D. Mamady, Kante Ansoumane Sayon, Keita Fatimata, O. Soumana, Camara Toumin, Diallo Abdoul Goudoussy, Kourouma Mamadou, Sylla Mouctar, Camara-yagouba Fatou, Awada Mohamed, Traore Fodé Amara, Magassouba Aboubacar Sidiki, S. Sidibé, A. Toure
Introduction: Anemia is frequently associated with the natural course of people living with HIV (PLWHIV). The objective was to describe the evolution of anemia in PLWHIV during the first 6 months of ART and to identify the associated factors in the hematology service of the Ignace Deen national hospital of the Conakry University Hospital. Methods: This was a prospective, observa-tional descriptive and analytical study lasting one year from August 1, 2019 to July 31, 2020. It focused on PLWHIV who were newly included in ART during the period of study in the Hematology Department of Ignace Deen Hospital. Results: Of 45 PLWHIV, and CD4 count, but the link was not established at M6. Conclusion: Anemia is frequently associated with HIV infection linked to delayed treatment. Its development would be better with the establishment of good support. Specific actions should be taken to better identify the factors involved.
{"title":"Contribution of ARV Treatment in the Correction of Anemia in People Living with HIV during the First Semester in the Hematology Department of Conakry University Hospital","authors":"D. Mamady, Kante Ansoumane Sayon, Keita Fatimata, O. Soumana, Camara Toumin, Diallo Abdoul Goudoussy, Kourouma Mamadou, Sylla Mouctar, Camara-yagouba Fatou, Awada Mohamed, Traore Fodé Amara, Magassouba Aboubacar Sidiki, S. Sidibé, A. Toure","doi":"10.4236/wja.2021.114011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wja.2021.114011","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Anemia is frequently associated with the natural course of people living with HIV (PLWHIV). The objective was to describe the evolution of anemia in PLWHIV during the first 6 months of ART and to identify the associated factors in the hematology service of the Ignace Deen national hospital of the Conakry University Hospital. Methods: This was a prospective, observa-tional descriptive and analytical study lasting one year from August 1, 2019 to July 31, 2020. It focused on PLWHIV who were newly included in ART during the period of study in the Hematology Department of Ignace Deen Hospital. Results: Of 45 PLWHIV, and CD4 count, but the link was not established at M6. Conclusion: Anemia is frequently associated with HIV infection linked to delayed treatment. Its development would be better with the establishment of good support. Specific actions should be taken to better identify the factors involved.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70851736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bonniface Oryokot, A. Kazibwe, Abraham Ignatius Oluka, Yunus Miya, M. Etukoit
Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic caught many HIV programs completely unprepared, leading to massive interruptions in HIV treatment. Fear and an-xiety caused by another infectious and potentially deadly virus kept many PLHIV away from accessing ART services. Besides, the COVID-19 control measures imposed by the Government of Uganda, such as restrictions on movement due to the ban on both private and public transport, shortened travel hours due to the curfew imposed from 7 p.m. local time and limited resources at The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) Mbale clinic further frustrated access to ART services. The actual burden of treatment interruption in Uganda remains unclear. As such, this paper provides the magnitude of treatment interruption in TASO Mbale clinic during the April-June 2020 quarter—the COVID-19 pandemic peak period in Uganda. Methodology: We analyzed secondary and routine program data for all PLHIV on scheduled appointment in the quarters of January-March 2020 and April 2020-June 2020. We abstracted data from Uganda Electronic Medical Records (EMR) and linked with that from TASO Management Information system to make one dataset. This was then exported for final analysis in STATA version 15. Results: Out of 6744 PLHIV scheduled on appointment during April-June 2020 quarter, 1710 (25.3%) individuals missed their appointments, with the facility-based clients more affected than community-based (56.1% who received six-month’s drug refills were less likely to miss their appointment (p < 0.001) compared to those who received less. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted provision of ART services, leading to increased rate of missed appointment from 7.1% in the pre-COVID-19 quarter to 25.3%.
导言:COVID-19大流行使许多艾滋病毒规划完全措手不及，导致艾滋病毒治疗大规模中断。另一种传染性和可能致命的病毒引起的恐惧和焦虑使许多艾滋病毒感染者无法获得抗逆转录病毒治疗服务。此外，乌干达政府实施的COVID-19控制措施，例如由于禁止私人和公共交通工具而限制行动，由于从当地时间晚上7点开始实施宵禁而缩短了旅行时间，以及艾滋病支持组织(TASO) Mbale诊所资源有限，进一步阻碍了获得抗逆转录病毒治疗服务。乌干达治疗中断的实际负担仍不清楚。因此，本文提供了2020年4月至6月季度(乌干达COVID-19大流行高峰期)TASO Mbale诊所治疗中断的程度。方法:我们分析了2020年1月至3月和2020年4月至6月期间所有预定预约的PLHIV的次要和常规项目数据。我们从乌干达电子病历(EMR)中提取数据，并与TASO管理信息系统(TASO Management Information system)的数据进行链接，形成一个数据集。然后在STATA版本15中导出以进行最终分析。结果:在2020年4月至6月期间预约的6744名PLHIV患者中，1710名(25.3%)人错过了他们的预约，其中基于设施的客户比基于社区的客户受影响更大(56.1%接受六个月药物补充的客户比接受较少药物补充的客户更不可能错过他们的预约(p < 0.001)。结论:COVID-19大流行严重扰乱了抗逆转录病毒治疗服务的提供，导致错过预约的比例从COVID-19前季度的7.1%上升到25.3%。
{"title":"COVID-19 and HIV Treatment Interruption: A Case Study of the AIDS Support Organization (TASO) Mbale Clinic","authors":"Bonniface Oryokot, A. Kazibwe, Abraham Ignatius Oluka, Yunus Miya, M. Etukoit","doi":"10.4236/wja.2021.114015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wja.2021.114015","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic caught many HIV programs completely unprepared, leading to massive interruptions in HIV treatment. Fear and an-xiety caused by another infectious and potentially deadly virus kept many PLHIV away from accessing ART services. Besides, the COVID-19 control measures imposed by the Government of Uganda, such as restrictions on movement due to the ban on both private and public transport, shortened travel hours due to the curfew imposed from 7 p.m. local time and limited resources at The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) Mbale clinic further frustrated access to ART services. The actual burden of treatment interruption in Uganda remains unclear. As such, this paper provides the magnitude of treatment interruption in TASO Mbale clinic during the April-June 2020 quarter—the COVID-19 pandemic peak period in Uganda. Methodology: We analyzed secondary and routine program data for all PLHIV on scheduled appointment in the quarters of January-March 2020 and April 2020-June 2020. We abstracted data from Uganda Electronic Medical Records (EMR) and linked with that from TASO Management Information system to make one dataset. This was then exported for final analysis in STATA version 15. Results: Out of 6744 PLHIV scheduled on appointment during April-June 2020 quarter, 1710 (25.3%) individuals missed their appointments, with the facility-based clients more affected than community-based (56.1% who received six-month’s drug refills were less likely to miss their appointment (p < 0.001) compared to those who received less. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted provision of ART services, leading to increased rate of missed appointment from 7.1% in the pre-COVID-19 quarter to 25.3%.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The appropriate time to initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV/AIDS patients is determined by measurement of CD4+/CD8+ T cell count. The CD4/CD8+ T cell count is also useful, together with viral load, in monitoring disease progression and effectiveness treatment regimens. Several factors may contribute to sample rejection during the CD4+/CD8+ T cells count, resulting in negative effects on patient management. Objective: Eva-luate the causes for CD4+CD8+ T cell count sample rejection at the Kenyatta National Hospital Comprehensive Care Center Laboratory. Method: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between 2018 and 2020. Data was obtained from the “rejected samples” for Partec R FlowCyp flow cytometry file. Designed data collection sheet was used for data capture. A total of 3972 samples were submitted for CD4+/CD8+ T cell count during the study period. Causes for sample rejection were numbered 1 to 12, each representing a reason for sample rejection. Number 1 was sub-categorized into clotted, hemolyzed, short-draw and lipemic. Data was analyzed using excel, and presented using tables, graphs and pie charts. Approval to conduct the study was obtained from KNH/UoN ERC. Results: In the study period, 81/3972 (2.0%) samples were rejected. Samples submitted more than 48 hours after collection were mostly rejected. Other factors rate for CD4/CD8+ T cell count was relatively low, and multiple factors con-tributed to rejection. However, improved quality assurance will enable more benefit to patients who seek this test in the laboratory.
背景:HIV/AIDS患者开始抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)的合适时间是通过测量CD4+/CD8+ T细胞计数来确定的。CD4/CD8+ T细胞计数与病毒载量一起在监测疾病进展和有效治疗方案方面也很有用。在CD4+/CD8+ T细胞计数期间，有几个因素可能导致样本排斥，从而对患者管理产生负面影响。目的:评价肯雅塔国家医院综合护理中心实验室CD4+CD8+ T细胞计数样本排斥反应的原因。方法:2018 - 2020年进行回顾性横断面研究。数据来自“拒绝样本”，用于Partec R FlowCyp流式细胞术文件。采用设计好的数据采集表进行数据采集。在研究期间，共提交了3972份样本进行CD4+/CD8+ T细胞计数。样本拒绝的原因编号为1到12，每个原因代表一个样本拒绝的原因。1分凝血型，溶血型，短血型和血脂型。数据使用excel进行分析，并使用表格、图形和饼状图进行展示。该研究已获得KNH/ un ERC的批准。结果:在研究期间，有81/3972(2.0%)份样本被拒绝。收集后超过48小时提交的样品大多被拒绝。其他因素导致CD4/CD8+ T细胞计数率相对较低，多种因素导致排斥反应。然而，改进的质量保证将使在实验室寻求这种测试的患者受益更多。
{"title":"Factors Associated with Sample Rejection for CD4+/CD8+ T Cell Count Analyses at the Kenyatta National Hospital Comprehensive Care Center Laboratory, Kenya","authors":"Moherai Wilfred Felix, J. Nyagol, W. Mwanda","doi":"10.4236/wja.2021.114013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wja.2021.114013","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The appropriate time to initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV/AIDS patients is determined by measurement of CD4+/CD8+ T cell count. The CD4/CD8+ T cell count is also useful, together with viral load, in monitoring disease progression and effectiveness treatment regimens. Several factors may contribute to sample rejection during the CD4+/CD8+ T cells count, resulting in negative effects on patient management. Objective: Eva-luate the causes for CD4+CD8+ T cell count sample rejection at the Kenyatta National Hospital Comprehensive Care Center Laboratory. Method: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between 2018 and 2020. Data was obtained from the “rejected samples” for Partec R FlowCyp flow cytometry file. Designed data collection sheet was used for data capture. A total of 3972 samples were submitted for CD4+/CD8+ T cell count during the study period. Causes for sample rejection were numbered 1 to 12, each representing a reason for sample rejection. Number 1 was sub-categorized into clotted, hemolyzed, short-draw and lipemic. Data was analyzed using excel, and presented using tables, graphs and pie charts. Approval to conduct the study was obtained from KNH/UoN ERC. Results: In the study period, 81/3972 (2.0%) samples were rejected. Samples submitted more than 48 hours after collection were mostly rejected. Other factors rate for CD4/CD8+ T cell count was relatively low, and multiple factors con-tributed to rejection. However, improved quality assurance will enable more benefit to patients who seek this test in the laboratory.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: In an age of antiretroviral therapy, the life expectancy of children perinatally infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has significantly increased. At the same time, however, pulmonary pathologies secondary to opportunistic infections have decreased thanks to increased diagnostics and access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite this, in these children an immune dysregulation is maintained due to chronic infection. There is evidence that these patients have increased probability of presenting with abnormalities in pulmonary function, mainly with chronic obstructive clinical pictures (25% - 40% of perinatally infected adolescents display some anomaly in the spirometry), which predisposes them to increased risk of chronic pulmonary disease. Since lung development occurs mainly during infancy, patients perinatally infected with HIV may suffer consequences. This can be secondary to opportunistic infections, chronic inflammation due to the virus, and immunologic effects of ART, mainly in non-industrialized countries, where late diagnosis is frequent. Methodology: An analytical, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at Roosevelt Hospital Pediatric infectious disease clinic, from January to December 2019. A sample of 76 patients was obtained, out of a population of 362 patients. A total of 62 subjects, who met the criterion of reproducibility in the spirometry, were analyzed. Results were analyzed with percentages and the association of variables using the chi-squared test (χ2). Results: A decrease in pulmonary function was found in 34% of patients, mild obstructive pattern (16%) predominating. Significant association between basal viral load greater than 100,000 cp/ml and a decrease in Forced expiratory flow 25 - 75 (FEF 25-75) (p 0.046) and in relationship between forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity (FEV1/ FVC p = 0.024) was observed, as well as a non-statistically significant relationship between advanced clinical stage at diagnosis and decreased pulmonary function. Conclusions: The prevalence of decreased pulmonary function related to advanced clinical stage and elevated basal viral load (>100,000 cps/ml) is higher than that reported in other studies (25%) and has an influence in the long-term decrease in pulmonary function.
{"title":"Pulmonary Function by Spirometry in Children with Perinatal HIV Infection","authors":"N. Galvez, J. Juárez","doi":"10.4236/wja.2020.104019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wja.2020.104019","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In an age of antiretroviral therapy, the life expectancy of children perinatally infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has significantly increased. At the same time, however, pulmonary pathologies secondary to opportunistic infections have decreased thanks to increased diagnostics and access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite this, in these children an immune dysregulation is maintained due to chronic infection. There is evidence that these patients have increased probability of presenting with abnormalities in pulmonary function, mainly with chronic obstructive clinical pictures (25% - 40% of perinatally infected adolescents display some anomaly in the spirometry), which predisposes them to increased risk of chronic pulmonary disease. Since lung development occurs mainly during infancy, patients perinatally infected with HIV may suffer consequences. This can be secondary to opportunistic infections, chronic inflammation due to the virus, and immunologic effects of ART, mainly in non-industrialized countries, where late diagnosis is frequent. Methodology: An analytical, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at Roosevelt Hospital Pediatric infectious disease clinic, from January to December 2019. A sample of 76 patients was obtained, out of a population of 362 patients. A total of 62 subjects, who met the criterion of reproducibility in the spirometry, were analyzed. Results were analyzed with percentages and the association of variables using the chi-squared test (χ2). Results: A decrease in pulmonary function was found in 34% of patients, mild obstructive pattern (16%) predominating. Significant association between basal viral load greater than 100,000 cp/ml and a decrease in Forced expiratory flow 25 - 75 (FEF 25-75) (p 0.046) and in relationship between forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity (FEV1/ FVC p = 0.024) was observed, as well as a non-statistically significant relationship between advanced clinical stage at diagnosis and decreased pulmonary function. Conclusions: The prevalence of decreased pulmonary function related to advanced clinical stage and elevated basal viral load (>100,000 cps/ml) is higher than that reported in other studies (25%) and has an influence in the long-term decrease in pulmonary function.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42141799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Ndziessi, A. Aloumba, D. M. Essie, A. Niama, Fresnovie Geladore Mbele, M. Diafouka, A. Abena
Background: Viral load is the key indicator of the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment in HIV patients. Study aimed to determine antiretroviral treatments failure rates and associated risk factors among HIV-infected adult patients in Congo. Methods: Data from the Congolese AIDS and Epidemics Control Council were combined to create a historical cohort. Patients were followed up between 2003 to 2017. Mixed logistic regression was used to identify treatment failure associated-factors. Intercooled Stata 10 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA) software packages was used for analysis. Results: Over 14 years of follow-up, a total of 25,500 visits for 6391 adult patients were reported. Among them, 88% i.e. 22,328 visits (for a total of 6127 patients) were visits with treatment failure. In the multivariate analysis, being aged >26 years, having primary education level, being student, others nationality, unspecifiedmarital status and being worker in informal sector were found associated with a higher risk of treatment failure. Conversely, being pensioners, receiving second line therapeutic protocols and having good adherence to treatment were found significantly associated with a lower risk of treatment failure. Conclusion: Antiretroviral treatments failure among HIV-treated patients is common in Congo. Developing treatment adherence-centered interventions with focus in patients who have low socio-economic status needed to reduced treatments failure. As treatment failure is not only determined by individual factors, psychosocial supports and availability of antiretroviral drugs needs to be taken into account.
背景:病毒载量是衡量HIV患者抗逆转录病毒治疗有效性的关键指标。研究旨在确定刚果艾滋病毒感染成人患者抗逆转录病毒治疗失败率和相关危险因素。方法:将来自刚果艾滋病和流行病控制委员会的数据结合起来创建一个历史队列。患者在2003年至2017年期间随访。采用混合逻辑回归确定治疗失败的相关因素。使用intercooling Stata 10 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA)软件包进行分析。结果:在14年的随访中，6391名成年患者共25500次就诊。其中治疗失败占88%，即22,328次(共计6127例患者)。在多变量分析中，年龄在0 ~ 26岁、小学教育程度、学生、其他国籍、未明确婚姻状况和在非正规部门工作与治疗失败的风险较高相关。相反，作为退休人员，接受二线治疗方案和良好的治疗依从性与较低的治疗失败风险显着相关。结论:在刚果，抗逆转录病毒治疗失败在艾滋病患者中很常见。开发以治疗依从性为中心的干预措施，重点关注社会经济地位较低的患者，以减少治疗失败。由于治疗失败不仅取决于个人因素，还需要考虑到社会心理支持和抗逆转录病毒药物的可得性。
{"title":"Factors Associated with Antiretroviral Treatments Failure among HIV-Positive Patients in Congo: A Retrospective Cohort Study","authors":"G. Ndziessi, A. Aloumba, D. M. Essie, A. Niama, Fresnovie Geladore Mbele, M. Diafouka, A. Abena","doi":"10.4236/wja.2020.104018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wja.2020.104018","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Viral load is the key indicator of the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment in HIV patients. Study aimed to determine antiretroviral treatments failure rates and associated risk factors among HIV-infected adult patients in Congo. Methods: Data from the Congolese AIDS and Epidemics Control Council were combined to create a historical cohort. Patients were followed up between 2003 to 2017. Mixed logistic regression was used to identify treatment failure associated-factors. Intercooled Stata 10 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA) software packages was used for analysis. Results: Over 14 years of follow-up, a total of 25,500 visits for 6391 adult patients were reported. Among them, 88% i.e. 22,328 visits (for a total of 6127 patients) were visits with treatment failure. In the multivariate analysis, being aged >26 years, having primary education level, being student, others nationality, unspecifiedmarital status and being worker in informal sector were found associated with a higher risk of treatment failure. Conversely, being pensioners, receiving second line therapeutic protocols and having good adherence to treatment were found significantly associated with a lower risk of treatment failure. Conclusion: Antiretroviral treatments failure among HIV-treated patients is common in Congo. Developing treatment adherence-centered interventions with focus in patients who have low socio-economic status needed to reduced treatments failure. As treatment failure is not only determined by individual factors, psychosocial supports and availability of antiretroviral drugs needs to be taken into account.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"10 1","pages":"201-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46254676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Isaac, A. Ajani, Jalo Iliya, Oyeniyi Christianah, Danlami Mohammed Hassan
Background: Despite years of Paediatric Antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria, the National implementation plan for the scale up of viral load testing was only rece ntly launched. Viral load determination is the most important indicator of ART response. Material & methods: First viral load samples were collected from 663 children living with HIV between December 2017-Decemb er 2019 aged 0 - 18 years on highly active antiretroviral therapy from 4 states within Nigeria. Samples were analyzed at a Polymerase Chain Reaction laboratory of the Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe. Results: Males were 311 (46.9%) and 352 (53.1%) female. Children aged 0 - 9 years constituted 44.9% (298); 55.1% (365) were aged 10 - 18 years. This first viral load was primarily routine in 94 .2% (625); 2.9% (19) of children respectively had suspected clinical or immunological failure. ART combination was AZT/3TC/NVP in 78.1% (518/663) of CLHIV; TDF/3TC/EFV in 21.2% (141); AZT/3TC/LPV/rtv in 4 (0.6%). Prior to initiation of routine viral load testing $0.55 (366/663) CLHI V had received HAART for 1 - 5 years; 7.8% (52/663) for 6 months but 10 years. The most recent CD4 count before viral load request was ≥1000/μL in 24.7% (164) of CLHIV; 500 - 999/μL in 42.9% (285); 350 - 499 μL in 11% (73) and 1000 c/ml in 59.9% (174/311) males and 47.2% (166/352) females. Viral load was significantly lower among females (P-value 0.02). Of children aged 0 - 9 years 50.3% (150/298) had viral load > 1000 c/ml and 10 - 18 years 52.1% (190/365) (P value 0.660). Viral load was >1000 c/ml in 38.5% (20/52) of children on HAART for 6 months - 1 year and 52.2% (191/366) after receiving HAART for 1 - 5 years. 52.3% (114/218) and 55.6% (15/27) CLHIV had viral load > 1000 c/ml after receiving HAART for 6 - 10 and >10 years respectively (P value 0.29). Conclusion: About half of children on HAART have viral load > 1000 c/ml after more than 1 - 5 years on HAART. Longer duration of ART and use of AZT/3TC/NVP are associated with viral load > 1000 c/ml. Key considerations are poor adherence and/or viral drug resistance. Optimizing ART adherence and resistance monitoring remain key strategies for ART programmes.
{"title":"HIV Viral Suppression in Children in a Subnational Antiretroviral Treatment Programme in Nigeria","authors":"E. Isaac, A. Ajani, Jalo Iliya, Oyeniyi Christianah, Danlami Mohammed Hassan","doi":"10.4236/WJA.2020.103015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJA.2020.103015","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Despite years of Paediatric Antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria, the \u0000National implementation plan for the scale up of viral load testing was only \u0000rece ntly launched. Viral load determination \u0000is the most important indicator of ART response. Material & methods: First viral load samples were collected from 663 children living with HIV \u0000between December 2017-Decemb er 2019 aged 0 - 18 years \u0000on highly active antiretroviral therapy from 4 states within Nigeria. Samples \u0000were analyzed at a Polymerase Chain Reaction laboratory of the Federal Teaching \u0000Hospital Gombe. Results: Males were 311 (46.9%) and 352 (53.1%) female. \u0000Children aged 0 - 9 years constituted 44.9% (298); 55.1% (365) were aged 10 - 18 years. \u0000This first viral load was primarily routine in 94 .2% (625); 2.9% (19) of children respectively had suspected clinical or \u0000immunological failure. ART combination was AZT/3TC/NVP in 78.1% (518/663) of \u0000CLHIV; TDF/3TC/EFV in 21.2% (141); AZT/3TC/LPV/rtv in 4 (0.6%). Prior to initiation of routine viral load testing $0.55 \u0000(366/663) CLHI V had received HAART for 1 - 5 years; \u00007.8% (52/663) for 6 months but 10 years. The most \u0000recent CD4 count before viral load request was ≥1000/μL in \u000024.7% (164) of CLHIV; 500 - 999/μL in 42.9% (285); 350 - 499 μL \u0000in 11% (73) and 1000 c/ml in \u000059.9% (174/311) males and 47.2% (166/352) females. Viral \u0000load was significantly lower among females (P-value 0.02). Of children aged 0 - 9 years \u000050.3% (150/298) had viral load > 1000 c/ml \u0000and 10 - 18 years 52.1% (190/365) (P value 0.660). Viral load was >1000 c/ml in \u000038.5% (20/52) of children on HAART for 6 months - 1 year \u0000and 52.2% (191/366) after receiving HAART for 1 - 5 years. \u000052.3% (114/218) and 55.6% (15/27) CLHIV had viral load > 1000 c/ml \u0000after receiving HAART for 6 - 10 and >10 years respectively (P value 0.29). Conclusion: About half of \u0000children on HAART have viral load > 1000 c/ml \u0000after more than 1 - 5 years on HAART. Longer duration of ART and use of AZT/3TC/NVP are \u0000associated with viral load > 1000 c/ml. \u0000Key considerations are poor adherence and/or viral drug resistance. Optimizing \u0000ART adherence and resistance monitoring remain key strategies for ART \u0000programmes.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"10 1","pages":"170-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47646431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Teko, M. Salou, F. Gbeasor-Komlanvi, A. A. Konou, Y. Ameyapoh
Background: In Togo, as in all sub-Saharan countries, the burden of HIV infection remains high. The registration of new cases of Buruli ulcer every year also remains a major public health problem. Buruli ulcer (BU) is a disabling disease and the presentation of lesions is frequently severe. A feature of BU and HIV coinfection is the rarity of cases, which makes its study difficult, but, nevertheless, important to study its seroprevalence, biological data, risk factors and genetic diversity. The purpose of this study is to explore the comorbidity of Buruli ulcer and HIV by evaluating HIV seroprevalence in BU patients, assessing demographic data, reviewing biological data including CD4+ T cell count, hemoglobin levels, and viral loads, and evaluating clinical and therapeutic data. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study including only BU patients confirmed by Ziehl Neelsen staining and IS 2404 PCR. The patients were hospitalized in the National Reference Center for Tsevie. They were recovered patients and patients undergoing outpatient treatment in the Gati and Tchekpo Deve treatment centers, respectively, within the Sanitary Districts of Zio and Yoto of the Maritime Region during the period from August 2015 to March 2017. Results: The number of HIV-positive BU patients is 4 out of a total of 83 BU patients. All patients are HIV-1 positive. HIV prevalence among BU patients is 4.8% compared to 2.5% nationally and 3% at regional level. Three BU patients are seropositive out of a total of 46 female patients while one patient under 15 years is seropositive out of a total of 37 male BU patients. There are a greater proportion of female patients with BU/HIV coinfections. Half of the BU/HIV positive patients (BU/HIV+) have a CD4+ TL of fewer than 500 cells/μl and the difference is significant between those of the BU HIV- and those of the BU/HIV+ patients. Two patients have undetectable viral loads while the other two have more than 1000 copies/ml (33,000 and 1,100,000 copies/ml). Anemia is significantly present in BU/HIV+ patients with a p-value = 0.003. Half of BU patients have primary education, while three-quarters of BU/HIV+ patients have no education. All patients are either in stage I or stage II of the AIDS WHO classification. All patients are on first line ARV therapy and only ARV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are used. Conclusion: In Togo, the prevalence of HIV in BU patients, although higher, is not significantly different from that of national and regional. The relatively high CD4+ LT levels of relatively high BU HIV + patients, undetectable viral loads, and AIDS WHO stages I and II indicate good quality management. Author Summary: Buruli ulcer disease (BUD) is a mycobacterial skin disease that leads to extensive ulcerations and causes disabilities in approximately 25% of the patients. Co-infection with HIV is described by the authors through the prism of risk factors and the severity o
{"title":"Buruli Ulcer and HIV Coinfection: Cases in Togo","authors":"M. Teko, M. Salou, F. Gbeasor-Komlanvi, A. A. Konou, Y. Ameyapoh","doi":"10.4236/wja.2020.103014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wja.2020.103014","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Togo, as in all sub-Saharan countries, the burden of HIV infection \u0000remains high. The registration of new cases of Buruli ulcer every year also \u0000remains a major public health problem. Buruli ulcer (BU) is a disabling disease \u0000and the presentation of lesions is frequently severe. A feature of BU and HIV \u0000coinfection is the rarity of cases, which makes its study difficult, but, nevertheless, important to study \u0000its seroprevalence, biological data, risk factors and genetic diversity. The \u0000purpose of this study is to explore the comorbidity of Buruli ulcer and HIV by \u0000evaluating HIV seroprevalence in BU patients, assessing demographic data, \u0000reviewing biological data including CD4+ T cell count, hemoglobin levels, and \u0000viral loads, and evaluating clinical and therapeutic data. Methods: This \u0000is a cross-sectional study including only BU patients confirmed by Ziehl Neelsen staining and IS 2404 PCR. \u0000The patients were hospitalized in the National Reference Center for Tsevie. \u0000They were recovered patients and patients undergoing outpatient treatment in \u0000the Gati and Tchekpo Deve treatment centers, respectively, within the Sanitary \u0000Districts of Zio and Yoto of the Maritime Region during the period from August \u00002015 to March 2017. Results: The number of HIV-positive BU patients is 4 \u0000out of a total of 83 BU patients. All patients are HIV-1 positive. HIV \u0000prevalence among BU patients is 4.8% compared to 2.5% nationally and 3% at \u0000regional level. Three BU patients are seropositive out of a total of 46 female \u0000patients while one patient under 15 years is seropositive out of a total of 37 \u0000male BU patients. There are a greater proportion of female patients with BU/HIV coinfections. Half \u0000of the BU/HIV positive patients (BU/HIV+) have a CD4+ TL of fewer than 500 cells/μl and the \u0000difference is significant between those of the BU HIV- and those of the BU/HIV+ \u0000patients. Two patients have undetectable \u0000viral loads while the other two have more than 1000 copies/ml (33,000 and \u00001,100,000 copies/ml). Anemia is significantly present in BU/HIV+ patients with a p-value = 0.003. Half of BU patients have primary education, \u0000while three-quarters of BU/HIV+ patients have no education. All patients are \u0000either in stage I or stage II of the AIDS WHO classification. All patients are \u0000on first line ARV therapy and only ARV nucleoside reverse transcriptase \u0000inhibitors (NRTIs) are used. Conclusion: In Togo, the prevalence of HIV \u0000in BU patients, although higher, is not significantly different from that of \u0000national and regional. The relatively high CD4+ LT levels of relatively high BU \u0000HIV + patients, undetectable viral loads, and AIDS WHO stages I and II indicate \u0000good quality management. Author Summary: Buruli ulcer disease (BUD) is a \u0000mycobacterial skin disease that leads to extensive ulcerations and causes \u0000disabilities in approximately 25% of the patients. Co-infection with HIV is \u0000described by the authors through the prism of risk factors and the severity o","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"10 1","pages":"159-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47471125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to current guidelines, exposing mucous membrane to blood and body fluids of HIV infected people is risk of transmission. About 30% - 80% of HIV infected people have at least one oral manifestation. The most frequently occurring oral manifestations (pseudomembranous candidiasis, linear gingival erythema, etc.) give rise to bleeding either spontaneously or after stimulation, and strenuous stirring during oral sex and deep-mouth kissing increase risk of bleeding from oral manifestations, exposing oral and genital mucous membrane of partners to the blood. However, current guidelines assert that there’s little to no risk of getting HIV from oral sex and deep-mouth kissing. These guidelines are conflict with each other, suggesting potential problems with current prevention strategies which are based on the guidelines. After discussing existing data on animals, lesbians, young peoples, and occupational exposures, this paper suggests oral sex and deep-mouth kissing are risk factors when one partner has HIV-associated oral bleeding manifestations, and the number of infections associated with oral sex and deep-mouth kissing is significant. Current guidelines on HIV risk factors should be reevaluated urgently, and new studies should be undertaken with an open mind to explore risk factors.
{"title":"Guidelines on Risk Factors for HIV Transmission Are Conflicting","authors":"Jiman He","doi":"10.4236/wja.2020.103017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wja.2020.103017","url":null,"abstract":"According to current guidelines, exposing mucous membrane to blood and \u0000body fluids of HIV infected people is risk of transmission. About 30% - 80% of HIV infected people have at least one oral manifestation. The most \u0000frequently occurring oral manifestations (pseudomembranous candidiasis, linear \u0000gingival erythema, etc.) give rise to bleeding either spontaneously or after \u0000stimulation, and strenuous stirring during oral sex and deep-mouth kissing \u0000increase risk of bleeding from oral manifestations, exposing oral and genital \u0000mucous membrane of partners to the blood. However, current guidelines assert \u0000that there’s little to no risk of getting HIV from oral sex and deep-mouth kissing. These guidelines are conflict \u0000with each other, suggesting potential problems with current prevention \u0000strategies which are based on the guidelines. After discussing existing data on \u0000animals, lesbians, young peoples, and occupational exposures, this paper suggests oral sex and \u0000deep-mouth kissing are risk \u0000factors when one partner has HIV-associated oral bleeding manifestations, and \u0000the number of infections associated with oral sex and deep-mouth kissing is \u0000significant. Current guidelines on HIV risk factors should be reevaluated \u0000urgently, and new studies should be undertaken with an open mind to explore \u0000risk factors.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"10 1","pages":"195-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49491256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. C. Thanh, P. D. Trinh, N. D. Thanh, L. Olson, M. Larsson
HIV/AIDS is still an important public health issue in Vietnam and other developing countries. In Vietnam, Community-based organizations (CBOs) were officially considered as the key partners to approach vulnerable groups at high risks of HIV infection since 2010. Funds for HIV/AIDS prevention and control are facing difficulties due to rapid reduction by international organizations, while domestic funding has not yet met the demand, especially funding for prevention and communication activities. Our study aimed to assess the fundraising capacity of several CBOs in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and analyze the challenges that they are facing now and in future in their work of HIV/AIDS management for community. The 03 typical and representative CBOs (G3VN, Smile and Strong Ladies) were chosen in our cross-sectional descriptive study. The electronic questionnaire was about fundraising reports over 3 years (2017-2019), organization structure (staff, mission, strategies) and the advantages and disadvantages in fundraising. Funds received over the year increased in total, but unstable in each projects. To have more funds, CBOs must invest time and money to have professional staff in fundraising and writing proposals. To meet requirement and survive, some CBO shifted to social enterprises and faced many difficulties in laws when being treated like profit companies. In Vietnam context, the key challenges which affect the role of funding are including: 1) Legal status; 2) Small scale; 3) Capacity of fundraising (finding calls, writing competence proposals); 4) Fewer funds on HIV/AIDS. In future, we should pay attention in scaling up and building fundraising capacity for CBOs in order to help them in applying for international funds in community projects or even in HIV/AIDS research for CBOs, social enterprises in the context of funds for nation-level phased out of Vietnam.
{"title":"Fundraising Capacity of HIV/AIDS Community-Based Organizations in 3 Years (2017-2019) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","authors":"T. C. Thanh, P. D. Trinh, N. D. Thanh, L. Olson, M. Larsson","doi":"10.4236/wja.2020.103016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wja.2020.103016","url":null,"abstract":"HIV/AIDS is still an important public health issue in Vietnam and other \u0000developing countries. In Vietnam, \u0000Community-based organizations (CBOs) were officially considered as the \u0000key partners to approach vulnerable groups at high risks of HIV infection since \u00002010. Funds for HIV/AIDS prevention and control are facing difficulties due to \u0000rapid reduction by international organizations, while domestic funding has not \u0000yet met the demand, especially funding for \u0000prevention and communication activities. Our study aimed to assess the \u0000fundraising capacity of several CBOs in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and analyze \u0000the challenges that they are facing now and in future in their work of HIV/AIDS \u0000management for community. The 03 typical and representative CBOs (G3VN, \u0000Smile and Strong Ladies) were chosen in our cross-sectional descriptive study. \u0000The electronic questionnaire was about fundraising reports over 3 years \u0000(2017-2019), organization structure (staff, mission, strategies) and the \u0000advantages and disadvantages in fundraising. Funds received over the year \u0000increased in total, but unstable in each projects. To have more funds, CBOs \u0000must invest time and money to have professional staff in fundraising and \u0000writing proposals. To meet requirement and survive, some CBO shifted to social \u0000enterprises and faced many difficulties in laws when being treated like profit \u0000companies. In Vietnam context, the key challenges which affect the role of \u0000funding are including: 1) Legal status; 2) Small scale; 3) Capacity of \u0000fundraising (finding calls, writing competence proposals); 4) Fewer funds \u0000on HIV/AIDS. In future, we should pay attention in scaling up and building \u0000fundraising capacity for CBOs in order to help them in applying for international funds in community projects or even in \u0000HIV/AIDS research for CBOs, social enterprises in the context of funds \u0000for nation-level phased out of Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":"10 1","pages":"186-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49358253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Isichei, T. T. Selowo, D. Meshak, A. Ale, S. Peter, M. Misauno, A. Affi, O. Olaniru, C. Isichei
Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa since it is mainly invasive but, could be non-invasive and quick also, reducing waiting time especially when required for presurgical procedures. This study determined the HIV status of patients using Urine screening test method and to compare its performance to blood-based testing methods. The routine pre and post-test counselling for HIV screening were done for all provider-initiated HIV testing using blood-based screening methods. Due to the cost and unavailability of enough urine testing kits, only patients who tested positive for HIV with blood-based methods and were scheduled for surgery or a surgical procedure were enrolled in the study. Informed consent was obtained. Paired urine and blood samples were collected at the same visit into clean universal bottles and analyzed immediately. A colloidal gold enhanced rapid immuno-chromatographic assay (Alliance Biomedical) kit for the rapid qualitative detection of antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) I and II in urine were used in comparison to the standard HIV testing of ante-cubital venous blood collected in EDTA vacutainer and analyzed using Determine (T) HIV 1 and 2 in vitro qualitative immunoassay strip, UNI GOLD rapid test kit and the Chembio HIV 1/2 STAT PAK assay strip. A total of 7568 patients were tested for routine provider-initiated HIV testing, 521 tested HIV positive. There were 105 (20.15%) males and 416 (79.85%) females, age ranged from 15 years to >80 years. Most of the surgeries performed were Caesarian section 93 (37%), Hernia 55 (22%), Lumps 48 (19%), Acute appendicitis 33 (13%), Uterine fibroids 10 (4%), Ruptured ectopic pregnancy 2 (1%) and others (Intestinal obstruction, Postoperative adhesions, Ingrown toe nails, Breast abscess, Hemorrhoids, Anal fissures etc.) 10 (4%). DETERMINE RAPID HIV TEST METHOD USING BLOOD: A total of 521 HIV positive samples were tested, 502 (96.35%) tested HIV positive and 19 (3.65%) tested HIV negative. These 19 HIV negatives were re-tested with Stak Pak: 19 (100%) tested HIV positive. UNI GOLD HIV TEST METHOD USING BLOOD: A total of 521 HIV positive samples were tested, 521 (100%) tested HIV positive. URINE TESTING METHOD: A total of 251 (48.18%) of the 521 HIV positive patients were scheduled to undergo a surgical procedure. These were re-tested using the Urine testing method, 235 (93.63%) tested HIV positive while 16 (6.37%) tested negative. The blood sample of the 16 who tested negative using the Urine testing method was subjected to confirmatory test using Stat Pak and all 16 (100%) tested HIV positive. The specificity for Unigold and Determine blood testing was 100%. All three tests had a Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of 100% while the Negative Predictive Values (NPV) were 100% and 99.73% for Unigold and Determine respectively. The use of Urine HIV testing method compared well to the blood HIV tes
人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)检测在撒哈拉以南非洲广泛分布，因为它主要是侵入性的，但也可以是非侵入性的和快速的，减少等待时间，特别是在需要进行外科手术时。本研究采用尿液筛查检测方法确定患者的HIV状态，并将其与血液检测方法进行比较。使用血液筛查方法对所有由提供者发起的艾滋病毒检测进行了常规艾滋病毒筛查前和后咨询。由于尿液检测试剂盒的成本和不可获得性，只有通过血液检测方法检测出HIV阳性并计划进行手术或外科手术的患者才被纳入该研究。获得知情同意。在同一次访问中，成对的尿液和血液样本被收集到干净的通用瓶中并立即进行分析。采用胶体金增强快速免疫层析检测试剂盒(Alliance Biomedical)快速定性检测尿液中人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV) I和II抗体，并与EDTA抽真空器采集的标准爱滋病毒前静脉血进行比较，并使用确定(T) HIV 1和2体外定性免疫测定条、UNI gold快速检测试剂盒和Chembio HIV 1/2 STAT PAK测定条进行分析。共有7568名患者接受了由提供者发起的常规艾滋病毒检测，其中521人艾滋病毒检测呈阳性。男性105例(20.15%)，女性416例(79.85%)，年龄15 ~ 80岁。剖宫产93例(37%)，疝55例(22%)，肿块48例(19%)，急性阑尾炎33例(13%)，子宫肌瘤10例(4%)，宫外孕破裂2例(1%)，其他(肠梗阻、术后粘连、趾甲向内生长、乳腺脓肿、痔疮、肛裂等)10例(4%)。确定血液快速检测HIV方法:共检测HIV阳性样本521份，阳性502份(96.35%)，阴性19份(3.65%)。这19名HIV阴性者与白锐康重新检测:19名(100%)HIV阳性。UNI GOLD血液HIV检测方法:共检测521份HIV阳性样本，521份(100%)HIV阳性。尿液检测方法:521例HIV阳性患者中有251例(48.18%)计划接受外科手术。采用尿检法重新检测，HIV阳性235例(93.63%)，阴性16例(6.37%)。使用尿液检测方法检测为阴性的16人的血液样本使用Stat Pak进行确认检测，所有16人(100%)检测为HIV阳性。Unigold和Determine血液检测的特异性为100%。三种检测方法的阳性预测值(PPV)均为100%，阴性预测值(NPV)分别为100%和99.73%。与血液HIV检测方法相比，尿液HIV检测方法的使用效果较好，可以作为一种更好的非侵入性样本方法，用于人群中HIV/AIDS的筛查，特别是在外科医生的术前手术中。
{"title":"Performance Characteristics of Urine HIV Screening Methods against Blood-Based Methods for Surgeons Guide","authors":"M. Isichei, T. T. Selowo, D. Meshak, A. Ale, S. Peter, M. Misauno, A. Affi, O. Olaniru, C. Isichei","doi":"10.4236/wja.2020.102010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wja.2020.102010","url":null,"abstract":"Testing \u0000for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), widely distributed in sub-Saharan \u0000Africa since it is mainly invasive but, could be non-invasive and quick also, \u0000reducing waiting time especially when required for presurgical procedures. This \u0000study determined the HIV status of patients using Urine screening test method \u0000and to compare its performance to blood-based testing methods. The routine pre \u0000and post-test counselling for HIV screening were done for all \u0000provider-initiated HIV testing using blood-based screening methods. Due to the \u0000cost and unavailability of enough urine testing kits, only patients who tested \u0000positive for HIV with blood-based methods and were scheduled for surgery or a surgical procedure were \u0000enrolled in the study. Informed consent was obtained. Paired urine and blood \u0000samples were collected at the same visit into clean universal bottles and \u0000analyzed immediately. A colloidal gold enhanced rapid immuno-chromatographic \u0000assay (Alliance Biomedical) kit for the rapid qualitative detection of \u0000antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) I and II in urine were used in \u0000comparison to the standard HIV testing of ante-cubital venous blood collected \u0000in EDTA vacutainer and analyzed using Determine (T) HIV 1 and 2 in vitro qualitative immunoassay strip, \u0000UNI GOLD rapid test kit and the Chembio HIV 1/2 STAT PAK assay strip. A total \u0000of 7568 patients were tested for routine provider-initiated HIV testing, 521 \u0000tested HIV positive. There were 105 (20.15%) males and 416 (79.85%) females, \u0000age ranged from 15 years \u0000to >80 years. \u0000Most of the surgeries performed were Caesarian section 93 (37%), Hernia 55 (22%), \u0000Lumps 48 (19%), Acute \u0000appendicitis 33 (13%), Uterine \u0000fibroids 10 (4%), Ruptured \u0000ectopic pregnancy 2 (1%) \u0000and others (Intestinal obstruction, Postoperative adhesions, Ingrown toe nails, \u0000Breast abscess, Hemorrhoids, Anal fissures etc.) 10 (4%). \u0000DETERMINE RAPID HIV TEST METHOD USING BLOOD: A total of 521 HIV positive \u0000samples were tested, 502 (96.35%) tested HIV positive and 19 (3.65%) tested HIV \u0000negative. These 19 HIV negatives were re-tested with Stak Pak: 19 (100%) tested \u0000HIV positive. UNI GOLD HIV TEST METHOD USING BLOOD: A total of 521 HIV positive \u0000samples were tested, 521 (100%) tested HIV positive. URINE TESTING METHOD: A total \u0000of 251 (48.18%) of the 521 HIV positive patients were scheduled to undergo a \u0000surgical procedure. These were re-tested using the Urine testing method, 235 (93.63%) \u0000tested HIV positive while 16 (6.37%) tested negative. The blood sample of the \u000016 who tested negative using the Urine testing method was subjected to \u0000confirmatory test using Stat Pak and all 16 (100%) tested HIV positive. The \u0000specificity for Unigold and Determine blood testing was 100%. All three tests \u0000had a Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of 100% while the Negative Predictive \u0000Values (NPV) were 100% and 99.73% for Unigold and Determine respectively. The \u0000use of Urine HIV testing method compared well to the blood HIV tes","PeriodicalId":58633,"journal":{"name":"艾滋病(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44930467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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