Ervis Dongmo Manfothang, Precilia Tumenta, Steve N Tassiamba, Vianny R.V. Nguimdo, Kelvin Yenkong Defouh
{"title":"Floristic Diversity and Stand Structure of the Ngambe-Ndom-Nyanon Communal Forest, Littoral Region of Cameroon","authors":"Ervis Dongmo Manfothang, Precilia Tumenta, Steve N Tassiamba, Vianny R.V. Nguimdo, Kelvin Yenkong Defouh","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2022.124028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2022.124028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70640297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Langat, A. Kisiwa, N. Leley, J. Kagombe, J. Cheboiwo
Kenya’s public forest sector plantations have been the main source of round-wood for wood-based industries but several factors have reduced its capacity to meet increasing demands, resulting in huge deficits. The growth of smallholder forestry over the last three decades has demonstrated the potential to supplement the deficits. The imposed logging moratorium in public and community forests in 2002-2012 and 2018 not only opened markets for smallholder tree growers but also increased demand pressure from various wood consumers. This paper presents an assessment of the status of farm-based wood resources three years within the latest moratorium period and the potential of farm tree resources to complement wood from public forest plantations. Data were collected from 56 households using semi-structured interviews, key in-formants interviews, and a rapid assessment of standing and harvested trees from 146 on-farm plots. The main commercial tree species found on the farms were; Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus sp., Grevillea robusta, Pinus patula, and Acacia mearnsii. Eucalypts were the most planted trees with an average land size of 1.08 ha. The farm tree resources have sustained some level of wood demand since the moratorium, as indicated by the high volume of wood harvested. The study found that about 40% of current wood resources consisted of trees less than 5 years, and most harvests were of small diameter classes which are essentially juvenile wood and are unsuitable for structural and fur-niture techniques be undertaken and a progressive and supportive policy framework on harvesting and trade of trees on-farm be developed.
{"title":"Can Small-Holder Trees Supplement the Public Plantations in the Wood Market? The Case of Kenya’s Logging Moratorium","authors":"D. Langat, A. Kisiwa, N. Leley, J. Kagombe, J. Cheboiwo","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2022.123018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2022.123018","url":null,"abstract":"Kenya’s public forest sector plantations have been the main source of round-wood for wood-based industries but several factors have reduced its capacity to meet increasing demands, resulting in huge deficits. The growth of smallholder forestry over the last three decades has demonstrated the potential to supplement the deficits. The imposed logging moratorium in public and community forests in 2002-2012 and 2018 not only opened markets for smallholder tree growers but also increased demand pressure from various wood consumers. This paper presents an assessment of the status of farm-based wood resources three years within the latest moratorium period and the potential of farm tree resources to complement wood from public forest plantations. Data were collected from 56 households using semi-structured interviews, key in-formants interviews, and a rapid assessment of standing and harvested trees from 146 on-farm plots. The main commercial tree species found on the farms were; Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus sp., Grevillea robusta, Pinus patula, and Acacia mearnsii. Eucalypts were the most planted trees with an average land size of 1.08 ha. The farm tree resources have sustained some level of wood demand since the moratorium, as indicated by the high volume of wood harvested. The study found that about 40% of current wood resources consisted of trees less than 5 years, and most harvests were of small diameter classes which are essentially juvenile wood and are unsuitable for structural and fur-niture techniques be undertaken and a progressive and supportive policy framework on harvesting and trade of trees on-farm be developed.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70639839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Muthike, Godfrey Ali, N. Oduor, Paul Munene, J. Githiomi
This study determined the effect of three pole pre-drying handling techniques, on end-splitting and surface checking in Eucalyptus grandis poles from high-land and low land areas in Kenya. A total of 144 Eucalyptus grandis trees were sampled from two sites; Kericho, representing the wet highlands and Londiani representing the drier lowlands regions of Kenya. Pole samples from both sites were subjected to the three pre-drying handling techniques for the first 30 days after felling and allowed to dry to the required moisture level under observations. The number of end splits and surface checks on each sample pole were counted and the length of the worst ones was measured in millimeters after every 15 days until all the poles reached 25% MC. The sap wood and heart wood ratios were determined from selected samples. Results showed that on the overall, poles from high land areas had the highest sap-wood proportions and similarly had the highest number and the longest end splitting and surface checks. On the other hand, pre-drying techniques that allowed felled trees to dry slowly with their foliage intact for the first 30 days of felling produced the best quality poles, with fewer and shallower end splits and surface checks. The study recommended that felling and leaving poles to dry slowly with foliage intact be considered in reducing losses incurred as a result of wood stresses during drying of poles.
{"title":"Corrective Interventions to End-Splitting and Surface Cracking in Kenya Grown <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i> Poles","authors":"G. Muthike, Godfrey Ali, N. Oduor, Paul Munene, J. Githiomi","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2022.123021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2022.123021","url":null,"abstract":"This study determined the effect of three pole pre-drying handling techniques, on end-splitting and surface checking in Eucalyptus grandis poles from high-land and low land areas in Kenya. A total of 144 Eucalyptus grandis trees were sampled from two sites; Kericho, representing the wet highlands and Londiani representing the drier lowlands regions of Kenya. Pole samples from both sites were subjected to the three pre-drying handling techniques for the first 30 days after felling and allowed to dry to the required moisture level under observations. The number of end splits and surface checks on each sample pole were counted and the length of the worst ones was measured in millimeters after every 15 days until all the poles reached 25% MC. The sap wood and heart wood ratios were determined from selected samples. Results showed that on the overall, poles from high land areas had the highest sap-wood proportions and similarly had the highest number and the longest end splitting and surface checks. On the other hand, pre-drying techniques that allowed felled trees to dry slowly with their foliage intact for the first 30 days of felling produced the best quality poles, with fewer and shallower end splits and surface checks. The study recommended that felling and leaving poles to dry slowly with foliage intact be considered in reducing losses incurred as a result of wood stresses during drying of poles.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70639933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Teshome, C. M. M. E. Torres, G. Sileshi, P. Mattos, E. Braz, H. Temesgen, S. J. S. S. D. Rocha, Mehari Alebachew
{"title":"Mixed-Species Allometric Equations to Quantify Stem Volume and Tree Biomass in Dry Afromontane Forest of Ethiopia","authors":"M. Teshome, C. M. M. E. Torres, G. Sileshi, P. Mattos, E. Braz, H. Temesgen, S. J. S. S. D. Rocha, Mehari Alebachew","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2022.123015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2022.123015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70640212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Celia de la Mora-Orozco, J. G. F. Garnica, I. J. G. Acuña, J. Solorio, César S. Magaña Martínez, Laura Izascum Pérez Valencia
Forest ecosystems represent a third of the total organic carbon (TOC) stored in the soil. However, studies still need to be carried out to generate reliable information on its soil carbon storage potential in an experimental plantation. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the storage of total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil in two experimental forest plantations with tropical species, located in the state of Nayarit, México. The research was carried out in two experimental plantations with tropical species, located at the Santiago Ixcuintla Experimental Field (CESIX) and at the El Verdineño Experimental Site (SEEV). The established species are Swietenia macrophylla King (mahogany), Cedrela odorata L. (cedar) and Tabebuia rosea Bertoil (pink trumpet-tree). In addition, data from dasometric variables were used in order to define if any of these variables had a similar variation to the soil TOC stock by species. The sampling was done under a randomized block experimental design in each experimental forest plantation (CESIX and SEEV). variables, none of the variables analyzed showed the same behavior in its va-riability.
{"title":"Soil Carbon Storage in Experimental Forest Plantations with Tropical Species","authors":"Celia de la Mora-Orozco, J. G. F. Garnica, I. J. G. Acuña, J. Solorio, César S. Magaña Martínez, Laura Izascum Pérez Valencia","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2022.121001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2022.121001","url":null,"abstract":"Forest ecosystems represent a third of the total organic carbon (TOC) stored in the soil. However, studies still need to be carried out to generate reliable information on its soil carbon storage potential in an experimental plantation. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the storage of total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil in two experimental forest plantations with tropical species, located in the state of Nayarit, México. The research was carried out in two experimental plantations with tropical species, located at the Santiago Ixcuintla Experimental Field (CESIX) and at the El Verdineño Experimental Site (SEEV). The established species are Swietenia macrophylla King (mahogany), Cedrela odorata L. (cedar) and Tabebuia rosea Bertoil (pink trumpet-tree). In addition, data from dasometric variables were used in order to define if any of these variables had a similar variation to the soil TOC stock by species. The sampling was done under a randomized block experimental design in each experimental forest plantation (CESIX and SEEV). variables, none of the variables analyzed showed the same behavior in its va-riability.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70639406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of Probability Distribution Functions for Modeling Forest Tree Diameters on Agricultural Landscapes in Ogun State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2022.124024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2022.124024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":"400 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70640043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Illegal logging is a pervasive problem of major international concern that causes many negative social, economical and environmental consequences. EUTR is a tool adopted in 2010 and entered into force in 2013 to stop the trade of timber illegally logged within the EU market. The implementation in Italy is still in progress and varies among regions. This study considers the respondents’ opinions on different EUTR characteristics, implementation processes and compliance activities. Taking Italy as an example, the questionnaire was delivered to relevant Italian foresters and timber operators in the forest-timber system. Two hypotheses are under verification: 1) if Italian forest-wood-timber sector integrated EUTR into its activity and 2) if the Italian Due Diligence system is a valid model to other countries. The questionnaire has been submitted to the wood industry stakeholders. It has been organized into six sections to collect information about the professional characteristics of respondents, their experiences on EUTR, the opinion about EUTR and FLEGT, the support received on EUTR implementation, the opinion about the checks system, and the role of EUTR in marketing timber products. Questionnaire data have been elaborated in different ways. Conclusion underlines the EUTR Italian system criticalities and some suggestions for a more effective use of EUTR in the wood market. The picture that emerges from the results collected is that the EUTR, although proposed for morally and ethically valid purposes, doesn’t have unanimous effectiveness. In partic-ular, EUTR can generate a distortion of the market, new expenditures for importers. Various operators applaud the digitalization and computerization of EUTR certification, integration of EUTR certification with forest certifications schemes and other quality certifications, and use of EUTR in the marketing initiatives.
{"title":"Evidence Emerging from the Survey on European Union Timber Regulation [REG. (EU) 995/2010] in Italy","authors":"H. Nermin, Carbone Francesco","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2022.121008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2022.121008","url":null,"abstract":"Illegal logging is a pervasive problem of major international concern that causes many negative social, economical and environmental consequences. EUTR is a tool adopted in 2010 and entered into force in 2013 to stop the trade of timber illegally logged within the EU market. The implementation in Italy is still in progress and varies among regions. This study considers the respondents’ opinions on different EUTR characteristics, implementation processes and compliance activities. Taking Italy as an example, the questionnaire was delivered to relevant Italian foresters and timber operators in the forest-timber system. Two hypotheses are under verification: 1) if Italian forest-wood-timber sector integrated EUTR into its activity and 2) if the Italian Due Diligence system is a valid model to other countries. The questionnaire has been submitted to the wood industry stakeholders. It has been organized into six sections to collect information about the professional characteristics of respondents, their experiences on EUTR, the opinion about EUTR and FLEGT, the support received on EUTR implementation, the opinion about the checks system, and the role of EUTR in marketing timber products. Questionnaire data have been elaborated in different ways. Conclusion underlines the EUTR Italian system criticalities and some suggestions for a more effective use of EUTR in the wood market. The picture that emerges from the results collected is that the EUTR, although proposed for morally and ethically valid purposes, doesn’t have unanimous effectiveness. In partic-ular, EUTR can generate a distortion of the market, new expenditures for importers. Various operators applaud the digitalization and computerization of EUTR certification, integration of EUTR certification with forest certifications schemes and other quality certifications, and use of EUTR in the marketing initiatives.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70640086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bruno Iniobong Nsien, Eric Etim Offiong, Pretty Henry Dan, E. Eric
{"title":"Determination of Nutrient Contents in the Leaf Litter of Diospyros crassiflora S. (Hiern-FWTA) Plantation in Okwuta-Ibeku, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria","authors":"Bruno Iniobong Nsien, Eric Etim Offiong, Pretty Henry Dan, E. Eric","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2022.121009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2022.121009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70640263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Traoré, Sébastien Ange Habih Nombré, Issiaka Keïta, H. Nacro, B. Sinsin
Stem density and size stratification of woody species are informative of vegetation conditions and its physiognomy in savannah whereas their variation influence woody population functioning. Current study endeavoured to eva-luate the stand density and size variability of woody species related to aboveground biomass in a Sudanian savannah. Total height, stem diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 5 cm were measured in 30 plots of 50 m × 20 m laid in respect to vegetation type as bowal, shrubland and woodland. Species diversity, stem density, height and basal area were calculated and compared across sites and variation in stem dbh classes evaluated. Total aboveground biomass was estimated and thereafter linear relationships were established between stand density and aboveground biomass, and basal area. Results revealed three different sites with an overall 58 species identified through vegetation type including liana species (4 stems in bowal) with 18 genera and 42 families. sity and stratification could be considered as indicators of aboveground biomass fluctuating in regeneration monitoring.
木本物种的茎密度和大小分层是草原植被条件及其地貌的信息，而它们的变化影响着木本种群的功能。本研究旨在评价与地上生物量相关的苏丹大草原木本树种的林分密度和大小变异性。在50 m × 20 m的30个样地，按灌丛、灌丛和林地三种植被类型，测定了总高和胸径≥5 cm。计算比较了不同立地的物种多样性、茎密度、茎高和基部面积，并评价了不同立地的茎粗级变化。估算了地上总生物量，建立了林分密度与地上生物量和基面积之间的线性关系。结果表明，在3个不同的地点，通过植被类型共鉴定出58种植物，其中藤本植物42科18属。在更新监测中，密度和分层可以作为地上生物量波动的指标。
{"title":"Can Stand Density and Stem Stratification Be Indicators of Aboveground Biomass in Woody Plant Recruitment in Savannah","authors":"S. Traoré, Sébastien Ange Habih Nombré, Issiaka Keïta, H. Nacro, B. Sinsin","doi":"10.4236/ojf.2022.121003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2022.121003","url":null,"abstract":"Stem density and size stratification of woody species are informative of vegetation conditions and its physiognomy in savannah whereas their variation influence woody population functioning. Current study endeavoured to eva-luate the stand density and size variability of woody species related to aboveground biomass in a Sudanian savannah. Total height, stem diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 5 cm were measured in 30 plots of 50 m × 20 m laid in respect to vegetation type as bowal, shrubland and woodland. Species diversity, stem density, height and basal area were calculated and compared across sites and variation in stem dbh classes evaluated. Total aboveground biomass was estimated and thereafter linear relationships were established between stand density and aboveground biomass, and basal area. Results revealed three different sites with an overall 58 species identified through vegetation type including liana species (4 stems in bowal) with 18 genera and 42 families. sity and stratification could be considered as indicators of aboveground biomass fluctuating in regeneration monitoring.","PeriodicalId":63552,"journal":{"name":"林学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70639517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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