Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoscale semiconductor crystals that possess special characteristics, and they are used in various fields. The crystals are composed of elements that usually lie within the groups II-VI or III–V respectively. The diameter of these crystals is usually smaller than the Bohr excitation radius. These crystals have unique photochemical and photo-physical properties. There are several methods for synthesizing QDs, in which the high temperature co-ordinated solvents-based synthesis is one of the most important. The various synthesis procedures affect the size of these QDs, which determine their characteristics and consequently their applications. QDs are widely used in the fields of bio-imaging, photovoltaic, catalysis, light-emitting diodes, photoconductors, and photodetectors, respectively. The major factors which influence the use of QDs in the field of bio-imaging are their high luminescence, and narrow emission properties. In this review, we discuss various methods of QDs synthesis and their applications in different fields, specifically in today’s world of modern biology.
{"title":"A review on Quantum Dots (QDs) and their biomedical applications","authors":"Avirup Panja, Prasun Patra","doi":"10.1051/fopen/2022020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2022020","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoscale semiconductor crystals that possess special characteristics, and they are used in various fields. The crystals are composed of elements that usually lie within the groups II-VI or III–V respectively. The diameter of these crystals is usually smaller than the Bohr excitation radius. These crystals have unique photochemical and photo-physical properties. There are several methods for synthesizing QDs, in which the high temperature co-ordinated solvents-based synthesis is one of the most important. The various synthesis procedures affect the size of these QDs, which determine their characteristics and consequently their applications. QDs are widely used in the fields of bio-imaging, photovoltaic, catalysis, light-emitting diodes, photoconductors, and photodetectors, respectively. The major factors which influence the use of QDs in the field of bio-imaging are their high luminescence, and narrow emission properties. In this review, we discuss various methods of QDs synthesis and their applications in different fields, specifically in today’s world of modern biology.","PeriodicalId":6841,"journal":{"name":"4open","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79235475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiupeng Du, Pablo Canamas, P. Guichardon, N. Ibaseta, Bruno Montagnier, J. Hubaud
The common chemical ultraviolet (UV) filters such as octyl salicylate that are used in sunscreen cream may cause irritation and other unknown medical conditions. One possible route to avoid the direct contact of UV filters with human skin is to enclose those filters in microcapsules. In this study, microcapsules with a size calibrated at 78 μm via microfluidics but with different shell thicknesses (0.4 to 2.5 μm) are used for the first time, to study the influence of shell thickness of microcapsules on the UV absorption efficiency. The results show that the shell thickness of microcapsules has no obvious influence on the UV absorption efficiency. Besides, a rough model based on the Beer–Lambert law is used to compare the experimental results.
{"title":"Adaptability of polyurea microcapsules loaded with octyl salicylate for sunscreen application: influence of shell thickness of microfluidic-calibrated capsules on UV absorption efficiency","authors":"Jiupeng Du, Pablo Canamas, P. Guichardon, N. Ibaseta, Bruno Montagnier, J. Hubaud","doi":"10.1051/fopen/2023004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2023004","url":null,"abstract":"The common chemical ultraviolet (UV) filters such as octyl salicylate that are used in sunscreen cream may cause irritation and other unknown medical conditions. One possible route to avoid the direct contact of UV filters with human skin is to enclose those filters in microcapsules. In this study, microcapsules with a size calibrated at 78 μm via microfluidics but with different shell thicknesses (0.4 to 2.5 μm) are used for the first time, to study the influence of shell thickness of microcapsules on the UV absorption efficiency. The results show that the shell thickness of microcapsules has no obvious influence on the UV absorption efficiency. Besides, a rough model based on the Beer–Lambert law is used to compare the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":6841,"journal":{"name":"4open","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79920613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Post-synthetic modification of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) provides a unique lesser synthetically demanding opportunity to access nanomaterials those are oftentimes not directly realizable by conventional synthetic routes. Trivalent lanthanide (Ln3+) incorporated (doped) semiconductor NPs can benefit from individual properties of the NPs and Ln3+ moieties. This work summarizes key outcomes from experiments when (a) ZnS /CdS /CdSe NPs are post-synthetically treated with Ln3+ to generate ZnS/Ln or CdSe/Ln [Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb] and CdS/Ln [Eu, Tb] NPs, (b) synthetically Tb3+ doped Zn(Tb)S NPs are post-synthetically modified with varying concentration of heavy metals like Pb2+/Cd2+ to generate Zn(Tb)S/M [M = Pb, Cd] NPs, and (c) the pH of Zn(Tb)S NPs aqueous dispersion is varied post-synthetically. Key observations from these experiments include (a) incorporation of Ln in all the post-synthetically prepared CA/Ln NPs, with presence of host sensitized dopant emission in select cases that can be rationalized by a charge trapping mediated dopant emission sensitization processes, (b) existence of rich photophysics in the sub-stoichiometric reactant concentration ratio, and (c) identifying the alteration of surface capping ligand structure as an important variable to control the Ln3+ emission. In summary, these experimental observations provide an easy control of reaction conditions either to generate Ln3+ inorganic NP luminophores or to control their electronic properties by modulating either the NP’s core or surface properties, and are of potential usefulness in various luminescence based applications.
无机纳米颗粒(NPs)的合成后改性提供了一个独特的低合成要求的机会来获得那些通常不能通过传统合成途径直接实现的纳米材料。三价镧系元素(Ln3+)掺入(掺杂)半导体NPs可以受益于NPs和Ln3+部分的各自特性。这项工作从实验中总结了主要成果时(a)的硫化锌/ Cd / CdSe NPs post-synthetically Ln3 +处理生成的硫化锌/ Ln或CdSe / Ln (Ln =公关,Nd, Sm、欧盟、结核病、Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb)和Cd / Ln(欧盟、结核病)NPs (b)综合掺Tb3 +锌(Tb)年代NPs post-synthetically修改与不同浓度的重金属如Pb2 + / Cd2 +生成锌(Tb) S / M (M = Pb、Cd) NPs和(c)锌的pH值(Tb) S NPs多种多样post-synthetically水分散体。这些实验的主要观察结果包括:(a)在所有合成后制备的CA/Ln NPs中都加入了Ln，在某些情况下，存在宿主敏化的掺杂物发射，这可以通过电荷捕获介导的掺杂物发射敏化过程来解释;(b)在亚化学计量的反应浓度比中存在丰富的光物理特性;(c)发现表面盖层配体结构的改变是控制Ln3+发射的重要变量。总之，这些实验结果提供了一种容易控制反应条件的方法，既可以生成Ln3+无机NP发光团，也可以通过调制NP的核心或表面性质来控制它们的电子性质，并且在各种基于发光的应用中具有潜在的用途。
{"title":"Post-synthetic modification of semiconductor nanoparticles can generate lanthanide luminophores and modulate the electronic properties of preformed nanoparticles","authors":"Saoni Rudra, Madhumita Bhar, P. Mukherjee","doi":"10.1051/fopen/2023007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2023007","url":null,"abstract":"Post-synthetic modification of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) provides a unique lesser synthetically demanding opportunity to access nanomaterials those are oftentimes not directly realizable by conventional synthetic routes. Trivalent lanthanide (Ln3+) incorporated (doped) semiconductor NPs can benefit from individual properties of the NPs and Ln3+ moieties. This work summarizes key outcomes from experiments when (a) ZnS /CdS /CdSe NPs are post-synthetically treated with Ln3+ to generate ZnS/Ln or CdSe/Ln [Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb] and CdS/Ln [Eu, Tb] NPs, (b) synthetically Tb3+ doped Zn(Tb)S NPs are post-synthetically modified with varying concentration of heavy metals like Pb2+/Cd2+ to generate Zn(Tb)S/M [M = Pb, Cd] NPs, and (c) the pH of Zn(Tb)S NPs aqueous dispersion is varied post-synthetically. Key observations from these experiments include (a) incorporation of Ln in all the post-synthetically prepared CA/Ln NPs, with presence of host sensitized dopant emission in select cases that can be rationalized by a charge trapping mediated dopant emission sensitization processes, (b) existence of rich photophysics in the sub-stoichiometric reactant concentration ratio, and (c) identifying the alteration of surface capping ligand structure as an important variable to control the Ln3+ emission. In summary, these experimental observations provide an easy control of reaction conditions either to generate Ln3+ inorganic NP luminophores or to control their electronic properties by modulating either the NP’s core or surface properties, and are of potential usefulness in various luminescence based applications.","PeriodicalId":6841,"journal":{"name":"4open","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79583889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The experimental characterization of human skin in vivo may be highly dependent on the experimental protocol and on the procedure employed for analyzing the experimental data. One way of overcoming these drawbacks is the contact-free indenter at the Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, Lyon, France. However, it is still necessary to determine the possible influence of the experimental protocol in terms of the dwell time chosen. This paper describes a coupled theoretical/experimental/numerical study on the viscoelastic responses of the human skin at two different ages during contact-free creep tests with dwell times of 0.1 s, 0.5 s, 1 s, 2 s and 100 s, respectively. The 3-D finite element simulations are conducted with the SYSTUS® software. The numerical results point to different behaviors for the young and elderly subjects. The young subject does not appear influenced by dwell times during the numerical creep tests. On the contrary, the response of the elderly subject is highly dependent on dwell time.
{"title":"Dwell time in contact-free creep tests plays an age-dependent role in the viscoelastic behavior of in vivo human skin","authors":"M. Abellan, M. Ayadh, J. Bergheau, H. Zahouani","doi":"10.1051/fopen/2023006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2023006","url":null,"abstract":"The experimental characterization of human skin in vivo may be highly dependent on the experimental protocol and on the procedure employed for analyzing the experimental data. One way of overcoming these drawbacks is the contact-free indenter at the Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, Lyon, France. However, it is still necessary to determine the possible influence of the experimental protocol in terms of the dwell time chosen. This paper describes a coupled theoretical/experimental/numerical study on the viscoelastic responses of the human skin at two different ages during contact-free creep tests with dwell times of 0.1 s, 0.5 s, 1 s, 2 s and 100 s, respectively. The 3-D finite element simulations are conducted with the SYSTUS® software. The numerical results point to different behaviors for the young and elderly subjects. The young subject does not appear influenced by dwell times during the numerical creep tests. On the contrary, the response of the elderly subject is highly dependent on dwell time.","PeriodicalId":6841,"journal":{"name":"4open","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85229988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we introduce a method to construct copulas. The method is based on combining the partial derivatives of two copulas. We prove that the proposed method provides a copula. Then, we exemplify the application of the method in several cases, illustrating the versatility of the method. We also prove that using copulas from the family introduced in Rodríguez-Lallena and Úbeda-Flores (2004) [Stat Probab Lett 66, 3, 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2003.09.010], the method provides a copula inside that family.
本文介绍了一种构造联结函数的方法。该方法是基于组合两个copula的偏导数。我们证明了该方法提供了一个联结公式。然后，我们举例说明了该方法在几个案例中的应用，说明了该方法的通用性。我们也用Rodríguez-Lallena和Úbeda-Flores(2004)中引入的家族中的联结来证明[Stat Probab Lett 66, 3,315 - 325]。https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2003.09.010]，该方法在该家族中提供了一个联结。
{"title":"A method for the elicitation of copulas","authors":"V. González-López, Vinícius Litvinoff Justus","doi":"10.1051/fopen/2023001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2023001","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we introduce a method to construct copulas. The method is based on combining the partial derivatives of two copulas. We prove that the proposed method provides a copula. Then, we exemplify the application of the method in several cases, illustrating the versatility of the method. We also prove that using copulas from the family introduced in Rodríguez-Lallena and Úbeda-Flores (2004) [Stat Probab Lett 66, 3, 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2003.09.010], the method provides a copula inside that family.","PeriodicalId":6841,"journal":{"name":"4open","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89102929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Korosak, Sandra Postić, A. Stožer, Marjan Slak Rupnik
Presented with sensory challenges, living cells employ extensive noisy, fluctuating signaling and communication among themselves to compute a physiologically proper response. Using coupled stochastic oscillators model, we propose that biological computation mechanism undertaken by insulin secreting beta-cells consists of a combination of dual intracellular Ca2+ release processes to ensure multilayered exploration contributing to enhanced robustness and sensitivity. The computational output is macroscopically observed as disorder-order phase transition in a collective beta-cell response to increases in nutrient concentrations. Our own experimental data and analogies from previously described examples of biological computation suggest that the initial limited response to nutrients may be followed by an adaptive phase to expand the sensory spectrum and consolidate memory.
{"title":"Collective biological computation in metabolic economy","authors":"D. Korosak, Sandra Postić, A. Stožer, Marjan Slak Rupnik","doi":"10.1051/fopen/2023002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2023002","url":null,"abstract":"Presented with sensory challenges, living cells employ extensive noisy, fluctuating signaling and communication among themselves to compute a physiologically proper response. Using coupled stochastic oscillators model, we propose that biological computation mechanism undertaken by insulin secreting beta-cells consists of a combination of dual intracellular Ca2+ release processes to ensure multilayered exploration contributing to enhanced robustness and sensitivity. The computational output is macroscopically observed as disorder-order phase transition in a collective beta-cell response to increases in nutrient concentrations. Our own experimental data and analogies from previously described examples of biological computation suggest that the initial limited response to nutrients may be followed by an adaptive phase to expand the sensory spectrum and consolidate memory.","PeriodicalId":6841,"journal":{"name":"4open","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86973624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ayadh, Amaury Guillermin, M. Abellan, Sara Figueiredo, M. Pedrazzani, Emmanuel Cohen, A. Bigouret, H. Zahouani
Knowing the evolution of the skin’s response to mechanical solicitations and understanding its origin is important in medicine, surgery, and cosmetics. Studies performed in vitro and ex vivo show that links exist between the topographic skin properties and the collagen and elastin fibers network in the dermis. But, to our knowledge, no in vivo study shows this link. In this study we propose a combination of experimental tests to demonstrate the link between the topographic skin properties and the fibers network in the dermis in vivo. The first method consists in analyzing the skin relief images. The second method uses a recently developed imaging technique of human skin in vivo with a high spatial resolution: Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT). This technology provides two types of images modalities: vertical and horizontal section images. The skin relief images and its internal layers are carried out for the skin at rest and during a folding test. The latter is performed using a folding system developed in this study. From these images, we calculate the density of the skin lines printed on the skin surface and their orientations. Thanks to the two modalities of LC-OCT, we obtain the full 3D image of the skin volume. From these images we extract the fibers density and their orientation in the plans parallel and perpendicular to the outer skin surface. The study is carried out on 42 volunteers aged from 20 to 55 years-old. Skin relief analysis and LC-OCT images are performed on the skin of the forearm and thigh. The results show similar distributions of the skin lines on the surface and of its fibers in the volume. We could observe a correlation between the skin lines at the surface and the structure in depth of its layers in the volume (0.40 < rSpearman < 0.73).
{"title":"Investigation of the link between the human skin relief and the dermal fibers network by coupling topographic analysis and LC-OCT imaging before and during folding tests","authors":"M. Ayadh, Amaury Guillermin, M. Abellan, Sara Figueiredo, M. Pedrazzani, Emmanuel Cohen, A. Bigouret, H. Zahouani","doi":"10.1051/fopen/2023005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2023005","url":null,"abstract":"Knowing the evolution of the skin’s response to mechanical solicitations and understanding its origin is important in medicine, surgery, and cosmetics. Studies performed in vitro and ex vivo show that links exist between the topographic skin properties and the collagen and elastin fibers network in the dermis. But, to our knowledge, no in vivo study shows this link. In this study we propose a combination of experimental tests to demonstrate the link between the topographic skin properties and the fibers network in the dermis in vivo. The first method consists in analyzing the skin relief images. The second method uses a recently developed imaging technique of human skin in vivo with a high spatial resolution: Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT). This technology provides two types of images modalities: vertical and horizontal section images. The skin relief images and its internal layers are carried out for the skin at rest and during a folding test. The latter is performed using a folding system developed in this study. From these images, we calculate the density of the skin lines printed on the skin surface and their orientations. Thanks to the two modalities of LC-OCT, we obtain the full 3D image of the skin volume. From these images we extract the fibers density and their orientation in the plans parallel and perpendicular to the outer skin surface. The study is carried out on 42 volunteers aged from 20 to 55 years-old. Skin relief analysis and LC-OCT images are performed on the skin of the forearm and thigh. The results show similar distributions of the skin lines on the surface and of its fibers in the volume. We could observe a correlation between the skin lines at the surface and the structure in depth of its layers in the volume (0.40 < rSpearman < 0.73).","PeriodicalId":6841,"journal":{"name":"4open","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80839922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. E. García, V. González-López, Maria Magdalena Kcala Alvaro
Given two continuous random variables, X and Y, we study the relationship between their statistical dependence and the Young tableau of the permutation defined from the graph of a bivariate sample coming from (X, Y). From a sample of size n of (X, Y), we identify the Young tableau of the permutation which maps the ranks of the X observations on the ranks of the Y observations. Procedures to detect statistical dependence between pairs of random variables, based on statistics calculated on the permutation defined by the graph of a bivariate sample have been developed, see García and González-López (2020) [Symmetry 12, 9, 1415. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091415] and García and González-López (2014) [J Multivar Anal 127, 126–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2014.02.010]. In those papers, the information used is the length of the longest increasing (decreasing) subsequence, identified as the first line (the first column) of the Young tableau of the permutation. In this paper, we expose the information captured by the shape of the Young tableau of the permutation.
{"title":"Statistical dependence and shape of Young tableau","authors":"J. E. García, V. González-López, Maria Magdalena Kcala Alvaro","doi":"10.1051/fopen/2023003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2023003","url":null,"abstract":"Given two continuous random variables, X and Y, we study the relationship between their statistical dependence and the Young tableau of the permutation defined from the graph of a bivariate sample coming from (X, Y). From a sample of size n of (X, Y), we identify the Young tableau of the permutation which maps the ranks of the X observations on the ranks of the Y observations. Procedures to detect statistical dependence between pairs of random variables, based on statistics calculated on the permutation defined by the graph of a bivariate sample have been developed, see García and González-López (2020) [Symmetry 12, 9, 1415. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091415] and García and González-López (2014) [J Multivar Anal 127, 126–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2014.02.010]. In those papers, the information used is the length of the longest increasing (decreasing) subsequence, identified as the first line (the first column) of the Young tableau of the permutation. In this paper, we expose the information captured by the shape of the Young tableau of the permutation.","PeriodicalId":6841,"journal":{"name":"4open","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87528001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Called “bioblasts” in 1890, named “mitochondria” in 1898, baptized in 1957 as the “powerhouse of the cell” and christened in 1999 as the “motor of cell death”, mitochondria have been anointed in 2017 as “powerhouses of immunity”. In 1962, for the first time a causal link between mitochondria and human diseases was described, the genetic basis for which was revealed in 1988. The term “mitochondrial medicine” was coined in 1994. Research into mitochondria has been conducted ever since light microscopic studies during the end of the 19th century revealed their existence. To this day, new discoveries around this organelle and above all new insights into their fundamental role for human health and disease continue to surprise. Nowadays hardly any disease is known for which either the etiology or pathogenesis is not associated with malfunctioning mitochondria. In this second part of our review about recent developments in mitochondrial medicine we continue tracking and highlighting selected lines of mitochondrial research from their beginnings up to the present time. Mainly written for readers not familiar with this cell organelle, we hope both parts of our review will substantiate what we articulated over a decade ago, namely that the future of medicine will come through better understanding of the mitochondrion.
{"title":"Recent developments in mitochondrial medicine (part 2)","authors":"V. Weissig, M. Edeas","doi":"10.1051/fopen/2022002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2022002","url":null,"abstract":"Called “bioblasts” in 1890, named “mitochondria” in 1898, baptized in 1957 as the “powerhouse of the cell” and christened in 1999 as the “motor of cell death”, mitochondria have been anointed in 2017 as “powerhouses of immunity”. In 1962, for the first time a causal link between mitochondria and human diseases was described, the genetic basis for which was revealed in 1988. The term “mitochondrial medicine” was coined in 1994. Research into mitochondria has been conducted ever since light microscopic studies during the end of the 19th century revealed their existence. To this day, new discoveries around this organelle and above all new insights into their fundamental role for human health and disease continue to surprise. Nowadays hardly any disease is known for which either the etiology or pathogenesis is not associated with malfunctioning mitochondria. In this second part of our review about recent developments in mitochondrial medicine we continue tracking and highlighting selected lines of mitochondrial research from their beginnings up to the present time. Mainly written for readers not familiar with this cell organelle, we hope both parts of our review will substantiate what we articulated over a decade ago, namely that the future of medicine will come through better understanding of the mitochondrion.","PeriodicalId":6841,"journal":{"name":"4open","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77395706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many-body Hilbert space has the algebraic structure of a finitely generated free module. All N-body wave functions in d dimensions can be generated by a finite number of N!d − 1 of generators called shapes, with symmetric-function coefficients. Physically the shapes are vacuum states, while the symmetric coefficients are bosonic excitations of these vacua. It is shown here that logical entropy can be used to distinguish fermion shapes by information content, although they are pure states whose usual quantum entropies are zero. The construction is based on the known algebraic structure of fermion shapes. It is presented for the case of N fermions in three dimensions. The background of this result is presented as an introductory review.
{"title":"Entropy of pure states: not all wave functions are born equal","authors":"D. Sunko","doi":"10.1051/fopen/2021006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2021006","url":null,"abstract":"Many-body Hilbert space has the algebraic structure of a finitely generated free module. All N-body wave functions in d dimensions can be generated by a finite number of N!d − 1 of generators called shapes, with symmetric-function coefficients. Physically the shapes are vacuum states, while the symmetric coefficients are bosonic excitations of these vacua. It is shown here that logical entropy can be used to distinguish fermion shapes by information content, although they are pure states whose usual quantum entropies are zero. The construction is based on the known algebraic structure of fermion shapes. It is presented for the case of N fermions in three dimensions. The background of this result is presented as an introductory review.","PeriodicalId":6841,"journal":{"name":"4open","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75581241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：