleep studies, this essay invokes the tension between the public and private domains of sleep. The visual images represent the discomfort of a publicly exposed bed, narrating the rough sleepers' experience: sleeping without the benefit of privacy or security.
Numerous studies have observed the importance of sense of community in online learning. However, developing sense of community in online interior design studios is yet to be explored. The primary purpose of this study was to assess students' perceptions of the sense of classroom community (SCC) and learning experiences after switching their in-person to online design studios during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Additionally, we examined students' characteristics that affect SCC in online learning and the impact of SCC on students' academic motivation and comfort levels. An online survey was administered to 100 undergraduate students enrolled in design studios at an accredited interior design program at a large public U.S. institution. From this, 57 students responded to the survey. The SCC questionnaire was based on the four dimensions of Rovai's classroom community scale. Additional items included open-ended questions and students' characteristics such as their overall grade point average (GPA), family home environment, students' prior online learning experience, and adaptation time to the Zoom platform. The results showed that the SCC scores of four dimensions (trust, spirit, learning, interaction) were significantly less among students during their online than in-person studios. Students' characteristics had a mixed impact on SCC dimensions. Additionally, SCC was a significant predictor of students' academic motivation and comfort levels in online learning. The study results are important as they make a valuable contribution to the growing area of research on online learning by advancing the understanding of students' SCC and learning in online design studios.
The past decade has witnessed a burgeoning interest in the intersection of neuroscience and design. Recent advancements in tools for measuring brain activity enable design researchers to investigate how brain function supports mental processes, complementing self-report and behavioral measures in exploring design cognition. With the aim of providing a preliminary understanding of how design researchers have approached neuroscience to date, we examined (1) previously explored neural research topics, (2) available tools and their contributions and limitations, and (3) the challenges of conducting design research using neuroscience tools. We start with a brief overview of major neuroscience tools measuring brain activation including electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and positron emission tomography (PET). We then present a review of design research specifically on neural processes involved in design thinking and creativity. Consistencies of brain activity across studies are identified. Distinct patterns of brain activation associated with specific comparisons (e.g., design thinking vs. problem-solving) observed in previous studies are also summarized. An introductory review of design research using neuroscience tools on design evaluation and aesthetics is then provided. In addition to the promises of the fast-growing interdisciplinary collaboration of design and neuroscience, we outline technical, practical, and experimental difficulties caused by the limits of neuroscience tools for design research studies.
Numerous neuroscientific studies demonstrate the interaction between movement, memory, and environmental conditions. We present a new in-the-field tool that can be used by interior designers, environmental psychologists, and architects to understand and quantify human productivity in desk-related work and study spaces. In this investigation, an interior space, equipped with a new generation of nonintrusive sensors and analytical algorithms synchronously measured multiple individuals and working groups. We tested the hypothesis that a positive correlation exists between stillness and cognitive function associated with self-reported productivity. We explored, which design attributes, Seat Orientation, Zones, Table Crowdedness, and Table Types were associated with statistically significant changes in users' self-reported productivity and micro-movements. A mathematical model was developed to map a “stillness value” for each person across time, deriving a measurable productivity factor (PF) that could be used to synchronously assess the impact of design features in multiple users. Experiments were conducted over 12 days involving 640 academic students in a semi-enclosed reading/study room within a recently built city public library with extensive views of the waterfront, harbor, and bay. Three-dimensional depth-cameras anonymously measured head and body movement while subjects worked and completed productivity surveys. Methods were validated using video recordings, sensor data, questionnaires, and observations. The results showed the PF was significantly correlated to the time spent in different Zones and was greatest at Seat Orientations furthest away from walk-through traffic and in Zones with the highest exposure to the window wall and views. Users in these settings experienced a higher and longer-lasting PF during the high-performance phase of their stay.
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