Journal of Nanoparticle Research最新文献

Synthesis of novel copper magnesium phosphate (Cu₂Mg₃(PO₄)₃) nanoparticles (CuMP NPs) via a facile solution combustion method has been carried out. The monoclinic crystalline structure and average crystallite size were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evidenced distinct P–O–P vibrational modes, confirming phosphate bonding. The diffuse reflectance spectrum (DRS) analyzed using the Kubelka–Munk (K–M) function revealed an optical band gap energy of 3.5 eV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated porous and irregular nanostructures, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed nearly spherical nanoparticles with an average particle size of approximately 25 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the elemental composition and oxidation states of Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, and phosphate (PO₄³⁻) species, verifying the successful formation of CuMP NPs. The synthesized CuMP NPs exhibited outstanding photocatalytic degradation efficiency (96%) for acid orange-03 (AO-03) dye under UV irradiation within 120 min, attributed to their optimal band gap and porous surface facilitating enhanced charge separation. The electrochemical performance of the CuMP-based electrode was evaluated in 1 M KCl and 1 M KOH electrolytes using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrode exhibited specific capacitances of 764 and 589 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 3 mA g⁻¹ in KCl and KOH media, respectively, and displayed excellent cyclic stability, retaining 95.37% and 73.32% of its capacitance after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, CuMP NPs demonstrated notable electrocatalytic sensitivity for the detection of biomolecules, pharmaceutical compounds, and toxic heavy metals. These findings establish CuMP NPs as a promising multifunctional nanomaterial for photocatalytic, energy storage, and electrochemical sensing applications.

Tetracyclines (TCs) have been widely utilized in the livestock industry in recent years due to their advantages, including a broad antibacterial spectrum, low cost, and various administration methods. However, the misuse of TCs has become increasingly concerning. Therefore, achieving accurate and rapid detection of TCs residues is of significant importance. Fluorescent sensors have found extensive application in drug residue detection owing to their high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid response time, and capabilities for real-time monitoring. By synthesizing relevant research findings from recent years, this article elucidates the operational mechanisms of fluorescent sensors, systematically analyzes the research achievements related to fluorescent sensors such as carbon quantum dots, metal nanoclusters, and metal–organic frameworks in detecting TCs residues in food, and forecasts their developmental prospects. The aim is to promote further innovation and advancement in drug residue detection technology, thereby ensuring food safety.

Spinel-type Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) has attracted considerable attention as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its excellent cycle stability, high safety, and zero-strain insertion characteristics. However, its practical application is limited by intrinsically low electronic conductivity and moderate lithium-ion diffusion kinetics. Doping with aliovalent elements, such as Al³⁺, has emerged as an effective strategy to overcome these limitations by enhancing both electronic and ionic transport properties. While various synthesis methods, such as solid-state reactions and sol–gel processes, have been explored for preparing doped LTO, flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) has been considered as a promising technique due to its rapid processing and ability to produce particles with controlled composition and morphology. In this study, Al-doped LTO was synthesized for the first time using the FSP method. Although Al doping is known to enhance electronic properties, its effect on LTO synthesized via FSP has not been previously investigated. Remarkably, the incorporation of Al resulted in significant suppression of particle and crystallite growth. Furthermore, solid-state ²⁷Al MAS NMR confirmed uniform Al distribution across both 8a and 16d sites in a near-theoretical ratio, a feature rarely achieved with conventional synthesis methods. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed enhanced electrical conductivity with increasing Al content, attributed to improved charge compensation via partial reduction of Ti⁴⁺ to Ti³⁺. These findings highlight the unique capability of FSP to produce high-performance Al-doped LTO with controlled structure and composition, offering a superior alternative to traditional solid-state routes.

Graphical Abstract

This study investigates the rate of degradation of Congo red (CR) dye by annealed (600 °C) TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs), synthesized using glycerol-assisted co-precipitation method with microwave irradiation. The as-prepared samples annealed at higher temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 600 °C) show well-defined diffraction peaks of the anatase phase confirmed by Rietveld refinement. Raman analysis confirms the presence of the anatase phase in the as-synthesized and annealed samples. TEM images reveal the polycrystalline nature, and EDAX analysis confirms the presence of titanium and oxygen in the annealed (600 °C) sample. The annealed (600 °C) TiO₂ NPs exhibit a high specific surface area 101 m²/g and an average pore size 60.8 Å, indicating a mesoporous structure. The optical absorption edge of the as-prepared TiO₂ NPs redshifts with an increase in the annealing temperature, indicating a decrease in the band gap energy. The photocatalytic performance is evaluated as a function of catalyst dosage (10, 20, and 30 mg), initial dye concentration (10, 20, and 30 ppm), pH of the dye solution (5, 7, and 9), and irradiation time (120 min) under UV exposure. The highest degradation efficiency 87% and COD removal efficiency 75% are achieved under optimum conditions- 30 mg catalyst dosage, 10 ppm dye concentration, and pH 5 at 120 min of UV irradiation. Regression analysis is performed to assess the suitability and reliability of kinetic models for the CR degradation process. The CR removal efficiency remains at 85% after the third cycle, confirming the stability of the catalyst.

Red-emitting YVO₄:Eu³⁺ nanophosphors were synthesized and experimentally fabricated into functional luminescent converting films. A comparative study revealed that the use of trisodium citrate produced nanoparticles with improved crystallinity and enhanced optical properties, whereas smaller, quasi-spherical nanoparticles (20–45 nm) were formed using polyethylene glycol (PEG). Nanophosphor morphology was found to be dependent on the surfactant. Results of X-ray diffractometer have shown the usage of nanophosphors crystallized in the tetragonal YVO₄ structure in the synthesis. Particularly, citrate-assisted nanophosphors exhibited strong red emission centered at ~ 615–618 nm (⁵D₀ → ⁷F₂ transition of Eu³⁺ ion) and longer average lifetime of 1.002 ms, compared to 0.706 ms for the PEG-assisted. A luminescent paste was formulated, and a formation mechanism involving physisorption and polymer bridging was introduced, based on results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics simulations. Experimentally fabricated on glass substrates, films (400–600 nm at thickness range) showed effective spectral conversion by absorbing UV radiation and then emitting in the photosynthetically active red region. These results demonstrate their potential for application in agricultural luminescent converting films.

Red-emissive nanoprobes for bioimaging are often limited by low quantum yields and poor aqueous stability. We developed carbon dots via hydrothermal condensation of citric acid and formamide with hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid and polyol coprecursors, followed by cationic surfactant (Berol™ 561) functionalization. The resulting carbon dots exhibit bright red photoluminescence (585–640 nm) with quantum yields of 14–20% in water which were retained for over 2 weeks. They show negligible cytotoxicity across HeLa, 4T1, and H9c2 cell lines at concentrations up to 100 µg /mL. This surfactant-mediated surface engineering strategy yields stable, biocompatible carbon dots suitable for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging.

Reactions of dibutyl malonate (DBM) and dioctyl malonate (DOM) with small carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) could be facilitated facilely and efficiently by relatively brief microwave irradiation for products of high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents, obviously different from the starting CNPs. The reaction products were characterized systematically by using high-resolution electron microscopy imaging, quantitative proton and carbon NMR analyses, optical absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy evaluations, and other instrumental measurements, with the results suggesting DBM-CNP and DOM-CNP adducts, in which each CNP is surface functionalized with a large number of DBM and DOM units, respectively. Such adducts should be comparable, at least phenomenologically, with methanofullerene multi-adducts from Bingel-Hirsch reactions of fullerene with derivatized malonate, even though mechanistically the DBM and DOM additions to CNPs are more likely due to DBM and DOM respective radicals generated in the microwave irradiation. The significance and potentially valuable applications of the ability for CNPs to engage in such facile and highly efficient radical addition reactions are discussed.

This review is aimed at exploring recent advancements in nanoparticle-based vaccine platforms for breast cancer immunotherapy. The primary focus is on how nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, virus-like particles (VLPs), gold and silver nanoparticles, and mesoporous silica can enhance vaccine efficacy by improving antigen delivery, immune response modulation, and tumor-targeting precision. The overarching research question addresses the potential of nanobiotechnology in overcoming the limitations of conventional cancer vaccines. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2025 were screened for relevance. Nanocarrier systems were evaluated in terms of physicochemical properties, immunostimulatory capacity, delivery efficiency, and preclinical or clinical outcomes. Nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced delivery of tumor-associated antigens and adjuvants, resulting in stronger humoral and cellular immune responses in preclinical models. Liposomes and PLGA-based carriers showed promise in improving antigen stability and uptake by antigen-presenting cells. VLPs induced HER-2-specific immunity, while metallic and mesoporous nanoparticles facilitated targeted delivery and immunogenicity. Combinatorial approaches incorporating nanocarriers and immunostimulants enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Representative quantitative outcomes include 96% tumor cell death in vitro for a liposome-based anti-ErbB-2 strategy and 80% complete response in HER2 + breast cancer–bearing mice when an antigen-clustered AuNP nanovaccine was combined with anti-PD-1 therapy. Nanoparticle-based breast cancer vaccines offer a promising immunotherapeutic strategy, with the potential to improve antigen delivery, overcome immune tolerance, and enable tumor-specific responses. However, consistent translation will depend on platform-specific safety profiling, reproducible manufacturing, and subtype-informed clinical designs that match vaccine mechanism to endpoints. Further in vivo validation and clinical translation are essential for optimizing safety, dosing, and scalability.

Graphical Abstract

Ciprofloxacin contamination in water poses a significant environmental challenge, demanding efficient and sustainable remediation methods. Increased interest has been drawn towards visible-light-driven photocatalysis as a very effective and sustainable method of treating wastewater. Herein, this work describes the successful construction of a highly efficient BiOBr/MoS₂/GO ternary nanocomposite through a simple hydrothermal method for the effective removal of CIP from wastewater. The resulting BiOBr/MoS₂/GO nanocomposite exhibited superior removal percentage of ciprofloxacin upon visible light illumination, reaching approximately 93.95% efficiency after 120 min under optimal conditions (pH-7, 10 ppm-pollutant concentration, 40 mg-catalyst dose). Furthermore, this improved activity was due to the synergistic interaction amongst BiOBr, MoS₂, and GO, which facilitated effective charge separation with an extended light absorption capability. The prepared nanocomposite also exhibited a specific surface area of 9.93 m²/g with a nanoplate-cluster-sheet structure, presenting mesoporous characteristics that favoured active site exposure and charge transfer. In addition, the radical scavenging experiments confirmed that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were the predominant reactive species in accomplishing the degradation process. This selective reactivity, coupled with optimized operational parameters, underscores the promising potential for BiOBr/MoS₂/GO nanocomposite in the remediation of CIP from wastewater.

Graphical Abstract

In this work, MWCNTs were synthesized using the experimental pulsed electric arc discharge with a spinning anode (PEADSA) method. The configuration of the spinning anode such as the angular velocity and geometry was controlled by changing the electric discharge frequency and the discharge time. The catalytic mixture was rich in elemental sulfur containing 93.84/2.56/1.43/0.69/1.48 of C/Ni/Fe/Co/S and reduced H₂ pressure was used. The catalytic mixture was placed in the reactor in 16 alternating cavities (eight filled and eight empty). Two types of MWCNTs were synthesized depending on the electrode. Mainly MWCNTs with an average diameter of 60 ± 8 nm and length of 2.5 ± 0.7 µm were observed at the anode. On the other hand, MWCNTs of diameter of 58 ± 6 nm and length of 4.1 ± 1.2 µm were seen at the cathode. It was found that the nanotubes were decorated with CS₂ having round shapes with an average size of 20 ± 4 nm due to the S and C atoms interacting to create topological defects in the carbon nanostructures. Raman spectroscopy and electron scanning and transmission microscopy were used for nanostructures characterization. The PEADSA method represents a promising alternative for different MWCNTs structures in applications as semiconducting material.