Kenya like most of sub-Saharan Africa is reliant predominantly on agriculture and natural resources; which include land, water, minerals and fisheries, but the most dominant of which are wildlife and forestry. Unlike minerals which are by law vested in the government and can only be extracted by it and not the citizenry, wildlife and forestry are resources that the citizens may utilize in their day to day lives to meet their needs. Apart from their consumptive uses, there are also non-consumptive uses and values of wild animals and forests; such as their intrinsic ecological value as gene banks, as well as their scenic value for viewing. These are essentially conventional values and uses. They are largely formal and universal ones that are universally obtaining across the world irrespective of the levels of civilization or cultural identity, and are even compatible with modernity. Apart from these, there are some wildlife and forestry uses which are unique to the typical African way of life as part of old traditional customs that have existed from earlier times. These are what are in this paper referred to as “traditional customary uses”. These uses are largely informal, rudimentary and archaic. They are nevertheless critical in the endemic African way of life and represent the inextricable rudimentary technologically bereft relationship between the African people and their natural resources. Under the country’s existing laws, some of these uses are prohibited and criminal sanctions prescribed to enforce their proscription, hence cannot be enjoyed or practiced. There are however others that the law has either expressly allowed, or not prohibited, hence may be lawfully enjoyed or practiced. These are what this paper has referred to as the legally permissible traditional customary uses; and are the ones that are its subject. As for wildlife, in the year 1977, the Kenya Government by a Legal Notice in the Kenya Gazette imposed a ban on all forms of hunting of wildlife. The ban is still in force. This therefore means that hunting is illegal, as legal prohibition has in effect prohibited all and any form of off-take or killing of wildlife. By implication therefore, under Kenyan law, only non-consumptive uses of wildlife may be enjoyed, and not the consumptive ones. These include viewing as well as socio-cultural and spiritual uses. In Kenya therefore, the only permissible traditional customary use of wildlife is its non-consumptive use for socio-cultural and spiritual purposes; subject of course to the existing legal prohibition on witchcraft under the Witchcraft Act (Cap 67 Laws of Kenya). This piece of legislation has prohibited the practice and promotion of witchcraft. This in effect means that the socio-cultural and spiritual uses of wildlife though legally permissible, will be enjoyed, provided it is not for witchcraft purposes. With regard to forests, this author has identified the following five as their lega
{"title":"The Legally Permissible Traditional Customary Uses of Wildlife and Forests under Kenyan Law","authors":"N. Sifuna","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2021.113018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.113018","url":null,"abstract":"Kenya \u0000like most of sub-Saharan Africa is reliant predominantly on agriculture and \u0000natural resources; which include land, water, minerals and fisheries, but the \u0000most dominant of which are wildlife and forestry. Unlike minerals which are by law vested in the \u0000government and can only be extracted by it and not the citizenry, wildlife and \u0000forestry are resources that the citizens may utilize in their day to day lives \u0000to meet their needs. Apart from their consumptive uses, there are also \u0000non-consumptive uses and values of wild animals and forests; such as their \u0000intrinsic ecological value as gene banks, as well as their scenic value for \u0000viewing. These are essentially conventional values and uses. They are largely \u0000formal and universal ones that are universally obtaining across the world irrespective of the levels of civilization or cultural identity, \u0000and are even compatible with modernity. Apart from these, there are some wildlife \u0000and forestry uses which are unique to the typical African way of life as part of old traditional \u0000customs that have existed from earlier times. These are what are in this paper \u0000referred to as “traditional customary uses”. These uses are largely informal, \u0000rudimentary and archaic. They are nevertheless critical in the endemic African \u0000way of life and represent the inextricable rudimentary technologically bereft \u0000relationship between the African people and their natural resources. Under the \u0000country’s existing laws, some of these uses are prohibited and criminal \u0000sanctions prescribed to enforce their proscription, hence cannot be enjoyed or \u0000practiced. There are however others that the law has either expressly allowed, or not prohibited, hence may be lawfully \u0000enjoyed or practiced. These are what this paper has referred to as the legally \u0000permissible traditional customary uses; and are the ones that are its subject. \u0000As for wildlife, in the year 1977, the Kenya Government by a Legal Notice in \u0000the Kenya Gazette imposed a ban on all forms of hunting of wildlife. The ban is still in force. This therefore means that hunting is illegal, as legal prohibition has \u0000in effect prohibited all and any form of off-take or killing of wildlife. By \u0000implication therefore, under Kenyan law, only non-consumptive uses of wildlife \u0000may be enjoyed, and not the consumptive ones. These include viewing as well as \u0000socio-cultural and spiritual uses. In Kenya \u0000therefore, the only permissible traditional customary use of wildlife is its \u0000non-consumptive use for socio-cultural and spiritual purposes; subject of \u0000course to the existing legal prohibition on witchcraft under the Witchcraft Act (Cap 67 Laws of Kenya). This \u0000piece of legislation has prohibited the practice and promotion of \u0000witchcraft. This in effect means that the \u0000socio-cultural and spiritual uses of wildlife though legally permissible, will \u0000be enjoyed, provided it is not for witchcraft purposes. With regard to forests, \u0000this author has identified the following five as their lega","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44232441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Regardless of the high value of medicinal plants to residents of Cross River State in health maintenance especially for the treatment of “ailments of utmost native importance”, the major constraint is the uncertainty of the availability of the herbs and knowledge of traditional medicine still being passed by word of mouth. For better reliance on the plant species as medicine, this research seeks to identify and infer on the population and distribution of the species used in their treatment and documents them. Data were collected using field work and oral interviews. The survey team comprised of Taxonomists, survey assistants, five trado-medical herbal practitioners and the Authors. The status and geographical distribution of the identified medicinal plant species was appalling, 59 percent of the medicinal plant species were distributed in 3 out of 15 sampled plots. Causal factors included over misuse of therapeutic plant species, habitats destruction and absence of proper conservation education of the masses. Recommendations are that Communities should set up therapeutic plants farms, enrichment planting be made in agricultural fields and sustainable harvesting methods used.
{"title":"Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of “Ailments of Utmost Native Importance” in Cross River State, Nigeria","authors":"V. Ebu, Regina Ado Anoh, R. Offiong, P. Essoka","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2021.113020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.113020","url":null,"abstract":"Regardless \u0000of the high value of medicinal plants to residents of Cross River State in \u0000health maintenance especially for the treatment of “ailments of utmost native \u0000importance”, the major constraint is the uncertainty of the availability of the \u0000herbs and knowledge of traditional medicine still being passed by word of \u0000mouth. For better reliance on the plant species as medicine, this research seeks to \u0000identify and infer on the population and distribution of the species used in \u0000their treatment and documents them. Data were collected using field work and \u0000oral interviews. The survey team comprised of Taxonomists, survey assistants, five trado-medical herbal practitioners and the \u0000Authors. The status and geographical \u0000distribution of the identified medicinal plant species was appalling, 59 \u0000percent of the medicinal plant species were distributed in 3 out of 15 sampled \u0000plots. Causal factors included over misuse of therapeutic plant species, habitats destruction and absence of proper \u0000conservation education of the masses. Recommendations are that \u0000Communities should set up therapeutic plants farms, enrichment planting be made \u0000in agricultural fields and sustainable harvesting methods used.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47947166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land degradation due to use of unsustainable agricultural practices has affected many communities in rural mountain areas rendering them to be more vulnerable to income poverty and inequality. In this case, agroforestry systems promise to offer great solutions as they can be developed in unfavourable conditions where other production systems would either rapidly degrade the land or otherwise would not be possible. However, little is known whether agroforestry can address issues of income inequality in mountain areas. Hence, we conducted a study to investigate the nature and determinants of income inequality in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Specifically, we used the cross-sectional research design and we calculated the income percentile shares, Gini coefficients and the coefficient of variation (CV), to pinpoint the nature of income inequality in the study area. The determinants of income inequality were analysed using the step by step multiple linear model. The results of analysis suggested prevalence of income inequality. Crop production was the main source of income in the agroforestry systems of the study area. Earnings from crops and timber were decreasing income-inequality amongst smallholder farmers. Our disaggregated analysis showed that off-farm income was also decreasing income-inequality for farmers with farmlands located close to homestead, for female-headed households, for farmers who did not access extension services, and those who were members of community-based financial institutions. Estimated incomes increased with household assets, size of farmland, and age of household head. However, the same decreased with household size. We found gender disparity to be one of the key issues that need attention in formulating future policies to reduce inequality. We recommend promotion of livelihood diversification as well as the designing and implementation of tailor-made training and farm financing mechanism to help the less resource-endowed farmers in mountain areas to raise their economic portfolios and social status and combat income poverty and inequality.
{"title":"Income Inequality in Mountain Areas: The Case of Agroforestry Farming Systems in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania","authors":"R. Kadigi","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2021.113017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.113017","url":null,"abstract":"Land degradation due to use of unsustainable \u0000agricultural practices has affected many communities in rural mountain areas \u0000rendering them to be more vulnerable to income poverty and inequality. In this \u0000case, agroforestry systems promise to offer great solutions as they can be \u0000developed in unfavourable conditions where other production systems would \u0000either rapidly degrade the land or otherwise would not be possible. However, little \u0000is known whether agroforestry can address issues of income inequality in mountain \u0000areas. Hence, we conducted a study to investigate the nature and determinants \u0000of income inequality in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Specifically, we used the \u0000cross-sectional research design and we calculated the income percentile shares, \u0000Gini coefficients and the coefficient of variation (CV), to pinpoint the nature \u0000of income inequality in the study area. The determinants of income inequality \u0000were analysed using the step by step multiple linear model. The results of \u0000analysis suggested prevalence of income inequality. Crop production was the \u0000main source of income in the agroforestry systems of the study area. Earnings from crops and timber were \u0000decreasing income-inequality amongst smallholder farmers. Our disaggregated analysis \u0000showed that off-farm income was also decreasing income-inequality for \u0000farmers with farmlands located close to homestead, for female-headed \u0000households, for farmers who did not access extension services, and those who \u0000were members of community-based financial institutions. \u0000Estimated incomes increased with household assets, size of farmland, and age of household \u0000head. However, the same decreased with household size. We found gender \u0000disparity to be one of the key issues that need attention in formulating future \u0000policies to reduce inequality. We recommend promotion of livelihood \u0000diversification as well as the designing and implementation of tailor-made \u0000training and farm financing mechanism to help the less resource-endowed farmers \u0000in mountain areas to raise their economic portfolios and social status and \u0000combat income poverty and inequality.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70639710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The appraisal of tree stand structure on parklands is crucial for sustainable agroforestry management decisions, particularly in the drylands of Nigeria. An assessment of tree species distribution in farm plots across the three driest Agroecological zones (AEZ) within Northern Nigeria was performed to determine diversity and abundance in a changing climate. The AEZ include Sudan savannah (SS), Northern Guinea savannah (NGS) and Southern Guinea savannah (SGS). In each AEZ, 3 transects were laid per village and a total of 4 sample plots were located along each transect. Tree bole diameter of all the sampled woody perennials with dbh ≥ 10 cm was measured and identified to species level. The measurement and computation include basal area, species relative density and dominance as well as the important value index (IVI). Results showed that across the AEZs, Parkia biglobosa trees had the highest IVI but reduces from the driest zone, SS (50.25%) through the transitional zone, NGS (38.45%) to the wettest AEZ, the SGS (35.43%). The lowest IVI recorded were in Gliricidia sepium (0.62%), Psidium guajava (2.89%) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (1.83) in the SGS, NGS and SGS respectively. Parkia biglobosa and Mangifera indica dominated the landscapes and are classified as the landscapes’ habitat generalists. Despite the low organic matter content, Sudan savannah had more diverse species on its farm landscapes than the two other AEZ but with less tree popuplation density. The potential contribution of agroforestry parkland trees to agrobiodiversity in reducing drought and improving soil fertility is essential for sustainable agricultural productivity and landscape restoration.
{"title":"Parkland Trees under Severe Drought: An Assessment of Species Diversity and Abundance across Three Agroecological Zones of Northern Nigeria","authors":"I. Abdullahi","doi":"10.4236/OJF.2021.112009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJF.2021.112009","url":null,"abstract":"The appraisal of tree stand structure on parklands is crucial for sustainable agroforestry management decisions, particularly in the drylands of Nigeria. An assessment of tree species distribution in farm plots across the three driest Agroecological zones (AEZ) within Northern Nigeria was performed to determine diversity and abundance in a changing climate. The AEZ include Sudan savannah (SS), Northern Guinea savannah (NGS) and Southern Guinea savannah (SGS). In each AEZ, 3 transects were laid per village and a total of 4 sample plots were located along each transect. Tree bole diameter of all the sampled woody perennials with dbh ≥ 10 cm was measured and identified to species level. The measurement and computation include basal area, species relative density and dominance as well as the important value index (IVI). Results showed that across the AEZs, Parkia biglobosa trees had the highest IVI but reduces from the driest zone, SS (50.25%) through the transitional zone, NGS (38.45%) to the wettest AEZ, the SGS (35.43%). The lowest IVI recorded were in Gliricidia sepium (0.62%), Psidium guajava (2.89%) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (1.83) in the SGS, NGS and SGS respectively. Parkia biglobosa and Mangifera indica dominated the landscapes and are classified as the landscapes’ habitat generalists. Despite the low organic matter content, Sudan savannah had more diverse species on its farm landscapes than the two other AEZ but with less tree popuplation density. The potential contribution of agroforestry parkland trees to agrobiodiversity in reducing drought and improving soil fertility is essential for sustainable agricultural productivity and landscape restoration.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44475840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Musa, Otuaro Ebierni Akpoebidimiyen, Pius Olufemi Olusegun Dada, J. Adewumi, Yahaya Usman Gupa
Hydraulic conductivity is one of the most important parameters for flow and transport related phenomena in soil and also a criterion for measuring soil ability to transfer water. There is concern arising from the suitability, efficiency and ease of the different measuring methods use under different land management practices. The purpose of this paper is to determine and evaluate soil hydraulic conductivity under different land management practices which include forest land (teak and Melina plantation), grassland and maize cultivated land using the constant head method. The measurement is at different depth of 0 - 15 cm, 15 - 25 cm, 25 - 50 cm, 50 - 75 cm. The limited means of each land use were used to compare the result obtained through statistical means. All tests were carried out using SPSS at a significance level of 0.05. An ANOVA test was conducted to check if each of the land use is significantly different. The soil in forest zone (Teak plantation and Gmalina plantation) had a significantly high bulk density as 1.7533 cm-3 and 1.6967 cm-3 respectively at depth 50 - 75 cm compared to the low bulk density in the grass, maize cultivated land as 1.5000 cm-3 and 1.4833 cm-3 respectively at depth 50 - 75 cm. However, soil hydraulic conductivity was significantly high in the grass site or soil at the surface with 2.8833 cm·h-1. Results obtained from the different land use serve as Knowledge of variability of soil that can assist in defining the best strategies for sustainable soil management through the provision of vital information for estimating soil susceptibility to erosion, hydrological modelling and efficient planning of irrigation projects.
{"title":"Effect of Land Management on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity in Gidan Kwano, Niger State, Nigeria","authors":"J. Musa, Otuaro Ebierni Akpoebidimiyen, Pius Olufemi Olusegun Dada, J. Adewumi, Yahaya Usman Gupa","doi":"10.4236/OJF.2021.112008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJF.2021.112008","url":null,"abstract":"Hydraulic conductivity is one of the most important parameters for flow and transport related phenomena in soil and also a criterion for measuring soil ability to transfer water. There is concern arising from the suitability, efficiency and ease of the different measuring methods use under different land management practices. The purpose of this paper is to determine and evaluate soil hydraulic conductivity under different land management practices which include forest land (teak and Melina plantation), grassland and maize cultivated land using the constant head method. The measurement is at different depth of 0 - 15 cm, 15 - 25 cm, 25 - 50 cm, 50 - 75 cm. The limited means of each land use were used to compare the result obtained through statistical means. All tests were carried out using SPSS at a significance level of 0.05. An ANOVA test was conducted to check if each of the land use is significantly different. The soil in forest zone (Teak plantation and Gmalina plantation) had a significantly high bulk density as 1.7533 cm-3 and 1.6967 cm-3 respectively at depth 50 - 75 cm compared to the low bulk density in the grass, maize cultivated land as 1.5000 cm-3 and 1.4833 cm-3 respectively at depth 50 - 75 cm. However, soil hydraulic conductivity was significantly high in the grass site or soil at the surface with 2.8833 cm·h-1. Results obtained from the different land use serve as Knowledge of variability of soil that can assist in defining the best strategies for sustainable soil management through the provision of vital information for estimating soil susceptibility to erosion, hydrological modelling and efficient planning of irrigation projects.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46087860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agroforestry and beekeeping are widely promoted as prospective Nature- Based Income Generating Activities (NIGAs) to improve livelihoods while at the same time enhancing biodiversity conservation in degrading agro-ecologies. These activities can diversify and increase famers’ incomes and support instinctive biota and fauna resilience. However, evidence to showcase and compare their long-term benefits is scant. We use the case of Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania to evaluate and compare viability of agroforestry and beekeeping projects using the Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach. The results of analysis yielded positive NPVs for both agroforestry and beekeeping projects at discount rates not higher than 8.2% and 8.5% respectively. Overall, the comparison of economic viability between agroforestry and beekeeping projects revealed that the former was relatively more profitable than the later in terms of both the NPV and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) criteria. However, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for beekeeping was slightly higher than that of agroforestry. Yet, we underscore the fact that these two projects can jointly be implemented to enhance livelihoods of farmers and support biodiversity conservation in the study area and other parts with similar agro-ecologies in developing countries. However, farmers in these agro-ecologies need to be supported by governments and non-government development partners in terms of training and inspiration to shift from orthodox farming to sustainable NIGAs.
{"title":"Economic Viability of Smallholder Agroforestry and Beekeeping Projects in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania: A Cost Benefit Analysis","authors":"Willickister R. Kadigi, Y. Ngaga, R. Kadigi","doi":"10.4236/OJF.2021.112007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJF.2021.112007","url":null,"abstract":"Agroforestry and beekeeping are widely promoted as prospective Nature- Based Income Generating Activities (NIGAs) to improve livelihoods while at the same time enhancing biodiversity conservation in degrading agro-ecologies. These activities can diversify and increase famers’ incomes and support instinctive biota and fauna resilience. However, evidence to showcase and compare their long-term benefits is scant. We use the case of Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania to evaluate and compare viability of agroforestry and beekeeping projects using the Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach. The results of analysis yielded positive NPVs for both agroforestry and beekeeping projects at discount rates not higher than 8.2% and 8.5% respectively. Overall, the comparison of economic viability between agroforestry and beekeeping projects revealed that the former was relatively more profitable than the later in terms of both the NPV and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) criteria. However, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for beekeeping was slightly higher than that of agroforestry. Yet, we underscore the fact that these two projects can jointly be implemented to enhance livelihoods of farmers and support biodiversity conservation in the study area and other parts with similar agro-ecologies in developing countries. However, farmers in these agro-ecologies need to be supported by governments and non-government development partners in terms of training and inspiration to shift from orthodox farming to sustainable NIGAs.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43389639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniella Bienvenue Ondze, Mingsheng Tong, Richard K. Mendako
Wood products trade sector remains crucial for many countries’ economies. This is also for the Republic of Congo (RC) where wood is the second most exported natural resource. In this study, we aimed to determine the predominant wood products exported from the RC to China from 2007 to 2019, analyze the trends related to this trade, compare the quantities of wood products exported to China and other destinations, and determine the perspectives for the sustainable trade. The descriptive study using graphs and tables, non-parametric technique Kruskal-Wallis, pairwise comparisons, and SWOT analysis made up the methodological basis for this study. IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software supported data processing. The results showed that logs were mainly exported to China, 92.585% of the three major wood products quantity (Logs, Wet sawnwood, and Dried sawnwood). Volume distributions between products categories differ significantly (Sig. = 0.000 < α = 0.05). Besides, a significant volume (69.32%) was exported to China compared to the other destinations, and volume distributions between different destinations differ significantly (Sig. = 0.000 < α = 0.05). The SWOT analysis describes weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and potential threats related to RC’ wood products trade sector. The prospects for sustainable trade in wood products between the RC and China lie in establishing a good governance in the timber sector, supporting the emergence of domestic operators, and improving the business climate.
{"title":"Republic of Congo’ Wood Products Exported to China: Insight of the Characteristics, Trends, and Perspectives for Sustainable Trade","authors":"Daniella Bienvenue Ondze, Mingsheng Tong, Richard K. Mendako","doi":"10.4236/OJF.2021.112010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJF.2021.112010","url":null,"abstract":"Wood products trade sector remains crucial for many countries’ economies. \u0000This is also for the Republic of Congo (RC) where wood is the second most \u0000exported natural resource. In this study, we aimed to determine the predominant wood \u0000products exported from the RC to China from 2007 to 2019, analyze the trends \u0000related to this trade, compare the quantities of wood products exported to \u0000China and other destinations, and determine the perspectives for the \u0000sustainable trade. The descriptive study using graphs and tables, \u0000non-parametric technique Kruskal-Wallis, pairwise comparisons, and SWOT \u0000analysis made up the methodological basis for this study. IBM SPSS Statistics \u000026 software supported data processing. The results showed that logs were mainly exported to China, 92.585% of the three major wood \u0000products quantity (Logs, Wet sawnwood, and Dried sawnwood). Volume \u0000distributions between products categories differ significantly (Sig. = 0.000 \u0000< α = 0.05). Besides, a significant volume (69.32%) was exported to China \u0000compared to the other destinations, and volume distributions between different \u0000destinations differ significantly (Sig. = 0.000 < α = 0.05). The SWOT \u0000analysis describes weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and potential threats \u0000related to RC’ wood products trade sector. The prospects for sustainable trade \u0000in wood products between the RC and China lie in establishing a good governance \u0000in the timber sector, supporting the emergence of domestic operators, and improving \u0000the business climate.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41314576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abubakar Ali Shidiki, Tchoutezou Guy Herman Zanguim, Ngankam Martin Tchamba
The objective of the study is to contribute to the sustainable governance of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) (Djangsa and Wild mangos) on rural livelihood of communities surrounding the rainforest in Yokadouma. The economic potential of Non-Forest Timber Products (NTFPs) and its influence on rural livelihood and development has made it a constant national and international policy debate. However, Cameroon policies and institutional Legal framework is inconsistent with the exploitation and valorisation of these important rural livelihood activities. This study was carried out in Yokadouma in the East Region of Cameroon between February and July of 2020. Respondents were drawn from a cross-section of NTFPs exploiters and marketers. Data was collected through the administration of semi-structured questionnaire design with the aim to answer the research objective. During the recognisances survey, 172 persons concerned in these activities were identified within the 09 villages in the Yokadouma division. Out of these 172 identified persons involved in this economic sector, 165 were interviewed accounting for 96%. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 21 software. Results showed that the NTFPs sector is organized by 02 actors within the value chain who are the producers and retailers. Economic analysis of value chain revealed that producers were able to make 272,780 and 322,367 FCFA per person per season form djansang and wild mangos respectively. The constraints to sustainable management of NTFPs are the gradual disappearance of these tree species, instability of the production cycle, and stumpy involvement of economic operators in the processing chain, the harassments linked to inadequate legislation and the absence of standard measurement units used by retailers of these products. If NTFPs is well managed, it will create jobs and contribute to the economic development and subsequent improvement of livelihood of these rural communities.
{"title":"Governance of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) Djansang (Ricinodendron heudelotii) and Wild Mango (Irvingia gabonensis) and Its Influence on the Livelihood of Rural Communities of Yokadouma in the East Region of Cameroon","authors":"Abubakar Ali Shidiki, Tchoutezou Guy Herman Zanguim, Ngankam Martin Tchamba","doi":"10.4236/OJF.2021.112011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJF.2021.112011","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the study is to contribute to the \u0000sustainable governance of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) (Djangsa and Wild \u0000mangos) on rural livelihood of communities surrounding the rainforest in \u0000Yokadouma. The economic potential of Non-Forest Timber Products (NTFPs) and its \u0000influence on rural livelihood and development has made it a constant national and international \u0000policy debate. However, Cameroon policies and institutional Legal framework is inconsistent with the exploitation and valorisation \u0000of these important rural livelihood activities. This study was carried out in \u0000Yokadouma in the East Region of Cameroon between February and July of 2020. \u0000Respondents were drawn from a cross-section of NTFPs exploiters and marketers. \u0000Data was collected through the administration of \u0000semi-structured questionnaire design with the aim to answer the research \u0000objective. During the recognisances survey, 172 persons concerned in these activities were \u0000identified within the 09 villages in the Yokadouma division. Out of these 172 \u0000identified persons involved in this economic sector, 165 were interviewed \u0000accounting for 96%. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 21 software. Results \u0000showed that the NTFPs sector is organized by 02 actors within the value chain \u0000who are the producers and retailers. Economic analysis of value chain revealed \u0000that producers were able to make 272,780 and 322,367 FCFA per person per season \u0000form djansang and wild mangos respectively. The constraints to sustainable \u0000management of NTFPs are the gradual disappearance of these tree species, \u0000instability of the production cycle, and stumpy involvement of economic \u0000operators in the processing chain, the harassments linked to inadequate \u0000legislation and the absence of standard measurement units used by retailers of \u0000these products. If NTFPs is well managed, it will create jobs and contribute to the economic \u0000development and subsequent improvement of livelihood of these rural \u0000communities.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70639791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Hossain, C. Saha, Rakhi Dhali, Srabony Saha, M. Siddique, S. Abdullah, S. Islam
Biomass and carbon stock in a forested areas are now prime important indicators of forest management and climate change mitigation measures. But the accurate estimation of biomass and carbon in trees of forests is now a challenging issue. In most cases, pantropical and regional biomass models are used frequently to estimate biomass and carbon stock in trees, but these estimations have some uncertainty compared to the species-specific allometric biomass model. Acacia nilotica, Casuarina equisetifolia and Melia azedarach have been planted in different areas of Bangladesh considering the species-specific site requirements. While Barringtonia acutangula and Pongamia pinnata are the dominant tree species of the freshwater swamp forest of Bangladesh. This study was aimed to develop species-specific allometric biomass models for estimating stem and above ground biomass (TAGB) of these species using the non-destructive method and to compare the efficiency of the derived biomass models with the frequently used regional and pantropical biomass models. Four Ln-based models with diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height (H) were tested to derive the best fit allometric model. Among the tested models, Ln (biomass) = a + b Ln (D) + c Ln (H) was the best-fit model for A. nilotica, M. azedarach, B. acutangula and P. pinnata and Ln (biomass) = a + b Ln (D2H) was best-fit for C. equisetifolia. Finally, the derived best-fit species-specific TAGB models have shown superiority over the other frequently used pantropical and regional biomass models in relation to model efficiency and model prediction error.
森林地区的生物量和碳储量现在是森林管理和减缓气候变化措施的主要重要指标。但是准确估计森林树木的生物量和碳现在是一个具有挑战性的问题。在大多数情况下，泛热带和区域生物量模型经常用于估算树木的生物量和碳储量，但与特定物种的异速生长生物量模型相比，这些估算具有一定的不确定性。考虑到特定物种的场地要求，在孟加拉国的不同地区种植了尼罗金合欢、木麻黄和苦楝。而尖刺刺桐和凤梨是孟加拉国淡水沼泽森林的优势树种。本研究旨在建立基于非破坏性方法估算这些物种茎部和地上部生物量(TAGB)的物种特异性异速生物量模型，并将其与常用的区域和泛热带生物量模型的效率进行比较。以胸径(DBH)和总高度(H)为基础，对4个基于ln3的模型进行了试验，以获得最适合的异速生长模型。其中，Ln(生物量)= a + b Ln (D) + c Ln (H)最适合于牛蒡、苦楝、刺荆和山楂，Ln(生物量)= a + b Ln (D2H)最适合于木犀草。最后，所建立的最佳拟合物种特异性TAGB模型在模型效率和模型预测误差方面优于其他常用的泛热带和区域生物量模型。
{"title":"Stem and Total Above-Ground Biomass Models for the Tree Species of Freshwater Wetlands Forest, Coastal Areas and Dry Areas of Bangladesh: Using a Non-Destructive Approach","authors":"M. Hossain, C. Saha, Rakhi Dhali, Srabony Saha, M. Siddique, S. Abdullah, S. Islam","doi":"10.4236/OJF.2021.112006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJF.2021.112006","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass and carbon stock in a forested areas are now prime important indicators of forest management and climate change mitigation measures. But the accurate estimation of biomass and carbon in trees of forests is now a challenging issue. In most cases, pantropical and regional biomass models are used frequently to estimate biomass and carbon stock in trees, but these estimations have some uncertainty compared to the species-specific allometric biomass model. Acacia nilotica, Casuarina equisetifolia and Melia azedarach have been planted in different areas of Bangladesh considering the species-specific site requirements. While Barringtonia acutangula and Pongamia pinnata are the dominant tree species of the freshwater swamp forest of Bangladesh. This study was aimed to develop species-specific allometric biomass models for estimating stem and above ground biomass (TAGB) of these species using the non-destructive method and to compare the efficiency of the derived biomass models with the frequently used regional and pantropical biomass models. Four Ln-based models with diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height (H) were tested to derive the best fit allometric model. Among the tested models, Ln (biomass) = a + b Ln (D) + c Ln (H) was the best-fit model for A. nilotica, M. azedarach, B. acutangula and P. pinnata and Ln (biomass) = a + b Ln (D2H) was best-fit for C. equisetifolia. Finally, the derived best-fit species-specific TAGB models have shown superiority over the other frequently used pantropical and regional biomass models in relation to model efficiency and model prediction error.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47911172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zurab Seperteladze, Eter Davitaia, M. Alpenidze, G. Gaprindashvili, R. Maisuradze, G. Memarne, N. Khalvashi, N. Kedelidze, Tamar Aleksidze, Nino E. Rukhadze, T. Khardziani
It was elaborated a method of agro-ecosystem ranking for feijoa culture and forest ecosystem in one of regions of Western Georgia—Adjara subtropical humidified zone. On the basis of mineralogical and morphometric analysis (biometric parameters, beginning and end of growth, beginning of fruit ripening and mass ripening, frost resistance etc.) of feijoa culture (Feigoa selliowiana) and by multiple-factor approach we have evaluated culture’s rational disposition and optimal environment for development of land. The main accent was made on geomorphological (relief, inclination, exposition) and agro-climatic (sum of active temperatures, hydrothermal coefficient, temperature conditions, physical and chemical features of soil) factors. As a result of implemented zoning a landscape zone with agricultural resources potential and hypsometrical levels optimal for development of feijoa culture was revealed. During the research we also revealed corresponding agro-eco- system zone, compatible with feijoa zone, evaluation of quality of forest land and determination of ecosystem and its indicating character. For determination of compatibility of feijoa plants and distribution of forest ecosystem we have created a map of large-scale ecosystems and geo-information system. By Cartometric and geographic-informational analysis, it became possible to find information about types of forest ecosystems, areas occupied by them and their share in researched zone.
{"title":"Ranking of Feijoa (FEIJOA Sellowiana) in Subtropical Humidified Zone of Adjara and Forest Ecosystem by Multiple-Factor Approach","authors":"Zurab Seperteladze, Eter Davitaia, M. Alpenidze, G. Gaprindashvili, R. Maisuradze, G. Memarne, N. Khalvashi, N. Kedelidze, Tamar Aleksidze, Nino E. Rukhadze, T. Khardziani","doi":"10.4236/OJF.2021.111001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJF.2021.111001","url":null,"abstract":"It was elaborated a method of agro-ecosystem ranking for feijoa culture \u0000and forest ecosystem in one of regions of Western Georgia—Adjara subtropical humidified \u0000zone. On the basis of mineralogical and morphometric analysis (biometric \u0000parameters, beginning and end of growth, beginning of fruit ripening and mass \u0000ripening, frost resistance etc.) of feijoa culture (Feigoa selliowiana) and by \u0000multiple-factor approach we have evaluated culture’s rational disposition and \u0000optimal environment for development of land. The main accent was made on \u0000geomorphological (relief, inclination, exposition) and agro-climatic (sum of \u0000active temperatures, hydrothermal coefficient, temperature conditions, physical \u0000and chemical features of soil) factors. As a result of implemented zoning a \u0000landscape zone with agricultural resources potential and hypsometrical levels \u0000optimal for development of feijoa culture was revealed. During the research we \u0000also revealed corresponding agro-eco- system \u0000zone, compatible with feijoa zone, evaluation of quality of forest land and \u0000determination of ecosystem and its indicating character. For determination of \u0000compatibility of feijoa plants and distribution of forest ecosystem we have \u0000created a map of large-scale ecosystems and geo-information system. By \u0000Cartometric and geographic-informational analysis, it \u0000became possible to find information about types of forest ecosystems, areas \u0000occupied by them and their share in researched zone.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48836013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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