Harrison Daka, W. Jacob, Paul Kakupa, Kapambwe Mwelwa
The AIDS epidemic has affected every aspect of Zambian society and is recognized as the greatest public health challenge of the past 30 years. Nevertheless, education can generate hope in the face of the epidemic using different methods, including social networks. This article investigates the positive and negative impacts of social networks on the spread of HIV at the University of Zambia (UNZA). The research study included survey-based oral interviews with 280 UNZA students. During the course of the study, we realized that efforts have been and are being put in place at UNZA to use online social networks to spread news about HIV and AIDS and how to stop its transmission. Findings showed that most participants felt that social networks hastened the spread of the virus among social media users. Despite social networks having a few positive effects, the results of our study indicate that the negative effects far outweigh the positive effects.
{"title":"The Use of Social Networks in Curbing HIV in Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study of the University of Zambia","authors":"Harrison Daka, W. Jacob, Paul Kakupa, Kapambwe Mwelwa","doi":"10.4236/WJA.2017.72011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJA.2017.72011","url":null,"abstract":"The AIDS epidemic has affected every aspect of Zambian society and is recognized as the greatest public health challenge of the past 30 years. Nevertheless, education can generate hope in the face of the epidemic using different methods, including social networks. This article investigates the positive and negative impacts of social networks on the spread of HIV at the University of Zambia (UNZA). The research study included survey-based oral interviews with 280 UNZA students. During the course of the study, we realized that efforts have been and are being put in place at UNZA to use online social networks to spread news about HIV and AIDS and how to stop its transmission. Findings showed that most participants felt that social networks hastened the spread of the virus among social media users. Despite social networks having a few positive effects, the results of our study indicate that the negative effects far outweigh the positive effects.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"122-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42960005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phrutthinun Surit, Wutthichai Jariya, Ning Zheng, He Yi, X. Yu, W. Srithong, S. Mirasena
The study was conducted to explore factors associated with condom use of young Thai men conscripts. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Participants were 159 conscripts in second year who served in the Royal Thai Army by lottery method. Demographic data, sexual history including condom use, HIV and STDs and knowledge were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results: Condom use at the last sex was 41.18% of the conscripts aged 20 - 27 years and secondary school education completed of 74.2%. 25.78% had experience with drugs used but injection was rare (6.9%). Age at the first sex was reported lowest at 11 years, 9.4% reported first sex with men and 21.38% were married. The participants have sexual history (last six months) with female only of 83.2%, male only of 4.1% and both of 14.6%. Among these only 12.6% reported every time of condom use and 19.5% never used condom. Older age, higher education, drinking alcohol, drugs use and higher knowledge were associated with condom use with statistical significance. Conclusions: Condom use among male Thai conscripts was low. Education and a condom use program are urgently needed to prevent future spread of HIV and STDs.
{"title":"Risk Factors Affecting Condom Use among Royal Thai Army Conscripts in Thailand","authors":"Phrutthinun Surit, Wutthichai Jariya, Ning Zheng, He Yi, X. Yu, W. Srithong, S. Mirasena","doi":"10.4236/WJA.2017.72009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJA.2017.72009","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to explore factors associated with condom use of young Thai men conscripts. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Participants were 159 conscripts in second year who served in the Royal Thai Army by lottery method. Demographic data, sexual history including condom use, HIV and STDs and knowledge were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results: Condom use at the last sex was 41.18% of the conscripts aged 20 - 27 years and secondary school education completed of 74.2%. 25.78% had experience with drugs used but injection was rare (6.9%). Age at the first sex was reported lowest at 11 years, 9.4% reported first sex with men and 21.38% were married. The participants have sexual history (last six months) with female only of 83.2%, male only of 4.1% and both of 14.6%. Among these only 12.6% reported every time of condom use and 19.5% never used condom. Older age, higher education, drinking alcohol, drugs use and higher knowledge were associated with condom use with statistical significance. Conclusions: Condom use among male Thai conscripts was low. Education and a condom use program are urgently needed to prevent future spread of HIV and STDs.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"92-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48219852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Here I discuss a series of in adequate decisions made by governments of, e.g., the European Union when designing strategies aimed at preventing the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although there have been minor successes in curbing the spread of HIV, here I focus on the multiple failings that have indirectly fostered the spread of HIV. I propose that a novel, programmatic set of strategies are needed to prevent the spread of HIV, which will be necessary to meet aims of the End of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) project. I also discuss barriers to the End of AIDS project, including financial burdens and noncompliance, in particular of the “at-risk” termed population in resource rich countries, with current prevention strategies. The aim is (i) to foster supporting for the UNAIDS project by customized prevention concepts; and (ii) to raise awareness for the challenges yet to come, should the UNAIDS project fail.
{"title":"Current HIV Prevention Policies Are Jeopardizing the “End of AIDS” Project: Realities Counteract Liberal Visions","authors":"R. Dennin","doi":"10.4236/WJA.2017.72012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJA.2017.72012","url":null,"abstract":"Here I discuss a series of in adequate decisions made by governments of, e.g., the European Union when designing strategies aimed at preventing the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although there have been minor successes in curbing the spread of HIV, here I focus on the multiple failings that have indirectly fostered the spread of HIV. I propose that a novel, programmatic set of strategies are needed to prevent the spread of HIV, which will be necessary to meet aims of the End of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) project. I also discuss barriers to the End of AIDS project, including financial burdens and noncompliance, in particular of the “at-risk” termed population in resource rich countries, with current prevention strategies. The aim is (i) to foster supporting for the UNAIDS project by customized prevention concepts; and (ii) to raise awareness for the challenges yet to come, should the UNAIDS project fail.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"138-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48206180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Iwu, H. Chineke, K. Diwe, C. Duru, K. Uwakwe, E. Azuike, U. Madubueze, C. Abejegah, E. U. Ndukwu, I. Ohale
Background: Adolescence is a period of vulnerability with the onset of multiple risky behaviour which exposes them to HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases and as such, the timely introduction and uptake of strategies like HIV Counselling and Testing will reduce transmission and provide access to preventive services. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and prevalence of HIV Counselling and Testing among secondary in-school adolescents in Orlu Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross sectional analytical study design was used that selected students aged 13 - 19 years in senior classes SS1 to SS3 attending secondary schools. Data was collected using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were done with frequencies and summary statistics. Chi square statistic was computed and p value was set at 0.05 significant level. Results: Though most of the respondents were aware of HIV/AIDS (99%) and HIV Counselling and Testing (92%), the majority of the respondents had a poor level of overall knowledge (61%) and attitude (70%) towards HIV Counselling and Testing. The prevalence of HIV Counselling and Testing amongst the respondents was very low (7%). Furthermore, there was a statistically significant relationship between the level of overall knowledge and level of overall attitude towards HIV Counselling and Testing (p < 0.000). Conclusion: Identifying and closing the gaps in their knowledge and attitude towards HIV Counselling and Testing, will form the basis for the introduction of adolescent-tailored strategies that will further encourage and improve voluntary and confidential uptake of HIV Counselling and Testing among the adolescents.
{"title":"Knowledge, Attitude and the Prevalence of HIV Counselling and Testing among Secondary In-School Adolescents in Orlu Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Iwu, H. Chineke, K. Diwe, C. Duru, K. Uwakwe, E. Azuike, U. Madubueze, C. Abejegah, E. U. Ndukwu, I. Ohale","doi":"10.4236/WJA.2017.72008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJA.2017.72008","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Adolescence is a period of vulnerability with the onset of multiple risky behaviour which exposes them to HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases and as such, the timely introduction and uptake of strategies like HIV Counselling and Testing will reduce transmission and provide access to preventive services. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and prevalence of HIV Counselling and Testing among secondary in-school adolescents in Orlu Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross sectional analytical study design was used that selected students aged 13 - 19 years in senior classes SS1 to SS3 attending secondary schools. Data was collected using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were done with frequencies and summary statistics. Chi square statistic was computed and p value was set at 0.05 significant level. Results: Though most of the respondents were aware of HIV/AIDS (99%) and HIV Counselling and Testing (92%), the majority of the respondents had a poor level of overall knowledge (61%) and attitude (70%) towards HIV Counselling and Testing. The prevalence of HIV Counselling and Testing amongst the respondents was very low (7%). Furthermore, there was a statistically significant relationship between the level of overall knowledge and level of overall attitude towards HIV Counselling and Testing (p < 0.000). Conclusion: Identifying and closing the gaps in their knowledge and attitude towards HIV Counselling and Testing, will form the basis for the introduction of adolescent-tailored strategies that will further encourage and improve voluntary and confidential uptake of HIV Counselling and Testing among the adolescents.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"77-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42490325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Shastri, S. Nagaraja, J. Tripathy, A. Singarajipur, B. Rewari
Background: India is a high TB (tuberculosis) burden country. The advent of HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) and DR-TB (drug resistant TB) has worsened the ongoing TB control efforts. A study was conducted to (a) to determine the duration for developing drug resistant TB after diagnosis of HIV (b) to ascertain the patients status after one year of DR-TB treatment in Karnataka, India. Methods: It is a retrospective cross-sectional study involving review of records and reports at ART (Anti-retroviral treatment) centres and DR-TB centres in Karnataka during the period 2013-2014. Results: The median time from being known as HIV positive to being diagnosed as DR-TB was 1168 days (IQR: 571 - 1955). At the end of 14 months, nearly 39% of patients had died and 49% of patients were on treatment. Conclusion: The National Health programmes should prioritize monitoring of the HIV/TB patients and develop appropriate novel strategies for community involvement.
{"title":"When Does Drug Resistant TB Strike HIV/TB Patients?—A South India Experience","authors":"S. Shastri, S. Nagaraja, J. Tripathy, A. Singarajipur, B. Rewari","doi":"10.4236/WJA.2017.71004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJA.2017.71004","url":null,"abstract":"Background: India is a high TB (tuberculosis) burden country. The advent of HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) and DR-TB (drug resistant TB) has worsened the ongoing TB control efforts. A study was conducted to (a) to determine the duration for developing drug resistant TB after diagnosis of HIV (b) to ascertain the patients status after one year of DR-TB treatment in Karnataka, India. Methods: It is a retrospective cross-sectional study involving review of records and reports at ART (Anti-retroviral treatment) centres and DR-TB centres in Karnataka during the period 2013-2014. Results: The median time from being known as HIV positive to being diagnosed as DR-TB was 1168 days (IQR: 571 - 1955). At the end of 14 months, nearly 39% of patients had died and 49% of patients were on treatment. Conclusion: The National Health programmes should prioritize monitoring of the HIV/TB patients and develop appropriate novel strategies for community involvement.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"720-726"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41544653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Kale, Archana Beri, M. Thakar, V. S. Dar, S. Bembalkar, Naresh Goel, A. Risbud, R. Paranjape
Under India’s National AIDS Control Program (NACP), WHO recommended strategy of using three rapid tests is adopted for diagnosis of HIV in an asymptomatic individual. Since the NACP has a stringent kit evaluation procedure and due to the availability of newer third generation Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) it may be possible to adapt two test strategy for HIV diagnosis instead of the recommended three test strategy. The authors reviewed programmatic data on HIV testing to explore whether use of two rapid tests for HIV diagnosis as against three tests could be a feasible approach without compromising the quality and readability of testing. Data on the HIV diagnosis performed on serum specimens collected for the period of one year (2011-12) from 82 Integrated Testing and Counselling Centers (ICTCs) or Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission Centers (PPTCTs) associated with State reference Laboratories (SRLs) was analysed. Out of 654258 results that were analysed 25168 (3.84%) specimens were positives. It was observed that both two and three test algorithms provided similar results for majority (>99%) of the HIV positive specimens. Discordance was observed in labelling of specimen with inconclusive status (N = 21), however the true status of these samples could not be obtained. The analysis indicated that the use of two test algorithm will have programmatic benefits in terms of reduced financial burden to the programme and ease of procurement, shipment and storage before and after distribution without comprising the quality of the testing. The prospective study would confirm this observation.
{"title":"Feasibility of Using Two versus Three Rapid Tests for HIV Diagnosis in India: Analysis of Public Health Program Data","authors":"V. Kale, Archana Beri, M. Thakar, V. S. Dar, S. Bembalkar, Naresh Goel, A. Risbud, R. Paranjape","doi":"10.4236/WJA.2017.71002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJA.2017.71002","url":null,"abstract":"Under India’s National AIDS Control Program (NACP), WHO recommended strategy of using three rapid tests is adopted for diagnosis of HIV in an asymptomatic individual. Since the NACP has a stringent kit evaluation procedure and due to the availability of newer third generation Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) it may be possible to adapt two test strategy for HIV diagnosis instead of the recommended three test strategy. The authors reviewed programmatic data on HIV testing to explore whether use of two rapid tests for HIV diagnosis as against three tests could be a feasible approach without compromising the quality and readability of testing. Data on the HIV diagnosis performed on serum specimens collected for the period of one year (2011-12) from 82 Integrated Testing and Counselling Centers (ICTCs) or Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission Centers (PPTCTs) associated with State reference Laboratories (SRLs) was analysed. Out of 654258 results that were analysed 25168 (3.84%) specimens were positives. It was observed that both two and three test algorithms provided similar results for majority (>99%) of the HIV positive specimens. Discordance was observed in labelling of specimen with inconclusive status (N = 21), however the true status of these samples could not be obtained. The analysis indicated that the use of two test algorithm will have programmatic benefits in terms of reduced financial burden to the programme and ease of procurement, shipment and storage before and after distribution without comprising the quality of the testing. The prospective study would confirm this observation.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"16-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48183021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Kamangu, R. L. Kalala, G. Mvumbi, D. Vaira, M. Hayette
Background: Genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus affects the treatment and the emergence of resistance. Some subtypes would develop resistance more frequently than others. The aim of this study is to determine the rate of virological treatment failure and the involvement of genetic diversity and different mutations in this failure in Kinshasa. Methods: Of the 153 Antiretroviral-naive patients who were included in the cohort, 138 patients have been received for the appointment of the 6th month. Clinical parameters were recorded on individual patient charts. The determination of Viral Load (VL) was done at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Clinical and biological parameters of the 6th month were compared with those taken at baseline of the cohort to determine the evolution of patients under treatment. Results: At the consultation of the 6th month, 138 patients (90.2%) had returned out of the 153 included. Eighty-one (58.7%) patients were women and 57 (41.3%) men. The age of patients is between 18 and 65 with an average of 37 years. Ten deaths (6.5%) and 5 (3.3%) lost have been reported. One hundred twenty-five patients (90.5%) were in clinical stage 3 and 13 (9.5%) in clinical stage 4. The median CD4 T cells is 560 cells mm3. The median VLs of patients was 0.90 log10 RNA copies/ml. Of the 34 patients in virological failure, 8 (23.5%) are minimal failure, 23 (67.7%) in moderate failure and 3 (8.8%) in severe failure. According to the Pearson’s test, VLs at 6th months were highly correlated with that of inclusion, with V75 and K70 mutations for NRTIs, with V108 mutation for NNRTI well as the virological failure of treatment. Conclusion: Our results confirmed the hypothesis that high Viral Load at the start of the treatment is a poor prognosis for the development of therapy. Transmitted mutations are involved in treatment failure.
{"title":"Involvement of the Genetic Diversity of HIV-1 in the Virological Treatment Failure of First Line Antiretroviral in Kinshasa","authors":"E. Kamangu, R. L. Kalala, G. Mvumbi, D. Vaira, M. Hayette","doi":"10.4236/WJA.2017.71003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJA.2017.71003","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus affects the treatment and the emergence of resistance. Some subtypes would develop resistance more frequently than others. The aim of this study is to determine the rate of virological treatment failure and the involvement of genetic diversity and different mutations in this failure in Kinshasa. Methods: Of the 153 Antiretroviral-naive patients who were included in the cohort, 138 patients have been received for the appointment of the 6th month. Clinical parameters were recorded on individual patient charts. The determination of Viral Load (VL) was done at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Clinical and biological parameters of the 6th month were compared with those taken at baseline of the cohort to determine the evolution of patients under treatment. Results: At the consultation of the 6th month, 138 patients (90.2%) had returned out of the 153 included. Eighty-one (58.7%) patients were women and 57 (41.3%) men. The age of patients is between 18 and 65 with an average of 37 years. Ten deaths (6.5%) and 5 (3.3%) lost have been reported. One hundred twenty-five patients (90.5%) were in clinical stage 3 and 13 (9.5%) in clinical stage 4. The median CD4 T cells is 560 cells mm3. The median VLs of patients was 0.90 log10 RNA copies/ml. Of the 34 patients in virological failure, 8 (23.5%) are minimal failure, 23 (67.7%) in moderate failure and 3 (8.8%) in severe failure. According to the Pearson’s test, VLs at 6th months were highly correlated with that of inclusion, with V75 and K70 mutations for NRTIs, with V108 mutation for NNRTI well as the virological failure of treatment. Conclusion: Our results confirmed the hypothesis that high Viral Load at the start of the treatment is a poor prognosis for the development of therapy. Transmitted mutations are involved in treatment failure.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"23-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70851966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Delphine Mbong Wam Iwoi, P. F. Nde, Euphrasia Yuh, Emmanuel Tebit Kwenti, E. Tshimwanga, D. Achiri, Kenne Emmanuel Djunda
Due to the chronic shortage of health personnel, nurses and midwives now play a fundamental role in the care and treatment of people living with HIV/ AIDS (PLHIV) in Cameroon. This study was therefore designed to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice with regard to care of PLHIV among nursing and midwifery students in Fako division of Cameroon. A survey was performed between May and July 2015, among 227 nursing and midwifery students (in their second to final year of study), selected from 8 government accredited training institutions in Fako division of Cameroon. An anonymous self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The Pearson’s chi-square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusting for possible confounders were all performed as part of the statistical analyses. The cutoff of statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Nursing and midwifery students had a moderate level of HIV/AIDS knowledge (average score of 7.02 on a scale of 11). Attitude towards PLHIV was generally positive (68.7%) but there were some misconceptions and prejudice about PLHIV, with considerable stigmatization (31.3%), unwillingness to share a room with someone infected with HIV (27.7%), and unwillingness to work on PLHIV (23.8%). Good HIV/AIDS knowledge was observed to be the sole independent predictor (p = 0.004) of positive attitude towards PLHIV. Fur-thermore the confidence of the respondents regarding care of PLHIV was generally moderate. Our results suggest the need for the development of a more appropriate education program in nursing and midwifery institutions in Fako division to reduce the discrepancies between the general knowledge, attitude and practice regarding care of PLHIV.
{"title":"Assessment of the Level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice with Regard to Care of People Living with HIV/AIDS among Nursing and Midwifery Students in Fako, Cameroon","authors":"Delphine Mbong Wam Iwoi, P. F. Nde, Euphrasia Yuh, Emmanuel Tebit Kwenti, E. Tshimwanga, D. Achiri, Kenne Emmanuel Djunda","doi":"10.4236/WJA.2017.71001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJA.2017.71001","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the chronic shortage of health personnel, nurses and midwives now play a fundamental role in the care and treatment of people living with HIV/ AIDS (PLHIV) in Cameroon. This study was therefore designed to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice with regard to care of PLHIV among nursing and midwifery students in Fako division of Cameroon. A survey was performed between May and July 2015, among 227 nursing and midwifery students (in their second to final year of study), selected from 8 government accredited training institutions in Fako division of Cameroon. An anonymous self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The Pearson’s chi-square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusting for possible confounders were all performed as part of the statistical analyses. The cutoff of statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Nursing and midwifery students had a moderate level of HIV/AIDS knowledge (average score of 7.02 on a scale of 11). Attitude towards PLHIV was generally positive (68.7%) but there were some misconceptions and prejudice about PLHIV, with considerable stigmatization (31.3%), unwillingness to share a room with someone infected with HIV (27.7%), and unwillingness to work on PLHIV (23.8%). Good HIV/AIDS knowledge was observed to be the sole independent predictor (p = 0.004) of positive attitude towards PLHIV. Fur-thermore the confidence of the respondents regarding care of PLHIV was generally moderate. Our results suggest the need for the development of a more appropriate education program in nursing and midwifery institutions in Fako division to reduce the discrepancies between the general knowledge, attitude and practice regarding care of PLHIV.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43696990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Molefi, J. Tshikuka, Tuduetso Monagen, M. G. M. D. Magafu, T. Masupe, Bontle Mbongwe, P. Rheeder
Background: human immune virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) have been recognized in Botswana for the last three decades, however, combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) was only introduced after 2000. Facility-based historical data of the burden of HIV/AIDS- related conditions pre-cART have so far not been analyzed. Objective: To analyze the burden of HIV-related admissions and HIV-related deaths, and identify the socio-demographic factors associated with HIV/AIDS deaths at Princess Marina Hospital (PMH) in the year 2000. Methods: A retrospective review of medical files was carried out between May and June 2014. Nine thousand seven hundred and forty-six (9746) records were analyzed for the year for 2000. Cases were identified as documented HIV/AIDS as per medical notes and/or documentation of any of the conditions listed in sections B20-B24 of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10 B20-B24). Outcomes were the percentages of HIV-related admissions and HIV-related deaths out of all admissions and deaths. The in-hospital case fatality rate (CFR) was also calculated. Log-binomial regression models were used to determine the most significant factors associated with HIV-related admission and death. Results: The percentages of HIV-related admissions and HIV-related deaths were 4.1% (403/9746) and 11.3% (80/707), respectively. The in-hospital HIV-CFR was 19.9% (80/403). Adjusted log-binomial models identified the most significant protective factors for HIV-related admission were female sex and cART use while age >15 years old was the most significant risk factor. The se of cART was significant protective factor for HIV-associated death while age older than 15 years was the most significant risk factor. Conclusion: There was a significant burden of HIV-related admissions and deaths in PMH before wide-scale cART use in Botswana. This study highlights the increased risk of hospital admission for HIV-positive patients and underlines the need for cART to prevent deaths. Further studies evaluating the impact of wide-scale cART roll out are needed.
{"title":"The Burden of HIV-Related Admissions and Mortality at Princess Marina Hospital, Botswana in 2000: A Pre-Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Era","authors":"M. Molefi, J. Tshikuka, Tuduetso Monagen, M. G. M. D. Magafu, T. Masupe, Bontle Mbongwe, P. Rheeder","doi":"10.4236/WJA.2017.71007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJA.2017.71007","url":null,"abstract":"Background: human immune virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) have been recognized in Botswana for the last three decades, however, combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) was only introduced after 2000. Facility-based historical data of the burden of HIV/AIDS- related conditions pre-cART have so far not been analyzed. Objective: To analyze the burden of HIV-related admissions and HIV-related deaths, and identify the socio-demographic factors associated with HIV/AIDS deaths at Princess Marina Hospital (PMH) in the year 2000. Methods: A retrospective review of medical files was carried out between May and June 2014. Nine thousand seven hundred and forty-six (9746) records were analyzed for the year for 2000. Cases were identified as documented HIV/AIDS as per medical notes and/or documentation of any of the conditions listed in sections B20-B24 of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10 B20-B24). Outcomes were the percentages of HIV-related admissions and HIV-related deaths out of all admissions and deaths. The in-hospital case fatality rate (CFR) was also calculated. Log-binomial regression models were used to determine the most significant factors associated with HIV-related admission and death. Results: The percentages of HIV-related admissions and HIV-related deaths were 4.1% (403/9746) and 11.3% (80/707), respectively. The in-hospital HIV-CFR was 19.9% (80/403). Adjusted log-binomial models identified the most significant protective factors for HIV-related admission were female sex and cART use while age >15 years old was the most significant risk factor. The se of cART was significant protective factor for HIV-associated death while age older than 15 years was the most significant risk factor. Conclusion: There was a significant burden of HIV-related admissions and deaths in PMH before wide-scale cART use in Botswana. This study highlights the increased risk of hospital admission for HIV-positive patients and underlines the need for cART to prevent deaths. Further studies evaluating the impact of wide-scale cART roll out are needed.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"67-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42599239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Santos-Silva, J. Alves, I. Ramos, Maria del Cármen Piñeiro-Calvo, Cláudia Sousa, M. Serrao, A. Sarmento
Background: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) may appear in patients with viral and immunological response to treatment and remain unnoticed during the initial stage of the infection. The goal of this study is to evaluate the development and/or progression of HAND in patients with undetectable viral load for more than ten years. Methods: We included adult HIV-infected patients who were under antiretroviral treatment and had undetectable plasma viral load for more than ten years (blips were included). These patients had already been subjected to neurocognitive evaluation five years previously. Demographic, clinical and analytical data were analysed. For the neurocognitive evaluation, the WAIS-III subtests (digit symbol coding and symbol search), trail making test (TMT) A and B, Stroop test and categorical verbal fluency (animals) tests were used. SPSS? version 22.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. Results: In this re-evaluation, performed 4.76 (±1.82) years after the first one, 9 (36%) patients showed deficits in processing speed (WAIS-III and TMT A), 8 (32%) executive function (TMT B and Stroop) and 12 (48%) verbal fluency. There were significant statistical differences between the past and current executive function tests (p = 0.029 and p = 0.01), highlighting worsening of deficits. No differences were found for the other tests. No association was found between deficit progression and the studied variables. Conclusions: Although not generally noticed on regular appointments, in this small population, worsening of executive function deficits (mental flexibility and divided attention) was found. Classical risk factors for HAND did not appear to interfere in its progression. Speed of information processing and categorical verbal fluency remained stable.
{"title":"Neurocognitive Disorders in Patients with HIV Infection with Virologic Suppression for More than 10 Years","authors":"A. Santos-Silva, J. Alves, I. Ramos, Maria del Cármen Piñeiro-Calvo, Cláudia Sousa, M. Serrao, A. Sarmento","doi":"10.4236/WJA.2017.71006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJA.2017.71006","url":null,"abstract":"Background: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) may appear in patients with viral and immunological response to treatment and remain unnoticed during the initial stage of the infection. The goal of this study is to evaluate the development and/or progression of HAND in patients with undetectable viral load for more than ten years. Methods: We included adult HIV-infected patients who were under antiretroviral treatment and had undetectable plasma viral load for more than ten years (blips were included). These patients had already been subjected to neurocognitive evaluation five years previously. Demographic, clinical and analytical data were analysed. For the neurocognitive evaluation, the WAIS-III subtests (digit symbol coding and symbol search), trail making test (TMT) A and B, Stroop test and categorical verbal fluency (animals) tests were used. SPSS? version 22.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. Results: In this re-evaluation, performed 4.76 (±1.82) years after the first one, 9 (36%) patients showed deficits in processing speed (WAIS-III and TMT A), 8 (32%) executive function (TMT B and Stroop) and 12 (48%) verbal fluency. There were significant statistical differences between the past and current executive function tests (p = 0.029 and p = 0.01), highlighting worsening of deficits. No differences were found for the other tests. No association was found between deficit progression and the studied variables. Conclusions: Although not generally noticed on regular appointments, in this small population, worsening of executive function deficits (mental flexibility and divided attention) was found. Classical risk factors for HAND did not appear to interfere in its progression. Speed of information processing and categorical verbal fluency remained stable.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"59-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44001889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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