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Indonesian EFL Teachers' Identity Construction in a Global Englishes Era 全球化英语时代下印尼英语教师的身份建构
Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.30762/jeels.v10i1.1082
M. Faruq Ubaidillah, Sonny Elfiyanto, Andri Jamaul Rifiyani, H. Y. Lee
Studies on English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ identity construction have been extensively investigated in recent years. However, the previous studies exclusively focused on teachers in higher education and neglected Global Englishes (GE) concept as a mediator in identity construction. Therefore, to fill this lacuna, the current narrative research study explored the identity construction of 10 Indonesian EFL secondary school teachers in the Global Englishes era. The data were gathered through in-depth interviews and observations and were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis. Findings were elaborated into six emerging themes; they were 1) teachers’ perspectives of Global Englishes, 2) the goal of teaching English, 3) native speaker fallacy, 4) the use of mother tongue, 5) the use of Western cultures, and 6) the use of international English textbooks. Based on the investigation, the teachers echoed multiple identities as English teachers vis-à-vis the Global Englishes era. Although they are aware of such an issue, their tenets to adhere to the practice of native speaker fallacy are still strongly held. In other words, our study revealed a perceptual mismatch among the teachers with regard to their identities in a Global Englishes era.
近年来,关于英语教师身份建构的研究得到了广泛的研究。然而,以往的研究只关注高等教育教师,忽视了全球英语概念在身份建构中的中介作用。因此,为了填补这一空白,本研究对10位印尼英语中学教师在全球化英语时代的身份建构进行了探讨。通过深入访谈和观察收集数据,并使用Braun和Clarke(2006)的主题分析进行分析。调查结果被阐述为六个新出现的主题;它们是1)教师对全球英语的看法,2)英语教学的目标,3)母语者谬误,4)母语的使用,5)西方文化的使用,以及6)国际英语教科书的使用。根据调查,这些教师呼应了-à-vis全球化英语时代英语教师的多重身份。尽管他们意识到了这个问题,但他们坚持母语者谬论的原则仍然坚定地坚持着。换句话说,我们的研究揭示了教师在全球化英语时代对其身份的感知不匹配。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing The Feasibility of a Web-Based Interactive Writing Assessment (WISSE): An Evaluation of Media and Linguistic Aspects 评估基于网络的交互式写作评估(WISSE)的可行性:媒介和语言方面的评估
Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.30762/jeels.v10i1.1093
None Hamamah, Rafidah Bt. Sahar, Ive Emaliana, Yulia Hapsari, Putu Dian Danayanti Degeng
This study aims to conduct a feasibility test on a Web-Based Interactive Writing Assessment (WISSE) that has been designed to assist students and teachers of Academic Writing classes by facilitating feedback provision online. WISSE was created to align with the requirements of the OBE curriculum. During this study, feedback about WISSE was gathered to enhance its feasibility and readiness. Trials focused on evaluating media aspects (usability, functionality, visual communication) and linguistic aspects (technical language, grammar, word choice). Quantitative and qualitative data were employed. The quantitative data were obtained through a material validation questionnaire and media validation using a rating scale on the quality of the media obtained from the objective assessment of media experts and linguists. The qualitative data were obtained from the feedback of media experts and linguists on the quality of the media provided in the comment column on the questionnaire. This data serves as a consideration in revising the product for the website’s view and feasibility. the results of the expert test indicate that the web-based interactive learning assessment product, WISSE, is feasible for use, although revisions based on feedback from media and language experts are necessary before piloting it to a wider audience.
本研究旨在对基于网络的交互式写作评估(WISSE)进行可行性测试,该评估旨在通过促进在线反馈来帮助学术写作课程的学生和教师。wise的创建是为了配合OBE课程的要求。在本研究中,收集了有关WISSE的反馈,以提高其可行性和准备程度。试验的重点是评估媒体方面(可用性、功能、视觉传达)和语言方面(技术语言、语法、用词)。采用定量和定性数据。定量数据通过材料验证问卷和媒体验证获得,使用媒体专家和语言学家客观评估的媒体质量评级量表进行媒体验证。定性数据来自媒体专家和语言学家在问卷的评论栏中提供的关于媒体质量的反馈。这些数据可以作为修改产品的网站视图和可行性的考虑因素。专家测试的结果表明,基于网络的交互式学习评估产品WISSE是可行的,尽管在向更广泛的受众试用之前,需要根据媒体和语言专家的反馈进行修订。
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引用次数: 0
Listening to Students’ and Teachers’ Voices: Online Teaching Practices Leading to EFL Learners ' Demotivation 倾听学生和教师的声音:导致英语学习者动机丧失的在线教学实践
Pub Date : 2023-04-08 DOI: 10.30762/jeels.v10i1.958
Erna Iftanti, Nany Soengkono Madayani, Nada Mohsen Said Ali Sherif
This study was conducted in response to the online teaching practices which demotivate EFL learners in learning English from both the teachers' and students' perspectives so that it can provide an equal point of view. The study was done by distributing a questionnaire to 152 students of the State Islamic Madrasah in Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia to find data related to those who experience demotivation in learning English and interviewing them in depth both directly and indirectly through voice notes in July to September 2022. The in-depth interview was also done to their English teachers. The result of qualitative data analysis revealed that students were demotivated, bored, and lazy during online learning because of two main factors, namely teachers, i.e., uninteresting teaching methods and techniques, lack of online teaching experience, teacher’s personality, and the usage of the online learning application. Meanwhile, the teachers perceive that their demotivating EFL teaching was resulted from students' learning loss, lack of students' learning involvement, and teachers' feeling insecure caused by some factors, namely the variety of online teaching methods, the accessibility of online learning media, family interference, and students' internal lack of motivation. Still, this demotivating online teaching and learning do not significantly implicate the students' achievement of English. These research results are pedagogically implemented to improve the quality of online teaching and learning English, mainly at the secondary levels.
本研究从教师和学生的角度,针对网络教学中导致英语学习者学习积极性下降的现象,提供了一个平等的视角。该研究于2022年7月至9月对印度尼西亚东爪哇省图伦加贡市的152名国家伊斯兰学校的学生分发了一份调查问卷,以寻找与那些在学习英语时失去动力的人相关的数据,并通过语音记录对他们进行了直接和间接的深入访谈。对他们的英语老师也进行了深度访谈。定性数据分析的结果显示,学生在网络学习过程中缺乏动力、无聊和懒惰的主要原因有两个:教师,即无趣的教学方法和技巧,缺乏在线教学经验,教师的个性以及在线学习应用程序的使用。与此同时,教师认为他们的英语教学动机的丧失是由于学生的学习损失、学生的学习参与度不足、教师的不安全感等因素造成的,这些因素包括网络教学方法的多样性、网络学习媒体的可及性、家庭的干扰以及学生内在动机的缺乏。然而,这种让人失去动力的在线教学并没有显著影响学生的英语成绩。这些研究成果在教学上得到了实施,以提高在线教学和学习英语的质量,主要是在中学阶段。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Computer Science Students’ Skill In Translating Technology and Computer Terminologies 探讨计算机专业学生翻译技术和计算机术语的能力
Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.30762/jeels.v10i1.852
Faridatun Nida, Jiang Jiguang, Sindhy Nur Azizah
This research explores the skill of computer-science students in translating technology and computer terminologies. It is a mixture of qualitative and quantitative. The data is collected by a survey. The participants are students of Amikom Purwokerto University. The analysis is executed using the Molina-Albir theory of translation techniques. It is then continued by evaluating the type of equivalency using theory from Kade. The result shows that the students' skill in translation varies. The techniques applied help the students to deliver the meaning from the source text to the target text. Unfortunately, only a half of the whole data reaches the total equivalence because of its changes in the form. Hence, the finding confirms that background knowledge of the participants in technology and computer science is provenly helpful to deliver and interpret the meaning. It also arisen an assumption that the combination of their knowledge and linguistics considerably can help the students in establishing the equivalency. Therefore, it is expected that the findings of the research give the novelty to the translation studies and also for the lecture in giving the lesson and activity for English and translation class because it is beneficial and gives contribution to solve the-real-world challenges.
本研究探讨了计算机专业学生翻译技术和计算机术语的技巧。它是定性和定量的结合。这些数据是通过调查收集的。参与者是Amikom purokerto大学的学生。运用molina - alir翻译技巧理论进行分析。然后继续使用Kade的理论来评估等效的类型。结果表明,学生的翻译水平参差不齐。所运用的技巧帮助学生将原文的意思传递到译文中。不幸的是,由于表单的变化,整个数据中只有一半达到完全等价。因此,研究结果证实,技术和计算机科学参与者的背景知识被证明有助于传递和解释意义。这也产生了一种假设,即他们的知识和语言学的结合在很大程度上有助于学生建立等效。因此,我们期望本研究的结果能给翻译研究带来新颖性,也能给英语与翻译课堂的授课和活动带来新颖性,因为它对解决现实世界的挑战是有益的和有贡献的。
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引用次数: 0
EFL Students’ Learning Engagement in The Post Pandemic Era 后大流行时代英语学生的学习参与
Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.30762/jeels.v10i1.869
Nadya Shifa Khaerani, Alies Poetri Lintangsari, Putri Gayatri
The Indonesian government implemented online learning during the pandemic due to the spread of Covid-19. Nowadays, the post-pandemic era, the application of offline learning has begun to be carried out again and is equipped with technology previously applied during online class. These sudden changes in the education sector certainly affect EFL students' learning engagement. This study was conducted to investigate students' perceptions of English learning engagement in offline classes and to determine whether there is significant difference in learning engagement between online and offline classroom environments. The researcher used a quantitative approach with an Indonesian-language survey questionnaire distributed online to 11th-grade students with 751 participants. The results showed that offline classrooms equipped with technology had a positive result and got significant differences in learning engagement in almost every dimension. These findings also implied that students' engagement on emotional engagement shows no significant differences because the dimension is more affected by the teacher's support and self-awareness in using the language itself. Further implications of this research reveal the need to explore more about EFL teaching techniques and technologies in the learning process to maximize students' engagement.
印尼政府在新冠疫情期间实施了在线学习。如今,在后大流行时代,线下学习的应用已经开始再次开展,并配备了以前在线课堂应用的技术。教育部门的这些突然变化肯定会影响到英语学生的学习投入。本研究旨在调查学生在线下课堂中对英语学习投入的看法,并确定线上和线下课堂环境在学习投入方面是否存在显著差异。研究人员采用了定量方法,在网上向11年级的751名学生分发了一份印尼语调查问卷。结果表明,配备技术的线下教室具有积极的效果,在几乎每个维度的学习投入上都有显著差异。这些发现还表明,学生在情感投入上的投入没有显著差异,因为该维度更多地受到教师对语言使用本身的支持和自我意识的影响。本研究的进一步启示表明,需要更多地探索学习过程中的英语教学技巧和技术,以最大限度地提高学生的参与度。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Collaborative Reasoning On Indonesian University Students’ Literacy and Argumentation Skills 协作推理对印尼大学生读写能力和议论文技巧的影响
Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.30762/jeels.v10i1.788
Firman Parlindungan, None Mursyidin, None Kurniasih, Refanja Rahmatillah, Rahmad Nuthihar, Said Oussou
Since the global COVID-19 pandemic, traditional classrooms have no longer become accessible for everyone. Most teaching and learning process is conducted virtually. The use of interactive and dynamic pedagogy is needed to maintain the quality of learning, especially that enhance argumentation and literacy skills. This research aims to examine whether there are differences in literacy and argumentation skills of Indonesian university students before and after the implementation of Collaborative Reasoning (CR) approach during online learning. A quasi-experimental one-group pretest-and posttest design was employed. A total of 30 students taking Communication and Gender course were involved in this research. We developed a Reading Comprehension Test (RCT) to collect the literacy scores of the students and Cognitively Based Assessment of, for, and as Learning (CBAL) Argumentation Progression to measure argumentation scores. Using a paired samples t-test, the literacy and argumentation scores of the students before participating in CR were compared to their scores after participating in CR. The literacy and argumentation scores were significantly higher after participating in CR. This finding indicates that there is an increase in literacy and argumentation scores over time that was not likely to be due to chance. It is pivotal then for language educators to consider CR in their classrooms.
自2019冠状病毒病全球大流行以来,传统教室不再对所有人开放。大多数教学和学习过程都是虚拟的。需要使用互动和动态的教学法来保持学习的质量,特别是提高辩论和识字技能。本研究旨在考察印尼大学生在实施协同推理(CR)方法前后在读写能力和论证能力方面的差异。采用准实验一组前测后测设计。本研究共涉及30名选修沟通与性别课程的学生。我们开发了一种阅读理解测试(RCT)来收集学生的读写成绩,并开发了一种基于认知的评估(CBAL)来衡量学生的论证成绩。通过配对样本t检验,将参加CR前和参加CR后学生的读写能力和论证能力得分进行了比较,读写能力和论证能力得分在参加CR后显著提高,这一发现表明读写能力和论证能力得分随时间的推移而增加,而这种增加不太可能是偶然的。因此,对于语言教育者来说,在课堂上考虑CR是至关重要的。
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引用次数: 0
The Use of Flipgrid in Improving Secondary School Teachers’ Motivation and Confidence in Speaking English 运用Flipgrid提高中学教师英语口语的积极性和自信心
Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.30762/jeels.v10i1.842
Eva Rosita, S. Halimi
This case study sought to determine the effectiveness of Flipgrid in enhancing the speaking abilities of 20 secondary school teachers representing a variety of subject disciplines. After recording three video monologues and writing reflective journals about their practice experience, all participants responded to questionnaire and interview to express how Flipgrid affected their motivation and self-confidence in speaking English along with their perception of the platform. The interview data was analyzed using Nvivo software by utilizing In Vivo coding. Then, the analysis result was triangulated with the questionnaire. It was concluded that Flipgrid was suitable for participants with English basic proficiency. It also assisted those with intermediate and advanced levels to practice speaking English independently. All participants were motivated due to the excitement, enjoyment, challenge, and self-assurance to speak more effectively. It affected their confidence because their pronunciation, vocabulary, fluency, and grammar improved. Despite minor obstacles in operating Flipgrid, it was considered effective due to its accessibility, helpfulness, and friendliness. This research revealed that using Flipgrid and combining it with face-to-face learning would be a good way to practice speaking English and in future studies, the efficacy of these two strategies would be worth investigated.
本案例研究旨在确定Flipgrid在提高20名代表不同学科的中学教师的口语能力方面的有效性。在录制了三段视频独白并写下关于他们实践经验的反思日志后,所有参与者都回答了问卷和访谈,以表达Flipgrid如何影响他们说英语的动机和自信,以及他们对平台的看法。访谈数据采用Nvivo软件进行分析,采用In Vivo编码。然后,将分析结果与问卷进行三角剖分。结论:Flipgrid适用于英语基础水平的参与者。它还帮助中高级水平的学生练习独立说英语。由于兴奋、享受、挑战和自信,所有参与者都被激励着更有效地发言。这影响了他们的自信,因为他们的发音、词汇、流利度和语法都得到了提高。尽管在操作Flipgrid时遇到了一些小障碍,但由于其可访问性、乐于助人和友好性,它被认为是有效的。这项研究表明,使用Flipgrid并将其与面对面学习相结合将是练习英语口语的好方法,在未来的研究中,这两种策略的效果值得研究。
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引用次数: 0
Shifting Language Ideology and Teaching Practice in Multilingual Class: Voices of Indonesian Lecturers in CLIL 语言意识形态的转变与多语课堂教学实践:印尼语CLIL讲师的声音
Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.30762/jeels.v10i1.434
Diyamon Prasandha, Lailatun Nurul Aniq
Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has grown in popularity due to the idea that it may aid students in enhancing their foreign language proficiency. Previous studies have found that teaching a foreign language in a bilingual setting creates obstacles since students have fewer linguistic features in learning and teaching. While they investigated the significance of various perspectives in this process, this study explores language ideologies and practices in the multilingual background. It seeks the lecturer's voice who taught preparation courses for international students about his language ideologies and CLIL practices using different parameters of CLIL. This narrative study engaged guided dialogues and observations. We adopted Barkhuizen et al.’s (2014) thematic analysis for analyzing the data. It indicated that language ideologies emerged after framing the courses within the students' more comprehensive language ideological contexts, followed by a discussion of its relevance to classroom practice English is used to address gaps between individuals who might not share a common native language or a shared (domestic) identity and with whom English was the favored foreign language of communication. While he created a humanist course for students to use their broad vocabulary and grammar classes were nevertheless immersed in transitory language ideologies.
内容和语言综合学习(CLIL)越来越受欢迎,因为它可以帮助学生提高外语水平。先前的研究发现,在双语环境中教授外语会产生障碍,因为学生在学习和教学中语言特征较少。在考察不同视角在这一过程中的重要性的同时,本研究探讨了多语背景下的语言意识形态和实践。它寻求为国际学生讲授预备课程的讲师的声音,讲述他的语言思想和CLIL实践,使用CLIL的不同参数。这种叙事性研究采用了引导性对话和观察。我们采用Barkhuizen et al.(2014)的专题分析法对数据进行分析。研究表明,在学生更全面的语言意识形态语境中构建课程后,语言意识形态就出现了,随后讨论了它与课堂实践的相关性。英语被用来解决可能没有共同母语或共同(国内)身份的个人之间的差距,英语是他们最喜欢的外语交流语言。虽然他为学生们创造了一门人文主义课程,让他们使用他们丰富的词汇和语法,但他却沉浸在短暂的语言意识形态中。
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引用次数: 0
An Analysis of USSFeed’s Caption on Instagram Based on the Logical Atomism Concept 基于逻辑原子主义概念的Instagram上USSFeed标题分析
Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.56874/jeel.v3i2.1126
Silfa Dzukhriyah, Setia Rini
The purpose of this paper is to analyze language using Bertrand Russell's logical atomism concept. In this article, Russell's concept of logical atomism is also discussed. According to Russell, logical atomism maintains that language may be separated into atomic propositions and compound propositions when talking about words and language as a means of conveying information. Research was conducted using both qualitative and library-based techniques. The data utilized was taken from an Instagram post by the USSFeeds account, which disseminates the most recent news for everyone from youngsters to adults with a focus on the international market. The researcher then analyzes it in terms of Russell's atomic propositions of logical atomism. Logical atomism is an ideology that holds that language may be divided into atomic propositions and compound propositions when discussing words and language as a carrier of information. Additionally, by adding the terms "and", “who”, “that” “or”, and etc these atomic assertions may be combined to make compound propositions. USSFeed captions that are analyzed using the concept of logical atomism must be added with conjunctions to clarify the intended reference.   Keywords: Logical atomism, Bertrand Russell, USSFeed.
本文的目的是用罗素的逻辑原子论概念来分析语言。本文还讨论了罗素的逻辑原子论概念。根据罗素的逻辑原子论,在谈论作为传递信息手段的词语和语言时,语言可以分为原子命题和复合命题。研究使用定性和基于库的技术进行。所使用的数据来自USSFeeds账户的Instagram帖子,该账户向从年轻人到成年人的每个人传播最新的新闻,重点关注国际市场。然后用罗素的逻辑原子论的原子命题对其进行分析。逻辑原子论是一种思想,认为在讨论作为信息载体的词语和语言时,语言可以分为原子命题和复合命题。此外,通过添加"and", " who ", " that ", " or "等术语,这些原子断言可以组合成复合命题。使用逻辑原子论的概念分析的USSFeed标题必须添加连词以澄清预期的引用。关键词:逻辑原子论,罗素,USSFeed
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of English Self-Learning Modules in the Implementation of Modular Distance Learning 模块化远程教育实施中英语自主学习模块的评价
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.56874/jeel.v3i2.883
S. PaulJoshua, de Dios, Eunice Marie, M. Bronzal, Airiks L. Lorda, Emharie D Calleja, Cyra A. Carinan, R. C. Cabiles
In response to the call that education must continue in the midst of the COVID- 19 pandemic, Self-Learning Modules (SLM) became the Department of Education’s primary learning resource in the implementation of a wide-scale Modular Distance Learning. With the educational landscape being confronted with numerous concerns that questions the quality of its SLMs,   their evaluation plays an extremely crucial role in pursuit of quality education.  The study evaluated English Self-Learning Modules used by Grade 7 students in the First Quarter and propose an enhanced learning material that will be helpful in their modular distance learning experience. The study sought to answer the following questions: (1) What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Self-Learning Modules in terms of: Intellectual Property Rights Compliance, Learning Competencies, Instructional Design and Organization, Instructional Quality, Assessment, and, Readability?; (2) What are the Alternative Interventions suggested to strengthen the identified weaknesses in the Self-Learning Modules?; and, (3) What Enhanced Self-Learning Modules may be proposed based on the strengths and weaknesses of the evaluated materials?     Using a purposive sampling, the Key Informants of the study included a total of eight (8) English teachers coming from three different secondary school locales from Legazpi City Division namely: Legazpi City National High School, Gogon High School and Cabangan High School. The study used a mixed method using a Descriptive –Evaluative Design where Key Informants answered a Survey Questionnaire and underwent Key Informants Interview to record the strengths and weaknesses of the Self-Learning Modules. Thematic analysis and percentage were used in the study to identify salient themes from qualitative and quantitative responses of the participants, respectively.   Relevant findings revealed that the strengths of Self-Learning Modules are (1) accuracy in citations, (2) copyright compliance (3) proper acknowledgement of the references, (4) accuracy in content, (5) appropriate presentation of objectives, (6) logical organization of content, (7) integration of valuable traits, (8) development of 21st century skills, (9) alignment of assessments to lesson objectives and (10) appropriateness of content and vocabulary to the learners’ level.    On the other hand,  Self-Learning Modules displayed weaknesses on the following areas: (1) rotten links, (2) missing bibliographies and references, (3) unpacking of broad competencies (4) outdated content and information, (5) grammatical errors, (6) development of lessons that allow for review, (7) providing answer keys, (8) unclear presentation of instruction and (9) seamless transitions of lessons.   To strengthen the identified weaknesses, the researchers developed a Guide Book that discusses the alternative interventions suggested by the researchers based on their insights together with the recommendations of educators.  The Guide Boo
为了响应在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间必须继续开展教育的呼吁,自学模块(SLM)成为教育部实施大规模模块化远程学习的主要学习资源。随着教育界对slm质量的质疑越来越多,slm的评价在追求素质教育中起着至关重要的作用。本研究评估了第一季度七年级学生使用的英语自主学习模块,并提出了一种增强学习材料,这将有助于他们的模块化远程学习体验。本研究试图回答以下问题:(1)自主学习模块在知识产权遵从性、学习能力、教学设计与组织、教学质量、评估和可读性方面的优缺点是什么?(2)建议采取哪些替代干预措施来加强自主学习模块中已发现的弱点?(3)根据评估材料的优缺点,可以提出哪些增强自学模块?本研究采用有目的的抽样方法,主要调查对象包括来自黎则斯比市三个不同中学地区的八名英语教师,分别是黎则斯比市国立高中、Gogon高中和Cabangan高中。本研究采用描述性-评估性设计的混合方法,其中关键信息提供者回答了调查问卷,并进行了关键信息提供者访谈,以记录自主学习模块的优势和劣势。在研究中,主题分析和百分比分别用于从参与者的定性和定量反应中确定突出主题。相关研究结果显示,自主学习模块的优势在于(1)引用准确,(2)符合版权要求,(3)适当承认参考文献,(4)内容准确,(5)适当表达目标,(6)内容的逻辑组织,(7)整合有价值的特征,(8)发展21世纪技能,(9)评估与课程目标一致,(10)内容和词汇适合学习者的水平。另一方面,自主学习模块显示出以下方面的弱点:(1)腐烂的链接,(2)缺少参考书目和参考文献,(3)广泛能力的分解,(4)过时的内容和信息,(5)语法错误,(6)允许复习的课程开发,(7)提供答案键,(8)教学的表达不清楚,(9)课程的无缝过渡。为了加强已确定的弱点,研究人员开发了一本指南书,讨论了研究人员根据他们的见解和教育工作者的建议提出的替代干预措施。该指南旨在使每个模块用户都能参与到创建改进的模块化学习体验中来。此外,增强自主学习模块分支保留了已揭示的优势,并仔细应用替代干预措施来加强弱点。最后,提出了旨在改善学习经验的具体建议。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
JEELS Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies
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