Emmanuel Tete Ezbon Simon, Isa Zaharadden, A. Babati, Xinrong Zhang
The study focused on the change in land-use and phytoremediation and biosorption efficacy of Lead and Cadmium from the petroleum-contaminated water by Lemna minor L. and Azolla pinnata. For the study of the change in land-use in Paloich, satellite imagery of Paloich between 2000 and 2020 was obtained from http://www.earthexplore.usgs.org/ and analyses. Water samples were collected at different points of Paloich. Experimental set-up consisted of four main samples sets viz: Lemna minor L. and petroleum-contaminated water, Azolla pinnata and petroleum contaminated water, combination of Lemna minor L., Azolla pinnata and petroleum-contaminated water then distilled water (control) all containing 3 liters of the water. Samples were left for 28 days. Physico-chemical parameters, heavy metals (Pb and Cd) and biosorption capacity were analyzed. The result indicates the changes in the land-use that occurred in the area of study for a given period (2000-2020). Built-up area, mining site and environmental degradation have increased by 8 percent between the periods. The reason behind the increase can be as a result of increase in population. The result also indicates high efficiency in pollutant reduction in the set-up containing the combination of Lemna minor L. and Azolla pinnata in which the Cd and Pb reduction efficiency recorded was 95% and 97% respectively. While set up containing Azolla P. had Pb and Cd reduction efficiency of 83% and 87% respectively. However, the set up containing Lemna minor L. has Pb and Cd reduction efficiency of 91% and 85% respectively. A significant absorption of the metals (Pb and Cd) were seen in the samples with the mixture of Lemna minor L. and Azolla pinnata. As such this study reveals the potentiality of Lemna minor L. and Azolla pinnata as some excellent phytoremediation candidates in the treatment of effluents containing Lead and Cadmium; however, we also recommend further studies on the efficacy of such plants in other classes of heavy metals.
研究了小柠檬和羽状亚速藻对石油污染水体中铅和镉的土地利用、植物修复和生物吸附效果的变化。为了研究帕洛伊奇土地利用的变化，2000年至2020年间帕洛伊奇的卫星图像来自http://www.earthexplore.usgs.org/以及分析。在Paloich的不同地点采集了水样。实验装置由四个主要样品组组成，即：小柠檬和石油污染水，羽状亚速藻和石油污染的水，小柠檬、羽状亚速菊和石油污染用水的组合，然后是蒸馏水（对照），所有样品均含有3升水。样品放置28天。对理化参数、重金属（Pb和Cd）和生物吸附能力进行了分析。结果表明了研究区域在给定时期（2000-2020年）内发生的土地利用变化。在这两个时期之间，建筑面积、矿区和环境退化增加了8%。人口增加的原因可能是人口增加的结果。结果还表明，在含有小柠檬和羽状亚速藻组合的装置中，污染物的减少效率很高，其中Cd和Pb的减少效率分别为95%和97%。而含有亚速氏菌的培养基对铅和镉的还原效率分别为83%和87%。然而，含有小柠檬的装置对Pb和Cd的还原效率分别为91%和85%。在含有小柠檬和羽状亚速藻混合物的样品中观察到对金属（Pb和Cd）的显著吸收。因此，本研究揭示了小柠檬（Lemna minor L.）和羽状复叶（Azolla羽状复叶）作为一些优秀的植物修复候选者在处理含铅和镉废水方面的潜力；然而，我们也建议进一步研究这些植物对其他类别重金属的功效。
{"title":"Petroleum Water Contamination Resulting from Change in Land-Use in Paloich, South Sudan: Azolla pinnata and Lemna minor L. as an Efficient Bio Treatment Tool","authors":"Emmanuel Tete Ezbon Simon, Isa Zaharadden, A. Babati, Xinrong Zhang","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.119022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.119022","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000study focused on the change in land-use and phytoremediation and biosorption efficacy \u0000of Lead and Cadmium from the petroleum-contaminated \u0000water by Lemna minor L. and Azolla pinnata. For the study of the \u0000change in land-use in Paloich, satellite imagery of Paloich between 2000 and 2020 was obtained from http://www.earthexplore.usgs.org/ and analyses. Water samples were \u0000collected at different points of Paloich. Experimental set-up consisted of four main samples sets viz: Lemna \u0000minor L. and petroleum-contaminated water, Azolla pinnata and petroleum contaminated \u0000water, combination of Lemna minor L., Azolla pinnata and petroleum-contaminated \u0000water then distilled water (control) all containing 3 liters of the water. Samples were left for 28 \u0000days. Physico-chemical parameters, heavy metals (Pb and Cd) and biosorption \u0000capacity were analyzed. The \u0000result indicates the changes in the land-use that occurred in the area of study for a \u0000given period (2000-2020). Built-up \u0000area, mining site and environmental degradation have increased by 8 percent between the periods. The \u0000reason behind the increase can be as a result of increase in population. The \u0000result also indicates high efficiency in pollutant reduction in the set-up \u0000containing the combination of Lemna minor L. and Azolla pinnata in \u0000which the Cd and Pb reduction efficiency recorded was 95% \u0000and 97% respectively. While set up containing Azolla P. had Pb and Cd \u0000reduction efficiency of 83% and 87% respectively. However, the set up \u0000containing Lemna minor L. has Pb and Cd reduction efficiency of 91% and \u000085% respectively. A significant absorption of the metals (Pb and Cd) were seen \u0000in the samples with the mixture of Lemna minor L. and Azolla pinnata. As such this study reveals the potentiality of Lemna minor L. and Azolla \u0000pinnata as some excellent phytoremediation candidates in the treatment of \u0000effluents containing Lead and Cadmium; however, \u0000we also recommend further studies on the efficacy of such plants in other \u0000classes of heavy metals.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43820010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adel Shirazy, A. Shirazi, H. Nazerian, Keyvan Khayer, A. Hezarkhani
Mineral exploration is done by different methods. Geophysical and geochemical studies are two powerful tools in this field. In integrated studies, the results of each study are used to determine the location of the drilling boreholes. The purpose of this study is to use field geophysics to calculate the depth of mineral reserve. The study area is located 38 km from Zarand city called Jalalabad iron mine. In this study, gravimetric data were measured and mineral depth was calculated using the Euler method. 1314 readings have been performed in this area. The rocks of the region include volcanic and sedimentary. The source of the mineralization in the area is hydrothermal processes. After gravity measuring in the region, the data were corrected, then various methods such as anomalous map remaining in levels one and two, upward expansion, first and second-degree vertical derivatives, analytical method, and analytical signal were drawn, and finally, the depth of the deposit was estimated by Euler method. As a result, the depth of the mineral deposit was calculated to be between 20 and 30 meters on average.
{"title":"Geophysical Study: Estimation of Deposit Depth Using Gravimetric Data and Euler Method (Jalalabad Iron Mine, Kerman Province of IRAN)","authors":"Adel Shirazy, A. Shirazi, H. Nazerian, Keyvan Khayer, A. Hezarkhani","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.118018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.118018","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral exploration is done by different methods. Geophysical and geochemical studies are two powerful tools in this field. In integrated studies, the results of each study are used to determine the location of the drilling boreholes. The purpose of this study is to use field geophysics to calculate the depth of mineral reserve. The study area is located 38 km from Zarand city called Jalalabad iron mine. In this study, gravimetric data were measured and mineral depth was calculated using the Euler method. 1314 readings have been performed in this area. The rocks of the region include volcanic and sedimentary. The source of the mineralization in the area is hydrothermal processes. After gravity measuring in the region, the data were corrected, then various methods such as anomalous map remaining in levels one and two, upward expansion, first and second-degree vertical derivatives, analytical method, and analytical signal were drawn, and finally, the depth of the deposit was estimated by Euler method. As a result, the depth of the mineral deposit was calculated to be between 20 and 30 meters on average.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43854630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Jurassic-Cretaceous (J/K) and Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) boundaries/transitions are found in Pakistan especially well exposed on the western continental margin of the Indo-Pakistan plate (part of Gondwana) like Kirthar, Sulaiman and Kohat and Potwar basins. Its lithology is variable both lateral and also vertical. The J/K and K/Pg transitions are represented by terrestrial and marine strata like laterite, bauxite, vary colored shale, sandstones and conglomerates and rare limestone beds. Mesozoic vertebrates found so far belong to archosaurs like poripuchian titanosaurs (sauropods), theropods, mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaurs, snake and bird are briefly overviewed here.
{"title":"Jurassic-Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Paleogene Transitions and Mesozoic Vertebrates from Pakistan","authors":"M. S. Malkani","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.118016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.118016","url":null,"abstract":"The Jurassic-Cretaceous (J/K) and Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) boundaries/transitions are found in Pakistan especially well exposed on the western continental margin of the Indo-Pakistan plate (part of Gondwana) like Kirthar, Sulaiman and Kohat and Potwar basins. Its lithology is variable both lateral and also vertical. The J/K and K/Pg transitions are represented by terrestrial and marine strata like laterite, bauxite, vary colored shale, sandstones and conglomerates and rare limestone beds. Mesozoic vertebrates found so far belong to archosaurs like poripuchian titanosaurs (sauropods), theropods, mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaurs, snake and bird are briefly overviewed here.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48070328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Ayyamperumal, Ramasamy Sooriamuthu, Gnanachandrasamy Gopalakrishnan, Ganga Biswa, Rajkumar Perumal, Prerna Gahlaut, Nusrat Nazir, Justin K Antony
We analyzed the radiolarian assemblages (pelagic sediments) and geochemical studies of 15 samples collected from Meluri district Nagaland, Naga Hills Ophiolite belt (NHO) and it consists of the Flysch Naga-Arakan-Yoma trough beyond the Indo-Myanmar border. It reflects one of the many components of the Himalayan Orogenic systems of Tethyan oceanic crust discovered in Nagaland at Meluri district of India and they have very well-preserved studies and can be identified to Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-mid-Tithonian). As well as a continuous sequence of Kimmeridgian-mid-Tithonian, five radiolarian assemblages have been identified in this study. This is so far the first recovery of pelagic sediment assemblages (Radiolarians) from the Naga Hills Ophiolite complex. Samples of Naga Hills Ophiolite belts fell in the Sublitharenite, Litharenite, and Fe-shale Fe-sand area, and the A-CN-K diagram indicates that these sediments in the source region were exposed deep to moderate weathering conditions. In the discriminant plot, the Naga Hill-Ophiolite-Chert samples occupy the field of origin of the sediment quartzose, and the log (K2O/Na2O) versus SiO2 samples fall into the active continental marginal field, and only one sample falls into an island arch, suggesting that the tectonic framework of the Naga Hills-Chert samples was deposited in the active continental margin and the diagrams K2O/Al2O3 and MgO/Al2O3 illustrated the tectonic setting of the marine environment from Naga Hill Ophiolite Chert. Such findings have been consistent with the current geology of Naga Hills in the province of Nagaland.
{"title":"Micropalaeontological and Geochemical Evidence of the Late Jurassic Radiolarians Cherts of Naga Ophiolite Hill, Nagaland, Northeast-India","authors":"R. Ayyamperumal, Ramasamy Sooriamuthu, Gnanachandrasamy Gopalakrishnan, Ganga Biswa, Rajkumar Perumal, Prerna Gahlaut, Nusrat Nazir, Justin K Antony","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.118019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.118019","url":null,"abstract":"We analyzed the radiolarian assemblages (pelagic sediments) and geochemical studies of 15 samples collected from Meluri district Nagaland, Naga Hills Ophiolite belt (NHO) and it consists of the Flysch Naga-Arakan-Yoma trough beyond the Indo-Myanmar border. It reflects one of the many components of the Himalayan Orogenic systems of Tethyan oceanic crust discovered in Nagaland at Meluri district of India and they have very well-preserved studies and can be identified to Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-mid-Tithonian). As well as a continuous sequence of Kimmeridgian-mid-Tithonian, five radiolarian assemblages have been identified in this study. This is so far the first recovery of pelagic sediment assemblages (Radiolarians) from the Naga Hills Ophiolite complex. Samples of Naga Hills Ophiolite belts fell in the Sublitharenite, Litharenite, and Fe-shale Fe-sand area, and the A-CN-K diagram indicates that these sediments in the source region were exposed deep to moderate weathering conditions. In the discriminant plot, the Naga Hill-Ophiolite-Chert samples occupy the field of origin of the sediment quartzose, and the log (K2O/Na2O) versus SiO2 samples fall into the active continental marginal field, and only one sample falls into an island arch, suggesting that the tectonic framework of the Naga Hills-Chert samples was deposited in the active continental margin and the diagrams K2O/Al2O3 and MgO/Al2O3 illustrated the tectonic setting of the marine environment from Naga Hill Ophiolite Chert. Such findings have been consistent with the current geology of Naga Hills in the province of Nagaland.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41390004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Detailed topographic map evidence and a new Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm are used to determine the previously unexplained Yampa River-Colorado River drainage divide origin. The Yampa River now flows in a north direction away from the Colorado River (between the Park Range to the east and the Flat Tops region to the west) before turning in a west direction to reach the Unita Mountains where it joins the south-oriented Green River, which eventually joins the southwest-oriented Colorado River. Topographic maps show the Yampa-Colorado River drainage divide is asymmetric with steeper slopes leading to the Colorado River, barbed (south-oriented) tributaries leading to north-oriented Yampa River headwaters (especially near the Yampa River turn to the west), and evidence of a large north-to-south oriented diverging and converging channel complex that preceded present-day drainage routes. Map evidence is interpreted to mean massive south-oriented floods flowed through what are now north-oriented Yampa River headwaters valleys and that headward erosion of a deep west-oriented valley beheaded and reversed those south-oriented flood flow channels to create the north-oriented Yampa River headwaters and the Egeria Park area Yampa-Colorado River drainage divide seen today. Large south-oriented floods leading to the Colorado River (while regional uplift was occurring) are inconsistent with accepted Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm predictions, but are predicted by a newly proposed Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm in which a thick continental ice sheet created a deep “hole” by eroding underlying bedrock and also by causing crustal warping that raised the present-day northern Colorado east-west continental divide as immense south-oriented meltwater floods flowed across it.
{"title":"Yampa River-Colorado River Drainage Divide Origin Determined from Topographic Map Evidence, Southern Routt County, Colorado, USA","authors":"E. Clausen","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.118017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.118017","url":null,"abstract":"Detailed topographic map evidence and a new Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm are used to determine the previously unexplained Yampa River-Colorado River drainage divide origin. The Yampa River now flows in a north direction away from the Colorado River (between the Park Range to the east and the Flat Tops region to the west) before turning in a west direction to reach the Unita Mountains where it joins the south-oriented Green River, which eventually joins the southwest-oriented Colorado River. Topographic maps show the Yampa-Colorado River drainage divide is asymmetric with steeper slopes leading to the Colorado River, barbed (south-oriented) tributaries leading to north-oriented Yampa River headwaters (especially near the Yampa River turn to the west), and evidence of a large north-to-south oriented diverging and converging channel complex that preceded present-day drainage routes. Map evidence is interpreted to mean massive south-oriented floods flowed through what are now north-oriented Yampa River headwaters valleys and that headward erosion of a deep west-oriented valley beheaded and reversed those south-oriented flood flow channels to create the north-oriented Yampa River headwaters and the Egeria Park area Yampa-Colorado River drainage divide seen today. Large south-oriented floods leading to the Colorado River (while regional uplift was occurring) are inconsistent with accepted Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm predictions, but are predicted by a newly proposed Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm in which a thick continental ice sheet created a deep “hole” by eroding underlying bedrock and also by causing crustal warping that raised the present-day northern Colorado east-west continental divide as immense south-oriented meltwater floods flowed across it.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44331592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various spacecraft and satellites from the world’s best space agencies are exploring Mars since 1970, constantly with great ability to capture the maximum amount of dataset for a better understanding of the red planet. In this paper, we propose a new method for making a mosaic of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft payload Context Camera (CTX) images. In this procedure, we used ERDAS Imagine for image rectification and mosaicking as a tool for image processing, which is a new and unique method of generating a mosaic of thousands of CTX images to visualize the large-scale areas. The output product will be applicable for mapping of Martian geomorphological features, 2D mapping of the linear feature with high resolution, crater counting, and morphometric analysis to a certain extent.
{"title":"A New Method of Mosaicking Context Camera (CTX) Images for the Geomorphological Study of Martian Landscape","authors":"A. Chavan, S. Sarkar, Adarsh Thakkar, S. Bhandari","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.118020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.118020","url":null,"abstract":"Various spacecraft and satellites from the world’s best space agencies are exploring Mars since 1970, constantly with great ability to capture the maximum amount of dataset for a better understanding of the red planet. In this paper, we propose a new method for making a mosaic of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft payload Context Camera (CTX) images. In this procedure, we used ERDAS Imagine for image rectification and mosaicking as a tool for image processing, which is a new and unique method of generating a mosaic of thousands of CTX images to visualize the large-scale areas. The output product will be applicable for mapping of Martian geomorphological features, 2D mapping of the linear feature with high resolution, crater counting, and morphometric analysis to a certain extent.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48736522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nehl Dorland Kobawila, H. Elenga, Louis Richard Ngatse
This work is the subject of the biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental study of the North Deep Sea area of the Congolese Miocene Atlantic Basin. This study is made from samples of lateral cores, drill cuttings and electrical logs. Lithology generally exhibits an irregular alternation of weakly indurated grey clay, light grey siltstones, and whitish, quartzitic sand, medium to coarse-grained, sub-angular to rounded. The presence of glaucony indicates that sediments have been deposited in a calm and reducing environment. The entire formation is fossiliferous. Micropaleontological analysis revealed 120 species of foraminifera including 98 planktonic (81.67%) and 22 benthic (18.33%) species used for biozonation, dating and interpretation of palaeoenvironments. Similarly, the bio-events of plankton foraminiferal, characterized by the level of the first appearance of certain species, have made it possible to identify fifteen biozones (Globorotalia plesiotumida, Globorotalia merotumida, Globorotalia acostaensis, Globorotalia menardii, Globigerina nepenthes, Globorotalia siakensis, Globorotalia fohsi, Globorotalia praefohsi, Globorotalia peripheroacuta, Globorotalia peripheroronda, Praeorbulina sicana, Catapsydrax dissimilis, Globigerinatella insueta, Paragloborotalia kugleri and Globorotalia kugleri) corresponding to age between Aquitanian and Lower Pliocene. Biofacies analysis of foraminifera has identified palaeoenvironments that vary from open marine environments, bathyal to abyssal.
{"title":"Miocene Foraminifera Biostratigraphy and Interpretation North Deep Sea Block of the Congolese Atlantic Basin","authors":"Nehl Dorland Kobawila, H. Elenga, Louis Richard Ngatse","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.117015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.117015","url":null,"abstract":"This work is the subject \u0000of the biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental study of the North Deep Sea \u0000area of the Congolese Miocene Atlantic Basin. This study is made from samples \u0000of lateral cores, drill cuttings and electrical logs. Lithology generally \u0000exhibits an irregular alternation of weakly indurated grey clay, light grey siltstones, and whitish, \u0000quartzitic sand, medium to coarse-grained, sub-angular to rounded. The \u0000presence of glaucony indicates that sediments have been deposited in a calm and \u0000reducing environment. The entire formation is fossiliferous. Micropaleontological \u0000analysis revealed 120 species of foraminifera including 98 planktonic (81.67%) \u0000and 22 benthic (18.33%) species used for biozonation, dating and interpretation \u0000of palaeoenvironments. Similarly, the bio-events of plankton foraminiferal, \u0000characterized by the level of the first \u0000appearance of certain species, have made it possible to identify fifteen \u0000biozones (Globorotalia plesiotumida, Globorotalia merotumida, Globorotalia acostaensis, Globorotalia menardii, Globigerina nepenthes, Globorotalia siakensis, Globorotalia fohsi, Globorotalia praefohsi, Globorotalia peripheroacuta, Globorotalia peripheroronda, Praeorbulina sicana, Catapsydrax dissimilis, Globigerinatella insueta, Paragloborotalia \u0000kugleri and Globorotalia kugleri) \u0000corresponding to age between Aquitanian and Lower Pliocene. Biofacies analysis \u0000of foraminifera has identified palaeoenvironments that vary from open marine \u0000environments, bathyal to abyssal.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44953709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wentong Zhang, Qing Zhou, Wei Yang, Jiaguo Ma, Jie Tan
The sand layer B of Dongying Formation of CFD oilfield in Bohai offshore belongs to the middle deep layer of buried hill overlap deposit. Its reservoir distribution has the characteristics of large burial depth, thin thickness and rapidly lateral change. Because of low resolution of seismic data and overlying sand layer. It is difficult to identify and interpret the structure of sand layer accurately. The uncertainty of structure and reservoir restricts the fine development of B sand layer. In order to identify the top surface of reservoir effectively. The seismic data are processed by using the reflection coefficient inversion method. The results show that the inversion resolution of reflection coefficient is significantly higher than that of original data. The top surface of sand layer B and its overlying sand layer can be well identified and traced. Carrying out structural interpretation of B sand layer based on reflection coefficient inversion data and the microstructure and the formation tip extinction point are implemented. Based on the constraint of new interpretation level, the sedimentary facies plane distribution of B sand layer is described and make prediction of dominant reservoir development area in detail combining with sedimentary paleogeomorphology, along layer attribute section and limited drilling data. The research shows that the study area is mainly from the northwest material sources, the slope belt in the northwest is close to the lake shoreline with a gentle slope and shallow water depositional environment, which is located on the main transport and deposition channels. The shallow water gentle slope landform is suitable for forming large-area sand bar deposition, mainly composed of underwater distributary channel and debouch bars facies, which is the dominant reservoir development area. The research conclusion guides the deployment and implementation of the development well location effectively.
{"title":"Research on Thin Layer Structure Identification and Sedimentary Facies of Middle and Deep Layers Based on Reflection Coefficient Inversion—By Taking Dongying Formation of CFD Oilfield in Bohai Offshore as an Example","authors":"Wentong Zhang, Qing Zhou, Wei Yang, Jiaguo Ma, Jie Tan","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.116012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.116012","url":null,"abstract":"The sand layer B of Dongying Formation of CFD oilfield in Bohai offshore belongs to the middle deep layer of buried hill overlap deposit. Its reservoir distribution has the characteristics of large burial depth, thin thickness and rapidly lateral change. Because of low resolution of seismic data and overlying sand layer. It is difficult to identify and interpret the structure of sand layer accurately. The uncertainty of structure and reservoir restricts the fine development of B sand layer. In order to identify the top surface of reservoir effectively. The seismic data are processed by using the reflection coefficient inversion method. The results show that the inversion resolution of reflection coefficient is significantly higher than that of original data. The top surface of sand layer B and its overlying sand layer can be well identified and traced. Carrying out structural interpretation of B sand layer based on reflection coefficient inversion data and the microstructure and the formation tip extinction point are implemented. Based on the constraint of new interpretation level, the sedimentary facies plane distribution of B sand layer is described and make prediction of dominant reservoir development area in detail combining with sedimentary paleogeomorphology, along layer attribute section and limited drilling data. The research shows that the study area is mainly from the northwest material sources, the slope belt in the northwest is close to the lake shoreline with a gentle slope and shallow water depositional environment, which is located on the main transport and deposition channels. The shallow water gentle slope landform is suitable for forming large-area sand bar deposition, mainly composed of underwater distributary channel and debouch bars facies, which is the dominant reservoir development area. The research conclusion guides the deployment and implementation of the development well location effectively.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41910730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A well known Buddhist monastery of Lamayuru is located in a village about 128 Km West of Leh. It is situated on more than 100 m thick Late Quaternary palaeolake deposits which are surrounded by rocks of Lamayuru Formation. Geologically, the Lamayuru Formation includes the Lamayuru and Namikala flysch deposits of Triassic-Jurassic age. This Formation is composed of shales, schist and phyllites. This Lamayuru Formation forms the base and source of palaeolake deposits. In Late-Pleistocene (35 ka B.P.) the Lamayuru River was dammed due to tectonically triggered landslide and the Lamayuru palaeolake came into existence. The sedimentation in the palaeolake basin commenced at 35 ka B.P. and culminated at 1 ka B.P. The deposits of palaeolake consist of carbonaceous mud, sand, silty clay and matrix supported breccia. The palaeolake deposits are a product of complex interplay of lacustrine, fluvio-deltaic to colluvial processes. The research study shows the prevalence of glacio-lacustrine conditions during the major part of depositional history as evidenced by the dominance of varves in these deposits.
{"title":"Geological Observations from a Palaeolake Basin, Lamayuru, Ladakh, Northwestern Himalaya","authors":"Vikram Sharma, A. Chaudhri","doi":"10.4236/OJG.2021.116010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJG.2021.116010","url":null,"abstract":"A well known Buddhist monastery of Lamayuru is located in a village about 128 Km West of Leh. It is situated on more than 100 m thick Late Quaternary palaeolake deposits which are surrounded by rocks of Lamayuru Formation. Geologically, the Lamayuru Formation includes the Lamayuru and Namikala flysch deposits of Triassic-Jurassic age. This Formation is composed of shales, schist and phyllites. This Lamayuru Formation forms the base and source of palaeolake deposits. In Late-Pleistocene (35 ka B.P.) the Lamayuru River was dammed due to tectonically triggered landslide and the Lamayuru palaeolake came into existence. The sedimentation in the palaeolake basin commenced at 35 ka B.P. and culminated at 1 ka B.P. The deposits of palaeolake consist of carbonaceous mud, sand, silty clay and matrix supported breccia. The palaeolake deposits are a product of complex interplay of lacustrine, fluvio-deltaic to colluvial processes. The research study shows the prevalence of glacio-lacustrine conditions during the major part of depositional history as evidenced by the dominance of varves in these deposits.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45991695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicaise Blaise Tchuimegnié Ngongang, Merlin Patrick Njombie Wagsong, F. Owono, I. Badriyo, P. Essomba, Nathalie Love Ngongang Tchikankou, Dieudonné Youmen, Pierre Kamgang, G. Chazot
Alkaline basalts of Bafang and its environs are consisted of feldspars, olivines, pyroxenes and oxides which appear as phenocrysts, microphenocrysts and microcrysts. Feldspars are plagioclases (An67.97-15.84Ab69.19-30.43Or20.59-1.51) and anorthoclases (Ab68.11-61.20Or33.87-20.91An10.98-4.93). Plagioclases are the most abundant amount these feldspars. Anorthoclases appear only in mugearite (BAF 3 and BAF 37) the most differentiated of the studied alkaline-basalts. In High Magnesian basalt, (HMg-B) plagioclases are labradorites (An67.97-59.30Ab38.74-30.43Or2.75-1.60) and sanidine (An45.44-31.82Ab62.66-51.79Or5.52-2.77), whereas in Low Magnesian basalt (LMg-B) there are labrador (An67.4.75-51.96Ab44.98-33.72Or3.06-1.51), andesine (An45.44-31.82Ab62.66-51.79Or5.52-2.77), oligoclase (An26.65-15.84Ab69.19-63.57Or20.59-8.55) and anarthoclase (Ab68.11-61.20Or33.87-20.91An10.98-4.93). Olivines are magnesian (Fo86.7-50.1) and ferriferous (Fo48.8-37.8). In HMg-B, olivine are only magnesian. These olivines are chrysolites and hyalositerite. In LMg-B, olivines are magnesian and ferriferous with the predominance of ferriferous. They are chrysolites, hyalositerite and hortonolite. Pyroxenes are Ca, Mg and Fe clinopyroxenes. There are diopsides (Wo51.94-45.02En44.41-33.16Fs16.42-10.70) and augites (Wo44.88-43.64En41.03-37.04Fs18.25-14.43). Oxides are magnetites represented by ulvospinel (Usp90-75Sp2-7Mt5-23). Fractionation of ferromagnesian minerals (opaque oxide, olivine and pyroxene) is the main differentiation process. Two stages of fractional crystallization can be distinguished: the first stage comes with basanites and the second with hawaiites to mugearites. Chemical compositions of phenocrystals in studied basaltics lavas record signatures of magma recharge by pulsatory intrusions of new magma into the existing magma reservoir before the eruptions.
{"title":"Mineralogy and Magmatic Processes of Cenozoic Intraplate Alkaline Volcanic Rocks of Bafang and Its Environs (Cameroon Volcanic Line, West Africa)","authors":"Nicaise Blaise Tchuimegnié Ngongang, Merlin Patrick Njombie Wagsong, F. Owono, I. Badriyo, P. Essomba, Nathalie Love Ngongang Tchikankou, Dieudonné Youmen, Pierre Kamgang, G. Chazot","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.116013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.116013","url":null,"abstract":"Alkaline \u0000basalts of Bafang and its environs are consisted of feldspars, olivines, pyroxenes \u0000and oxides which appear as phenocrysts, microphenocrysts and microcrysts. \u0000Feldspars are plagioclases (An67.97-15.84Ab69.19-30.43Or20.59-1.51) \u0000and anorthoclases (Ab68.11-61.20Or33.87-20.91An10.98-4.93). \u0000Plagioclases are the most abundant amount these feldspars. Anorthoclases appear \u0000only in mugearite (BAF 3 and BAF 37) the most differentiated of the studied alkaline-basalts. \u0000In High Magnesian basalt, (HMg-B) plagioclases are labradorites (An67.97-59.30Ab38.74-30.43Or2.75-1.60) \u0000and sanidine (An45.44-31.82Ab62.66-51.79Or5.52-2.77), \u0000whereas in Low Magnesian basalt (LMg-B) there are labrador (An67.4.75-51.96Ab44.98-33.72Or3.06-1.51), \u0000andesine (An45.44-31.82Ab62.66-51.79Or5.52-2.77), \u0000oligoclase (An26.65-15.84Ab69.19-63.57Or20.59-8.55) \u0000and anarthoclase (Ab68.11-61.20Or33.87-20.91An10.98-4.93). \u0000Olivines are magnesian (Fo86.7-50.1) and ferriferous (Fo48.8-37.8). \u0000In HMg-B, olivine are only magnesian. These olivines are \u0000chrysolites and hyalositerite. In LMg-B, olivines are magnesian and ferriferous with the predominance of ferriferous. \u0000They are chrysolites, hyalositerite and hortonolite. Pyroxenes are Ca, Mg and \u0000Fe clinopyroxenes. There are diopsides (Wo51.94-45.02En44.41-33.16Fs16.42-10.70) \u0000and augites (Wo44.88-43.64En41.03-37.04Fs18.25-14.43). \u0000Oxides are magnetites represented by ulvospinel (Usp90-75Sp2-7Mt5-23). \u0000Fractionation of ferromagnesian minerals (opaque oxide, olivine and pyroxene) \u0000is the main differentiation process. Two stages of fractional crystallization \u0000can be distinguished: the first stage comes with basanites and the second with \u0000hawaiites to mugearites. Chemical compositions of phenocrystals in studied basaltics \u0000lavas record signatures of magma recharge by pulsatory intrusions of new magma \u0000into the existing magma reservoir before the eruptions.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43994545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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