Yifeng Guo, Fanxin Kong, Dakai Zhu, A. Tosun, Qingxu Deng
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely deployed and it is crucial to properly control the energy consumption of the sensor nodes to achieve the maximum WSNs' operation time (i.e., lifetime) as they are normally battery powered. In this paper, for sensor nodes that are utilized to monitor oil pipelines, we study the linear sensor placement problem with the goal of maximizing their lifetime. For a simple equal-distance placement scheme, we first illustrate that the result based on the widely used ideal power model can be misleading (i.e., adding more sensor nodes can improve WSN's lifetime) when compared to that of a realistic power model derived from Tmote Sky sensors. Then, we study equal-power placement schemes and formulate the problem as a MILP (mixed integer linear programming) problem. In addition, two efficient placement heuristics are proposed. The evaluation results show that, even with the Tmote power model, the equal-power placement schemes can improve the WSN's lifetime by up to 29% with properly selected number of sensor nodes, the distance between them and the corresponding transmission power levels. Moreover, one heuristic scheme actually obtains almost the same results as that of MILP, which is optimal. The real deployment in one oil field is also discussed.
{"title":"Sensor placement for lifetime maximization in monitoring oil pipelines","authors":"Yifeng Guo, Fanxin Kong, Dakai Zhu, A. Tosun, Qingxu Deng","doi":"10.1145/1795194.1795204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1795194.1795204","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely deployed and it is crucial to properly control the energy consumption of the sensor nodes to achieve the maximum WSNs' operation time (i.e., lifetime) as they are normally battery powered. In this paper, for sensor nodes that are utilized to monitor oil pipelines, we study the linear sensor placement problem with the goal of maximizing their lifetime. For a simple equal-distance placement scheme, we first illustrate that the result based on the widely used ideal power model can be misleading (i.e., adding more sensor nodes can improve WSN's lifetime) when compared to that of a realistic power model derived from Tmote Sky sensors. Then, we study equal-power placement schemes and formulate the problem as a MILP (mixed integer linear programming) problem. In addition, two efficient placement heuristics are proposed. The evaluation results show that, even with the Tmote power model, the equal-power placement schemes can improve the WSN's lifetime by up to 29% with properly selected number of sensor nodes, the distance between them and the corresponding transmission power levels. Moreover, one heuristic scheme actually obtains almost the same results as that of MILP, which is optimal. The real deployment in one oil field is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":6619,"journal":{"name":"2016 ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)","volume":"132 1","pages":"61-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89473658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data dissemination protocols in cyber-physical systems must consider the importance of data packets in protocol decisions. Importance of data cannot generally be accurately represented by a static priority value or deadline, but rather must stem from the dynamic state of the physical world. This paper presents a novel congestion control scheme for data collection applications that makes two key contributions. First, packet importance is measured by data contributions to the accuracy of estimating the monitored physical phenomenon. This leads to congestion control that minimizes estimation error. Second, our protocol employs a novel mechanism, i.e. spatial aggregation, in addition to temporal aggregation to control congestion. The protocol is generalized to multiple concurrent applications. Our approach employs different granularities of aggregation in transporting spatio-temporal data from nodes to a base station. The aggregation granularity is chosen locally based on the contribution of the transmitted data to the reconstruction of the phenomenon at the receiver. In an area affected by congestion, data are summarized more aggressively to reduce data transfer rate while introducing minimal error to the estimation of physical phenomena. We implement this scheme as a transport layer protocol in LiteOS running on MicaZ motes. Through experiments, we show that the proposed scheme eliminates congestion with an estimation error an order of magnitude smaller than traditional rate control approaches.
{"title":"Congestion control for spatio-temporal data in cyber-physical systems","authors":"Hossein Ahmadi, T. Abdelzaher, Indranil Gupta","doi":"10.1145/1795194.1795207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1795194.1795207","url":null,"abstract":"Data dissemination protocols in cyber-physical systems must consider the importance of data packets in protocol decisions. Importance of data cannot generally be accurately represented by a static priority value or deadline, but rather must stem from the dynamic state of the physical world. This paper presents a novel congestion control scheme for data collection applications that makes two key contributions. First, packet importance is measured by data contributions to the accuracy of estimating the monitored physical phenomenon. This leads to congestion control that minimizes estimation error. Second, our protocol employs a novel mechanism, i.e. spatial aggregation, in addition to temporal aggregation to control congestion. The protocol is generalized to multiple concurrent applications. Our approach employs different granularities of aggregation in transporting spatio-temporal data from nodes to a base station. The aggregation granularity is chosen locally based on the contribution of the transmitted data to the reconstruction of the phenomenon at the receiver. In an area affected by congestion, data are summarized more aggressively to reduce data transfer rate while introducing minimal error to the estimation of physical phenomena. We implement this scheme as a transport layer protocol in LiteOS running on MicaZ motes. Through experiments, we show that the proposed scheme eliminates congestion with an estimation error an order of magnitude smaller than traditional rate control approaches.","PeriodicalId":6619,"journal":{"name":"2016 ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)","volume":"102 1","pages":"89-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73700818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert A. Thacker, K. R. Jones, C. Myers, Hao Zheng
Models of cyber-physical systems are inherently complex since they must represent hardware, software, and the physical environment. Formal verification of these models is often precluded by state explosion. Fortunately, many important properties may only depend upon a relatively small portion of the system being accurately modeled. This paper presents an automatic abstraction methodology that simplifies the model accordingly. Preliminary results on a fault-tolerant temperature sensor are encouraging.
{"title":"Automatic abstraction for verification of cyber-physical systems","authors":"Robert A. Thacker, K. R. Jones, C. Myers, Hao Zheng","doi":"10.1145/1795194.1795197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1795194.1795197","url":null,"abstract":"Models of cyber-physical systems are inherently complex since they must represent hardware, software, and the physical environment. Formal verification of these models is often precluded by state explosion. Fortunately, many important properties may only depend upon a relatively small portion of the system being accurately modeled. This paper presents an automatic abstraction methodology that simplifies the model accordingly. Preliminary results on a fault-tolerant temperature sensor are encouraging.","PeriodicalId":6619,"journal":{"name":"2016 ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)","volume":"21 1","pages":"12-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82172733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite recent advances in the field of Networked Control Systems (NCS), the gap between the control design stage and the implementation stage on a physical platform remains significant. The simplifying assumptions made in the analysis of NCS are often not precise enough for realistic embedded control systems, and engineers must resort to time-consuming simulations and multiple redesign and testing phases before the performance of a system is judged adequate. Moreover, simulation-based methods do not typically provide rigorous performance or stability guarantees. We approach the problem of certifying a digital controller implementation from an input-output, robust control perspective. Following a standard method for analyzing sampled-data systems, we view the implementation step as a perturbation of a nominal linear time-invariant model. Nonlinearities and disturbances due to implementation effects are treated as uncertainty blocks and characterized via Integral Quadratic Constraints (IQCs), such as gain bounds. From our modeling discussion emerge some important types of uncertainties. We discuss some new gain bounds for one of them, namely an aperiodic sample-and-hold operator with uncertain sampling times. Two important features of the robust control approach are i) this approach is modular, i.e., the analysis of different uncertainty blocks can be done and refined separately, and the results combined in the study of a complete complex system; ii) the guarantees on the stability and performance of the implemented system can be obtained automatically via efficient computational tools.
{"title":"Robustness analysis for the certification of digital controller implementations","authors":"J. L. Ny, George J. Pappas","doi":"10.1145/1795194.1795209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1795194.1795209","url":null,"abstract":"Despite recent advances in the field of Networked Control Systems (NCS), the gap between the control design stage and the implementation stage on a physical platform remains significant. The simplifying assumptions made in the analysis of NCS are often not precise enough for realistic embedded control systems, and engineers must resort to time-consuming simulations and multiple redesign and testing phases before the performance of a system is judged adequate. Moreover, simulation-based methods do not typically provide rigorous performance or stability guarantees. We approach the problem of certifying a digital controller implementation from an input-output, robust control perspective. Following a standard method for analyzing sampled-data systems, we view the implementation step as a perturbation of a nominal linear time-invariant model. Nonlinearities and disturbances due to implementation effects are treated as uncertainty blocks and characterized via Integral Quadratic Constraints (IQCs), such as gain bounds. From our modeling discussion emerge some important types of uncertainties. We discuss some new gain bounds for one of them, namely an aperiodic sample-and-hold operator with uncertain sampling times. Two important features of the robust control approach are i) this approach is modular, i.e., the analysis of different uncertainty blocks can be done and refined separately, and the results combined in the study of a complete complex system; ii) the guarantees on the stability and performance of the implemented system can be obtained automatically via efficient computational tools.","PeriodicalId":6619,"journal":{"name":"2016 ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)","volume":"59 1","pages":"99-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85979749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cheolgi Kim, Mu Sun, Sibin Mohan, H. Yun, L. Sha, T. Abdelzaher
There exists a growing need for automated interoperability among medical devices in modern healthcare systems. This requirement is not just for convenience, but to prevent the possibility of errors due to the complexity of interactions between the devices and human operators. Hence, a system supporting such interoperability is supposed to provide the means to interconnect distributed medial devices in an open space, so must be designed to account for network failures. In this paper, we introduce a generic framework, the Network-Aware Supervisory System (NASS) to integrate medical devices into such a clinical interoperability system that uses real networks. It provides a development environment, in which medical-device supervisory logic can be developed based on the assumptions of an ideal, robust network. A case study shows that the NASS framework provides the same procedural effectiveness as the original logic based on the ideal network model but with protection against real-world network failures.
{"title":"A framework for the safe interoperability of medical devices in the presence of network failures","authors":"Cheolgi Kim, Mu Sun, Sibin Mohan, H. Yun, L. Sha, T. Abdelzaher","doi":"10.1145/1795194.1795215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1795194.1795215","url":null,"abstract":"There exists a growing need for automated interoperability among medical devices in modern healthcare systems. This requirement is not just for convenience, but to prevent the possibility of errors due to the complexity of interactions between the devices and human operators. Hence, a system supporting such interoperability is supposed to provide the means to interconnect distributed medial devices in an open space, so must be designed to account for network failures. In this paper, we introduce a generic framework, the Network-Aware Supervisory System (NASS) to integrate medical devices into such a clinical interoperability system that uses real networks. It provides a development environment, in which medical-device supervisory logic can be developed based on the assumptions of an ideal, robust network. A case study shows that the NASS framework provides the same procedural effectiveness as the original logic based on the ideal network model but with protection against real-world network failures.","PeriodicalId":6619,"journal":{"name":"2016 ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)","volume":"80 1","pages":"149-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74591588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. P. Fallah, Ching-Ling Huang, R. Sengupta, H. Krishnan
One of the main characteristics of a Cyber Physical System (CPS) is the tight coupling of the computing and communications aspects of the system with its physical dynamics. In this paper, we examine this characteristic for a cooperative vehicle safety (CVS) system, and identify how the design and operation of such CPSs should consider this tight coupling. In CVS systems, vehicles broadcast their physical state information over a shared wireless network to allow their neighbors to track them and predict possible collisions. The physical dynamics of vehicle movement and the required accuracy from tracking process dictate certain load on the network. The network performance is directly affected by the amount of offered load, and in turn directly affects the tracking process and its required load. The tight mutual dependence of physical dynamics of vehicle (physical component), estimation/tracking process and communication process (cyber components) require a new look at how such systems are designed and operated. We consider these factors and propose methods to simplify the design procedure for such tightly coupled systems. The method includes modeling the subcomponent of the CPS and devising interaction and control algorithms to operate them. The proposed methods are compared with methods based on separate design of components that deal with physical and cyber aspects. Through simulation experiments we show significant gains in performance when CPS design considerations are respected.
{"title":"Design of cooperative vehicle safety systems based on tight coupling of communication, computing and physical vehicle dynamics","authors":"Y. P. Fallah, Ching-Ling Huang, R. Sengupta, H. Krishnan","doi":"10.1145/1795194.1795217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1795194.1795217","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main characteristics of a Cyber Physical System (CPS) is the tight coupling of the computing and communications aspects of the system with its physical dynamics. In this paper, we examine this characteristic for a cooperative vehicle safety (CVS) system, and identify how the design and operation of such CPSs should consider this tight coupling. In CVS systems, vehicles broadcast their physical state information over a shared wireless network to allow their neighbors to track them and predict possible collisions. The physical dynamics of vehicle movement and the required accuracy from tracking process dictate certain load on the network. The network performance is directly affected by the amount of offered load, and in turn directly affects the tracking process and its required load. The tight mutual dependence of physical dynamics of vehicle (physical component), estimation/tracking process and communication process (cyber components) require a new look at how such systems are designed and operated. We consider these factors and propose methods to simplify the design procedure for such tightly coupled systems. The method includes modeling the subcomponent of the CPS and devising interaction and control algorithms to operate them. The proposed methods are compared with methods based on separate design of components that deal with physical and cyber aspects. Through simulation experiments we show significant gains in performance when CPS design considerations are respected.","PeriodicalId":6619,"journal":{"name":"2016 ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)","volume":"12 1","pages":"159-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85000802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a new control strategy for data centers that aims to optimize the trade-off between maximizing the payoff from the provided quality of computational services and minimizing energy costs for computation and cooling. The data center is modeled as two interacting dynamic networks: a computational (cyber) network representing the distribution and flow of computational tasks, and a thermal (physical) network characterizing the distribution and flow of thermal energy. To make the problem tractable, the control architecture is decomposed hierarchically according to time-scales in the thermal and computational network dynamics, and spatially, reflecting weak coupling between zones in the data center. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated control strategy relative to traditional approaches in which the cyber and physical resources are controlled independently.
{"title":"A cyber-physical systems approach to energy management in data centers","authors":"L. Parolini, N. Tolia, B. Sinopoli, B. Krogh","doi":"10.1145/1795194.1795218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1795194.1795218","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new control strategy for data centers that aims to optimize the trade-off between maximizing the payoff from the provided quality of computational services and minimizing energy costs for computation and cooling. The data center is modeled as two interacting dynamic networks: a computational (cyber) network representing the distribution and flow of computational tasks, and a thermal (physical) network characterizing the distribution and flow of thermal energy. To make the problem tractable, the control architecture is decomposed hierarchically according to time-scales in the thermal and computational network dynamics, and spatially, reflecting weak coupling between zones in the data center. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated control strategy relative to traditional approaches in which the cyber and physical resources are controlled independently.","PeriodicalId":6619,"journal":{"name":"2016 ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)","volume":"60 1","pages":"168-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74394741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zhu, Edwin M. Westbrook, Jun Inoue, Alexandre Chapoutot, Cherif R. Salama, Marisa Linnea Peralta, T. Martin, Walid M. Taha, M. O'Malley, Robert Cartwright, A. Ames, R. Bhattacharya
Cyber-physical systems comprise digital components that directly interact with a physical environment. Specifying the behavior desired of such systems requires analytical modeling of physical phenomena. Similarly, testing them requires simulation of continuous systems. While numerous tools support later stages of developing simulation codes, there is still a large gap between analytical modeling and building running simulators. This gap significantly impedes the ability of scientists and engineers to develop novel cyber-physical systems. We propose bridging this gap by automating the mapping from analytical models to simulation codes. Focusing on mechanical systems as an important class of physical systems, we study the form of analytical models that arise in this domain, along with the process by which domain experts map them to executable codes. We show that the key steps needed to automate this mapping are 1) a light-weight analysis to partially direct equations, 2) a binding-time analysis, and 3) symbolic differentiation. In addition to producing a prototype modeling environment, we highlight some limitations in the state of the art in tool support of simulation, and suggest ways in which some of these limitations could be overcome.
{"title":"Mathematical equations as executable models of mechanical systems","authors":"A. Zhu, Edwin M. Westbrook, Jun Inoue, Alexandre Chapoutot, Cherif R. Salama, Marisa Linnea Peralta, T. Martin, Walid M. Taha, M. O'Malley, Robert Cartwright, A. Ames, R. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1145/1795194.1795196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1795194.1795196","url":null,"abstract":"Cyber-physical systems comprise digital components that directly interact with a physical environment. Specifying the behavior desired of such systems requires analytical modeling of physical phenomena. Similarly, testing them requires simulation of continuous systems. While numerous tools support later stages of developing simulation codes, there is still a large gap between analytical modeling and building running simulators. This gap significantly impedes the ability of scientists and engineers to develop novel cyber-physical systems.\u0000 We propose bridging this gap by automating the mapping from analytical models to simulation codes. Focusing on mechanical systems as an important class of physical systems, we study the form of analytical models that arise in this domain, along with the process by which domain experts map them to executable codes. We show that the key steps needed to automate this mapping are 1) a light-weight analysis to partially direct equations, 2) a binding-time analysis, and 3) symbolic differentiation. In addition to producing a prototype modeling environment, we highlight some limitations in the state of the art in tool support of simulation, and suggest ways in which some of these limitations could be overcome.","PeriodicalId":6619,"journal":{"name":"2016 ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)","volume":"73 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83973214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Precision agriculture (PA) refers to a series of practices and tools necessary to correctly evaluate farming needs and a high density of soil sensors is an essential part of this effort. The accuracy and effectiveness of PA solutions are highly dependent on accurate and timely analysis of the soil conditions. Traditional soil measurements techniques, however, do not provide real-time data and hence, cannot fully satisfy these requirements. Moreover, the use of wired sensors, which usually must be installed and removed frequently, impacts the deployment of a high density of sensor nodes for a certain area. In this paper, a novel cyber-physical system (CPS) is developed through the integration of center pivot systems with wireless underground sensor networks, i.e., (CPS)2 for precision agriculture (PA). The Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) consist of wirelessly connected underground sensor nodes that communicate untethered through soil. A CP provides one of the highest efficient irrigation solutions for agriculture and the integration of WUSNs with the CP structure can provide autonomous irrigation capabilities that are driven by the physical world, i.e., conditions of the soil. However, the wireless communication channel for the soil-air path is significantly affected by many spatio-temporal aspects, such as the location and burial depth of the sensors, the soil texture and moisture, the vegetation canopy, and also the speed of the center pivot engine. Due to the high number of real-time parameters to be considered, a cyber-physical system (CPS) must be developed. In this paper, as a proof-of-concept, the results of empirical experiments with these components are provided. The main characteristics of a precision agriculture CPS are highlighted as a result of the experiments realized with a WUSN built on top of a real-life center pivot system. The experiment results show that the concept of (CPS)2 is feasible and can be made highly reliable using commodity wireless sensor motes. Moreover, it is shown that the realization of (CPS)2 requires non-trivial management due to stochastic real-time communication constraints. Accordingly, guidelines for the development of an efficient (CPS)2 solution are provided. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that considers a CPS solution based on WUSNs for precision agriculture.
{"title":"(CPS)^2: integration of center pivot systems with wireless underground sensor networks for autonomous precision agriculture","authors":"Agnelo R. Silva, M. Vuran","doi":"10.1145/1795194.1795206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1795194.1795206","url":null,"abstract":"Precision agriculture (PA) refers to a series of practices and tools necessary to correctly evaluate farming needs and a high density of soil sensors is an essential part of this effort. The accuracy and effectiveness of PA solutions are highly dependent on accurate and timely analysis of the soil conditions. Traditional soil measurements techniques, however, do not provide real-time data and hence, cannot fully satisfy these requirements. Moreover, the use of wired sensors, which usually must be installed and removed frequently, impacts the deployment of a high density of sensor nodes for a certain area. In this paper, a novel cyber-physical system (CPS) is developed through the integration of center pivot systems with wireless underground sensor networks, i.e., (CPS)2 for precision agriculture (PA). The Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) consist of wirelessly connected underground sensor nodes that communicate untethered through soil. A CP provides one of the highest efficient irrigation solutions for agriculture and the integration of WUSNs with the CP structure can provide autonomous irrigation capabilities that are driven by the physical world, i.e., conditions of the soil. However, the wireless communication channel for the soil-air path is significantly affected by many spatio-temporal aspects, such as the location and burial depth of the sensors, the soil texture and moisture, the vegetation canopy, and also the speed of the center pivot engine. Due to the high number of real-time parameters to be considered, a cyber-physical system (CPS) must be developed. In this paper, as a proof-of-concept, the results of empirical experiments with these components are provided. The main characteristics of a precision agriculture CPS are highlighted as a result of the experiments realized with a WUSN built on top of a real-life center pivot system. The experiment results show that the concept of (CPS)2 is feasible and can be made highly reliable using commodity wireless sensor motes. Moreover, it is shown that the realization of (CPS)2 requires non-trivial management due to stochastic real-time communication constraints. Accordingly, guidelines for the development of an efficient (CPS)2 solution are provided. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that considers a CPS solution based on WUSNs for precision agriculture.","PeriodicalId":6619,"journal":{"name":"2016 ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)","volume":"85 1","pages":"79-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76666541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) have proven effective in improving quality of medical services by providing continuous and ambulatory healthcare monitoring. Realistic system often employ collaborative sensor models. Due to the data interdependencies, brief unavailability of a small portion of data can invalidate a whole period of observation. To address this issue we present our ongoing research on minimum energy cost recovery from link failures.
{"title":"Toward power optimization for communication failure recovery in Body Sensor Networks","authors":"Vitali Loseu, Hassan Ghasemzadeh, R. Jafari","doi":"10.1145/1795194.1795222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1795194.1795222","url":null,"abstract":"Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) have proven effective in improving quality of medical services by providing continuous and ambulatory healthcare monitoring. Realistic system often employ collaborative sensor models. Due to the data interdependencies, brief unavailability of a small portion of data can invalidate a whole period of observation. To address this issue we present our ongoing research on minimum energy cost recovery from link failures.","PeriodicalId":6619,"journal":{"name":"2016 ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)","volume":"70 1","pages":"198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84597714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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