Canopy density and forest biomass estimation are critical for understanding of the carbon cycle, climate change and detecting health status of the forest ecosystems. This study was conducted on the coastal forests reserves in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania. A systematic sampling design was used to establish a total of 110 temporary sample plots in all study sites. The stratification of the forests was adopted to identify closed forest patches with less anthropogenic effects. The study assessed the forest canopy density and above ground biomass with relative carbon stock for closed forest classes. Jozani Chwaka Bay National Park in Zanzibar recorded higher average canopy densities of 63% followed by Ngezi (46%), Pugu forests (26%) and Kazimzumbwi (16%). However, Ngezi forest had higher forest biomass than all study sites with the overall mean AGB of 138.5 tAGB/ha equivalent to carbon stock of 67.9 tC/ha. Tree species, Bombax rhodognaphala (Msufi mwitu) and Antiaris toxicaria (Mgulele) recorded the highest biomass of 1099 tABG/ha and 703 tAGB/ha (equivalent to 538 tC/ha and (345 tC/ha)) respectively. The study revealed that about 35% of the total closed forest patches at Pugu FR were covered by lower canopy density which accounted about 490 ha. Kazimzumbwi FR was dominated by lower canopy density which represented about 64% of the total forest cover area (1750 ha).
{"title":"The Status of Canopy Density and above Ground Biomass along the Northern Coastal Forest Zone of Tanzania","authors":"I. H. Hassan, M. Mdemu","doi":"10.4236/OJF.2021.111004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJF.2021.111004","url":null,"abstract":"Canopy density and forest biomass estimation are critical for understanding of the carbon cycle, climate change and detecting health status of the forest ecosystems. This study was conducted on the coastal forests reserves in Zanzibar and mainland \u0000Tanzania. A systematic sampling design was used to establish a total of 110 \u0000temporary sample plots in all study sites. The stratification of the forests \u0000was adopted to identify closed forest patches with less anthropogenic effects. The study assessed the forest canopy \u0000density and above ground biomass with relative carbon stock for closed forest \u0000classes. Jozani Chwaka Bay National Park in Zanzibar recorded higher average \u0000canopy densities of 63% followed by Ngezi (46%), Pugu forests (26%) and Kazimzumbwi (16%). However, Ngezi forest had higher forest biomass than all \u0000study sites with the overall mean AGB of \u0000138.5 tAGB/ha equivalent to carbon stock \u0000of 67.9 tC/ha. Tree species, Bombax rhodognaphala (Msufi mwitu) and Antiaris toxicaria (Mgulele) recorded the highest biomass of 1099 tABG/ha \u0000and 703 tAGB/ha (equivalent to 538 tC/ha and (345 tC/ha)) respectively. The study revealed that about 35% of the total closed forest \u0000patches at Pugu FR were covered by lower canopy density which accounted about 490 ha. \u0000Kazimzumbwi FR was dominated by lower canopy density which represented about \u000064% of the total forest cover area (1750 ha).","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41514811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coverage of nominal 95% confidence intervals of a proportion estimated from a sample obtained under a complex survey design, or a proportion estimated from a ratio of two random variables, can depart significantly from its target. Effective calibration methods exist for intervals for a proportion derived from a single binary study variable, but not for estimates of thematic classification accuracy. To promote a calibration of confidence intervals within the context of land-cover mapping, this study first illustrates a common problem of under and over-coverage with standard confidence intervals, and then proposes a simple and fast calibration that more often than not will improve coverage. The demonstration is with simulated sampling from a classified map with four classes, and a reference class known for every unit in a population of 160,000 units arranged in a square array. The simulations include four common probability sampling designs for accuracy assessment, and three sample sizes. Statistically significant over- and under-coverage was present in estimates of user’s (UA) and producer’s accuracy (PA) as well as in estimates of class area proportion. A calibration with Bayes intervals for UA and PA was most efficient with smaller sample sizes and two cluster sampling designs.
{"title":"Calibration of a Confidence Interval for a Classification Accuracy","authors":"S. Magnussen","doi":"10.4236/OJF.2021.111002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJF.2021.111002","url":null,"abstract":"Coverage of nominal 95% confidence intervals of a \u0000proportion estimated from a sample obtained under a complex survey design, or a \u0000proportion estimated from a ratio of two random variables, can depart \u0000significantly from its target. Effective calibration methods exist for \u0000intervals for a proportion derived from a single binary study variable, but not \u0000for estimates of thematic classification accuracy. To promote a calibration of \u0000confidence intervals within the context of land-cover mapping, this study first \u0000illustrates a common problem of under and over-coverage with standard \u0000confidence intervals, and then proposes a simple and fast calibration that more \u0000often than not will improve coverage. The demonstration is with simulated \u0000sampling from a classified map with four classes, and a reference class known \u0000for every unit in a population of 160,000 units arranged in a square array. The \u0000simulations include four common probability sampling designs for accuracy \u0000assessment, and three sample sizes. Statistically significant over- and \u0000under-coverage was present in estimates of user’s (UA) and producer’s accuracy \u0000(PA) as well as in estimates of class area proportion. A calibration with Bayes \u0000intervals for UA and PA was most efficient with smaller sample sizes and two \u0000cluster sampling designs.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46266807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khalid A. E. Eisawi, Hong He, T. Shaheen, E. Yasin
This study aims to estimate the tree diversity status of Rashad Forest Reserves in the Rashad locality of the South Kordofan State of Sudan. For data collection, eight sample plots (20 × 20 m) were taken randomly, and parameters were determined: trees species diversity, composition, relative density, dominance, important value index, and species richness in the Rashad forest reserve. The results show that a total of 237 and 56 tree species, including 22 families, have been identified in the study area. Fabaceae family and species numbers have the highest number of 13 species in 8 genera, followed by Combretaceae with 8 species belonging to 3 different genera, Malvaceae with 5 species belonging to 4 different genera, Apocynaceae with 3 species belonging to 3 different genera. The Arecaceae, Burseraceae, Capparaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, and Rubiaceae families each had two species, and all the other 11 families had one species each. Among the 56 different tree species found within the reserve. The results also indicated that Tamarindus indica L. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. had the highest relative density and dominance of 4.64% and 11% respectively. Adansonia digitata L., Grewia villosa Willd, Vepris nobilis (Delile) Mziray had density and dominance of 4.80% and 9%. Followed by Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr, Adansonia digitata L., Catunaregam nilotica (Stapf) Tirveng. (Syn: Xeromphis nilotica (Stapf) Keay, Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel. with 3.38% and 8%, respectively. Eleven species recorded the least relative dominance of 0.42%. Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) value stood at 3.82. And as diversity indices varied with location depending on the species available within an ecological zone, Rashad forest reserve is blessed with a moderate diversity index.
{"title":"Assessment of Tree Diversity and Abundance in Rashad Natural Reserved Forest, South Kordofan, Sudan","authors":"Khalid A. E. Eisawi, Hong He, T. Shaheen, E. Yasin","doi":"10.4236/OJF.2021.111003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJF.2021.111003","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to estimate the tree diversity status of Rashad Forest \u0000Reserves in the Rashad locality of the South Kordofan State of Sudan. For data \u0000collection, eight sample plots (20 × 20 m) were taken randomly, and \u0000parameters were determined: trees species \u0000diversity, composition, relative density, dominance, important value index, and \u0000species richness in the Rashad forest reserve. The results show that a total of \u0000237 and 56 tree species, including 22 families, have been identified in the \u0000study area. Fabaceae family and species numbers have the highest number of 13 \u0000species in 8 genera, followed by Combretaceae with 8 species belonging to 3 \u0000different genera, Malvaceae with 5 species belonging to 4 different genera, \u0000Apocynaceae with 3 species belonging to 3 different genera. The Arecaceae, \u0000Burseraceae, Capparaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, and Rubiaceae families each \u0000had two species, and all the other 11 families had one species each. Among the \u000056 different tree species found within the reserve. The results also indicated \u0000that Tamarindus indica L. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. had the highest relative density and dominance of 4.64% and 11% \u0000respectively. Adansonia digitata L., Grewia villosa Willd, Vepris nobilis (Delile) Mziray had density and \u0000dominance of 4.80% and 9%. Followed by Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr, Adansonia \u0000digitata L., Catunaregam nilotica (Stapf) Tirveng. (Syn: Xeromphis nilotica (Stapf) Keay, Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel. with 3.38% and 8%, \u0000respectively. Eleven species recorded the least relative dominance of \u00000.42%. Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) value stood at 3.82. And as \u0000diversity indices varied with location depending on the species available \u0000within an ecological zone, Rashad forest \u0000reserve is blessed with a moderate diversity index.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47060794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dynamic urbanization of African cities has created development trajectories that face systemic challenges in the provision of sustainable and ecologically resilient urban environments. The specific challenges include extensive unregulated growth with informal settlements reflecting poor service levels and high poverty indices, inadequacy in provision of basic services in health, water, housing, transport and communication infrastructure, high reliance on biomass fuels, exposure to environmental stress and implausible climate change coping and mitigation mechanisms among others. Review of extensive literature and synthesis of existing bodies of knowledge on the ecological and management perspectives of urban environments revealed many gaps and understanding of urban transformation processes. The purpose of this review was to contextualize credible pathways for optimization of both ecosystem goods and services from green urban landscapes (Green infrastructure) and non-green infrastructure to ensure sustainable and ecologically resilient urban environments. Attempts were made to rationalize and validate through discussions the benefits of managed urban ecosystems for African cities. On the basis of the evidence from the literature, it is concluded that urban development trajectories that do not embrace multifaceted approaches that deliberately retain and maintain green infrastructure in the urban environment may not be cost-effective. It is recommended that systematic integration of urban forestry concepts in urban planning that involves communities, local and national governments, business entrepreneurs and public and private research institutions provides tenable frameworks for addressing current and future challenges of urbanization in Africa.
{"title":"Hallmark of a Resilient City: Adoption of Green Infrastructure in African Cities","authors":"Elias K. Maranga","doi":"10.4236/OJF.2021.111005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJF.2021.111005","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic urbanization of African cities has created \u0000development trajectories that face systemic challenges in the provision of \u0000sustainable and ecologically resilient urban environments. The specific \u0000challenges include extensive unregulated growth with informal settlements \u0000reflecting poor service levels and high poverty indices, inadequacy in provision of basic services in health, water, \u0000housing, transport and communication \u0000infrastructure, high reliance on biomass fuels, exposure to environmental stress and implausible climate change coping and \u0000mitigation mechanisms among others. Review of extensive literature and synthesis of existing bodies of knowledge on the \u0000ecological and management perspectives of urban environments revealed many gaps \u0000and understanding of urban transformation processes. The purpose of this review \u0000was to contextualize credible pathways for optimization of both ecosystem goods \u0000and services from green urban landscapes (Green infrastructure) and non-green \u0000infrastructure to ensure sustainable and ecologically resilient urban \u0000environments. Attempts were made to rationalize and validate through \u0000discussions the benefits of managed urban ecosystems for African cities. On the basis of the evidence from the \u0000literature, it is concluded that urban development trajectories that do not \u0000embrace multifaceted approaches that deliberately retain and maintain green \u0000infrastructure in the urban environment may not be cost-effective. It is \u0000recommended that systematic integration of urban forestry concepts in urban \u0000planning that involves communities, local and national governments, business \u0000entrepreneurs and public and private \u0000research institutions provides tenable frameworks for addressing current and \u0000future challenges of urbanization in Africa.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42629125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuyuan Huang, Xinfan Yu, Hong Liang, Zhiming Yang, Haiyang Wen, Z. Ye, Yunhe Lu, R. Wei, Lijun Yang, Song Ma, K. Zhao, Fan Wang, Zhijie Chen, Huina Yang, Chengxi Jiang, Bin Xu, Weimin Wang, Wang Xu, Zhu Ming, Shizheng Lin, Hao Liu, Hualiang Luo, S. Deng, Lijuan Huang, Yanjun Lei, Xiao-li Wan, Yahe Li, Wan-Ping Zhou, Shun Zhao, Zhenliang Duan, D. Liao, Xiaobo Qiu, H. Huang, Linlin Jiang
From Jan. 2013 to Nov. 2018, we carried out the investigation on vegetation studies in the ecological monitoring programs, Shenzhen and totally researched 170 plant communities of mountain areas etc., few areas of street regions and parks etc., for communities’ structural characteristics and plant diversity. We comparatively analyzed natural forests, semi-natural forest and artificial forest composition and structural characters and family, genus and species diversity level and the main affected factors. We also researched and analyzed these communities’ structural characteristics and pant diversity, comparatively analyzed natural forests, semi-natural forest and artificial forest composition and structural characters and family, genus and species diversity level, the main affected factors; researched and analyzed the relationship between plant community structure characteristics with the absorbing ability to PM2.5 pollutants. The result showed that the structure and plant diversity of natural forest were obviously better than artificial disturbed forest or artificial forest, the semi-natural forest was the middle level of the forests, In the indices of height, DBH, coverage and crow width etc. of tree layer, natural forests and semi-natural forests were obvious higher than that of artificial disturbed forest or artificial forest; in some forests of artificial disturbed forest or artificial forest, though their richness indices of family and How to cite this paper: Huang, Y. Y., Yu, X. F., Liang, H., Yang, Z. M., Wen, H. Y., Ye, Z., Lu, Y. H., Wei, R. Y., Yang, L. J., Ma, S., Zhao, K. S., Wang, F., Chen, Z. J., Yang, H. N., Jiang, C. X., Xu, B., Wang, W. M., Xu, W., Ming, Z., Lin, S. Z., Liu, H., Luo, H. L., Deng, S. N., Huang, L. J., Lei, Y. J., Wan, X. L., Li, Y. H., Zhou, W. M., Zhao, S., Duan, Z. L., Liao, D. Y., Qiu, X. B., Huang, H. Q., & Jiang, L. L. (2021). Studies on Ecological Monitoring of Plant Community and Plant Diversity in Shenzhen, Southern China. Open Journal of Forestry, 11, 352-380. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.114022 Received: June 15, 2021 Accepted: October 17, 2021 Published: October 20, 2021
{"title":"Studies on Ecological Monitoring of Plant Community and Plant Diversity in Shenzhen, Southern China","authors":"Yuyuan Huang, Xinfan Yu, Hong Liang, Zhiming Yang, Haiyang Wen, Z. Ye, Yunhe Lu, R. Wei, Lijun Yang, Song Ma, K. Zhao, Fan Wang, Zhijie Chen, Huina Yang, Chengxi Jiang, Bin Xu, Weimin Wang, Wang Xu, Zhu Ming, Shizheng Lin, Hao Liu, Hualiang Luo, S. Deng, Lijuan Huang, Yanjun Lei, Xiao-li Wan, Yahe Li, Wan-Ping Zhou, Shun Zhao, Zhenliang Duan, D. Liao, Xiaobo Qiu, H. Huang, Linlin Jiang","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2021.114022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.114022","url":null,"abstract":"From Jan. 2013 to Nov. 2018, we carried out the investigation on vegetation studies in the ecological monitoring programs, Shenzhen and totally researched 170 plant communities of mountain areas etc., few areas of street regions and parks etc., for communities’ structural characteristics and plant diversity. We comparatively analyzed natural forests, semi-natural forest and artificial forest composition and structural characters and family, genus and species diversity level and the main affected factors. We also researched and analyzed these communities’ structural characteristics and pant diversity, comparatively analyzed natural forests, semi-natural forest and artificial forest composition and structural characters and family, genus and species diversity level, the main affected factors; researched and analyzed the relationship between plant community structure characteristics with the absorbing ability to PM2.5 pollutants. The result showed that the structure and plant diversity of natural forest were obviously better than artificial disturbed forest or artificial forest, the semi-natural forest was the middle level of the forests, In the indices of height, DBH, coverage and crow width etc. of tree layer, natural forests and semi-natural forests were obvious higher than that of artificial disturbed forest or artificial forest; in some forests of artificial disturbed forest or artificial forest, though their richness indices of family and How to cite this paper: Huang, Y. Y., Yu, X. F., Liang, H., Yang, Z. M., Wen, H. Y., Ye, Z., Lu, Y. H., Wei, R. Y., Yang, L. J., Ma, S., Zhao, K. S., Wang, F., Chen, Z. J., Yang, H. N., Jiang, C. X., Xu, B., Wang, W. M., Xu, W., Ming, Z., Lin, S. Z., Liu, H., Luo, H. L., Deng, S. N., Huang, L. J., Lei, Y. J., Wan, X. L., Li, Y. H., Zhou, W. M., Zhao, S., Duan, Z. L., Liao, D. Y., Qiu, X. B., Huang, H. Q., & Jiang, L. L. (2021). Studies on Ecological Monitoring of Plant Community and Plant Diversity in Shenzhen, Southern China. Open Journal of Forestry, 11, 352-380. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.114022 Received: June 15, 2021 Accepted: October 17, 2021 Published: October 20, 2021","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70639759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. D. L. Saavedra-Romero, T. Martínez-Trinidad, D. Alvarado-Rosales, P. H. L. Rosa, Jaime Villa-Castillo
Urban trees are subjected to different damaging agents throughout their lifetime. The aims of this study were to identify tree damaging agents, and to obtain a Damage Severity Index (DSI) in order to categorize tree health condition at San Juan de Aragon Park. Each tree was identified at species level in 28 randomly established plots in ten sections of the study area. Up to two types of damage were recorded per tree, based on the FIA (Forest Inventory an Analysis Program) protocol, and a DSI was obtained for each damaged tree considering location of damage, nature of the damaging agent and severity. A total of 753 trees were assessed and 12 species and 27 damaging agents were identified. Cankers, galls, the pepper tree psyllid and the red gum lerp psyllid were the most frequent damaging agents. Australian pine, red gum, Mediterranean cypress, Mexican white cedar, and California pepper were the most affected species. The DSI ranged from 3 to 17 and the average was 7.9. Sections J and H and the species California pepper, Australian pine, and Mexican white cedar presented the highest DSI. The tree population had a moderate health condition, while the aforementioned sections and tree species showed the poorest.
{"title":"Damaging Agents and Tree’s Health Condition in an Urban Forest","authors":"L. D. L. Saavedra-Romero, T. Martínez-Trinidad, D. Alvarado-Rosales, P. H. L. Rosa, Jaime Villa-Castillo","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2021.113016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.113016","url":null,"abstract":"Urban trees are subjected to different damaging agents throughout their lifetime. The aims of this study were to identify tree damaging agents, and to obtain a Damage Severity Index (DSI) in order to categorize tree health condition at San Juan de Aragon Park. Each tree was identified at species level in 28 randomly established plots in ten sections of the study area. Up to two types of damage were recorded per tree, based on the FIA (Forest Inventory an Analysis Program) protocol, and a DSI was obtained for each damaged tree considering location of damage, nature of the damaging agent and severity. A total of 753 trees were assessed and 12 species and 27 damaging agents were identified. Cankers, galls, the pepper tree psyllid and the red gum lerp psyllid were the most frequent damaging agents. Australian pine, red gum, Mediterranean cypress, Mexican white cedar, and California pepper were the most affected species. The DSI ranged from 3 to 17 and the average was 7.9. Sections J and H and the species California pepper, Australian pine, and Mexican white cedar presented the highest DSI. The tree population had a moderate health condition, while the aforementioned sections and tree species showed the poorest.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70639689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mangroves in coastal cities are under threat due to development pressures. However, mangrove ecosystems can serve as a potential carbon sink for miti-gating the impacts of climate change. The main objective of this study was to estimate the carbon sequestration potential of mangroves in the Al-Qurm natural reserve, Muscat, Oman. The reserve was classified into three distinct zones and was estimated through field measurement and remote sensing techniques. The study found that each zone sequesters varying levels of carbon. The highest mean carbon stock was measured in the landward zone (20.2 ± 0.3 kg∙C/m 2 ), followed by the middle zone (8.7 ± 0.4 kg∙C/m 2 ) and seaward zone (5.8 ± 0.8 kg∙C/m 2 ), respectively. The carbon sequestration rate of the sediment range was between 5.0 g C/m 2 ∙year - 12.5 g C/m 2 ∙year. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from above-ground biomass showed a positive relationship (r = 0.73) with biomass measured in the field. However, the average above-ground carbon was underestimated (6.3 kg∙C/m 2 ) than the above-ground field measurement (7.0 kg∙C/m 2 ). This 0.82 km 2 of the natural reserve was estimated to sequester approximately 9512 tonnes of carbon equivalent to 0.035 Mt of CO 2 e. This highlights the importance of conserving this natural reserve, despite a growing demand for land use in and around the reserve for development needs.
由于发展压力，沿海城市的红树林正受到威胁。然而，红树林生态系统可以作为减轻气候变化影响的潜在碳汇。本研究的主要目的是估计阿曼马斯喀特Al-Qurm自然保护区红树林的固碳潜力。将保护区划分为三个不同的区域，并通过实地测量和遥感技术进行估算。研究发现，每个区域吸收的碳含量不同。平均碳储量最高的是向陆带(20.2±0.3 kg∙C/m 2)，其次是中间带(8.7±0.4 kg∙C/m 2)和向海带(5.8±0.8 kg∙C/m 2)。沉积物固碳速率范围为5.0 g C/m 2∙年~ 12.5 g C/m 2∙年。地上生物量归一化植被指数(NDVI)与野外实测生物量呈显著正相关(r = 0.73)。然而，地上的平均碳被低估了(6.3 kg∙C/m 2)，低于地上的实地测量值(7.0 kg∙C/m 2)。据估计，这片0.82平方公里的自然保护区吸收了约9512吨碳，相当于0.035亿吨二氧化碳。这凸显了保护这片自然保护区的重要性，尽管为了发展需要，保护区内外的土地使用需求不断增长。
{"title":"Carbon Sequestration Service of a Ramsar Site: A Conservation-Role Model for Defying Developmental Pressure in the Middle of a Rapidly Expanding City","authors":"A. Al-Nadabi, H. Sulaiman","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2021.114023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.114023","url":null,"abstract":"Mangroves in coastal cities are under threat due to development pressures. However, mangrove ecosystems can serve as a potential carbon sink for miti-gating the impacts of climate change. The main objective of this study was to estimate the carbon sequestration potential of mangroves in the Al-Qurm natural reserve, Muscat, Oman. The reserve was classified into three distinct zones and was estimated through field measurement and remote sensing techniques. The study found that each zone sequesters varying levels of carbon. The highest mean carbon stock was measured in the landward zone (20.2 ± 0.3 kg∙C/m 2 ), followed by the middle zone (8.7 ± 0.4 kg∙C/m 2 ) and seaward zone (5.8 ± 0.8 kg∙C/m 2 ), respectively. The carbon sequestration rate of the sediment range was between 5.0 g C/m 2 ∙year - 12.5 g C/m 2 ∙year. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from above-ground biomass showed a positive relationship (r = 0.73) with biomass measured in the field. However, the average above-ground carbon was underestimated (6.3 kg∙C/m 2 ) than the above-ground field measurement (7.0 kg∙C/m 2 ). This 0.82 km 2 of the natural reserve was estimated to sequester approximately 9512 tonnes of carbon equivalent to 0.035 Mt of CO 2 e. This highlights the importance of conserving this natural reserve, despite a growing demand for land use in and around the reserve for development needs.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70639357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jackline Atieno, G. Obwoyere, D. Makanji, M. Okeyo
{"title":"Seed Borne Fungal Organisms Associated with Germination Success of Terminalia brownii (Fresen) in Kenya","authors":"Jackline Atieno, G. Obwoyere, D. Makanji, M. Okeyo","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2021.114021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.114021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70639747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Riparian forests minimize impacts of land degradation on stream ecosystems and provide direct and indirect benefits to people. However, these ecosystems are threatened by degradation and deforestation attributed to land use changes. River Lumi riparian ecosystem in Taita Taveta County in Kenya has experienced rapid and extensive land use changes over the past three decades in response to economic, institutional and demographic factors. There is growing concern of riparian degradation attributed to land use change with far reaching implications on local livelihoods. A study was conducted to examine the patterns of land use and land cover change along River Lumi riparian ecosystem between 1987 and 2019. The aim of the study was to ascertain the impacts of land use and land cover change on local livelihoods. Landsat images were used to assess land use and land cover change while socio-economic data was collected from 353 households in Njukini, Chala and Mboghoni located in the upper, middle and lower sections of River Lumi ecosystem respectively. Research evidence authenti-cated that the area under farmlands, settlement and water body increased by 20.5%, 112.1% and 2.3% respectively between 1987 and 2019 while area under forest patches, grazing land and riverine vegetation decreased by 52.7%, 3.0%, and 36.6% respectively. The increase in population in surrounding areas coupled with encroachment of the riparian areas for crop farming and livestock grazing resulted to loss of riparian forest patches/ vegetation and associated biodiversity
{"title":"Land Use and Land Cover Change along River Lumi Riparian Ecosystem in Kenya: Implications on Local Livelihoods","authors":"Leila Ndalilo, E. Maranga, B. Kirui","doi":"10.4236/OJF.2021.113014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJF.2021.113014","url":null,"abstract":"Riparian forests minimize impacts of land degradation on stream ecosystems and provide direct and indirect benefits to people. However, these ecosystems are threatened by degradation and deforestation attributed to land use changes. River Lumi riparian ecosystem in Taita Taveta County in Kenya has experienced rapid and extensive land use changes over the past three decades in response to economic, institutional and demographic factors. There is growing concern of riparian degradation attributed to land use change with far reaching implications on local livelihoods. A study was conducted to examine the patterns of land use and land cover change along River Lumi riparian ecosystem between 1987 and 2019. The aim of the study was to ascertain the impacts of land use and land cover change on local livelihoods. Landsat images were used to assess land use and land cover change while socio-economic data was collected from 353 households in Njukini, Chala and Mboghoni located in the upper, middle and lower sections of River Lumi ecosystem respectively. Research evidence authenti-cated that the area under farmlands, settlement and water body increased by 20.5%, 112.1% and 2.3% respectively between 1987 and 2019 while area under forest patches, grazing land and riverine vegetation decreased by 52.7%, 3.0%, and 36.6% respectively. The increase in population in surrounding areas coupled with encroachment of the riparian areas for crop farming and livestock grazing resulted to loss of riparian forest patches/ vegetation and associated biodiversity","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70639800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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