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Respiratory rate is a critical parameter for activating rapid response systems. Given the limitations of existing respiratory rate measurement methods, we aimed to develop a simple, affordable, portable, non-contact, and automatic measurement device using commercially available optical components. We further verified its measurement accuracy through experiments involving a simulator and a volunteer. The proposed system consisted of a webcam with 10 infrared light-emitting diodes, a webcam arm stand, and a laptop. The system employed the law of light attenuation to assess changes in the distance between the camera and the body surface and then extracted depth information from two-dimensional images. In the simulator experiments, the Bland–Altman analysis revealed a bias of 0.167 between simulator settings and automatic system measurements, and 0.200 between simulator settings and visual measurements by a nurse. In the volunteer experiment, the bias between automatic system measurements and visual measurements by a nurse was 0.033. The results were satisfactory. The proposed method exhibits sufficient measurement accuracy for practical use in an individual with a stable respiratory state. Collectively, our findings suggest that the device could reduce observational burden on nurses and significantly improve recording rate of respiratory parameters.

This article discusses the relationship between three characteristics of the quality of a measurement result, namely traceability, uncertainty, and stability. The presented annual stability investigation is based on the assumption of high long-term stability of the planar multi-junction voltage thermal converter, with which the AC/DC transfer standard under study is compared. To evaluate the qualitative aspect of the reproduction of the AC voltage unit for further dissemination, the relationship between the uncertainty of measurements and the difference between two estimates, separated in time by 1 year, was analyzed. To predict the random displacement of the reproducible volt unit, the presence of long-term drift of the hypothetical average AC/DC voltage transfer difference was also analyzed. To guarantee the quality of the performed assessment, three criteria of mathematical statistics were applied in the analysis of the presence of displacement trends.

India's ambitious initiative, “Viksit Bharat” (Developed India) by 2047, aims to transform the nation into a technologically advanced, economically robust, and socially inclusive society. Education stands as a central pillar of this vision. To ensure that quality education is accessible, equitable, and affordable for all, the National Education Policy (NEP) was introduced by the government in 2020, serving as a critical policy framework within the broader “Viksit Bharat” vision. While the NEP provides a comprehensive roadmap for India’s educational transformation, a unified approach to ensure systemic quality and stakeholder integration is lacking. To fill this gap, this paper introduces the Aswal Model—a quality infrastructure-based framework originally developed for science and innovation—as a conceptual tool to analyse and amplify the NEP’s impact. Rooted in the Quadruple Helix model of academia, industry, government, and civil society, the Aswal Model emphasizes the foundational role of metrology and quality infrastructure systems (QIS) in mediating stakeholder interactions. Using thematic analysis and policy documents, the study demonstrates how QI elements such as standardization, accreditation, and conformity assessment align with NEP’s elements, including core focus areas—Early Childhood Care and Education, Higher Education, and Vocational Education. By embedding QI principles into India’s education policy, the paper offers a novel interdisciplinary pathway for strengthening educational governance and knowledge generation. The findings contribute to both policy and metrology discourse by extending the application of quality infrastructure frameworks to education, providing actionable insights for regulators, technocrats, and institutional leaders.

This work presents the development of a methodology and software interface for the measurement of liquid dielectric constant based on the equivalent capacitance model. This work also presents the design and development of a novel coaxial probe with a 3D-printed transmission environment. The proposed coaxial probe is capable of working in the broadband frequency range from 500 MHz to 8.5 GHz. This probe, along with the developed software, leads to an indigenous solution for measuring the real-time electromagnetic parameters (i.e., permittivity, conductivity, and loss tangent) of liquids in a broad band frequency range. The complete setup is tested with the measurements of dielectric values of liquid and then compared and reported with the outcome of a commercially available software package and the actual target data. The measured results are comparable with the values obtained from commercial software as well as with the target data. Further, the measurement uncertainty was estimated to find out the tolerance limit, which is as per the IEC/IEEE 62209–1528:2020 standard (below ± 5%). This work is performed for the measurement and evaluation of dielectric properties in the frequency range of mobile communication, which includes 2G, 3G, 4G, and VoLTE.

Nonlinear optical phenomena and techniques challenge existing in-line metrology. In order to validate a wide range of classical and nonclassical photonic outcomes, it is now crucial to broaden the scope of metrological aspects which were initially confined to fundamental SI units. The conventional method to determine third-order nonlinear optical coefficients is Z-scan spectroscopy. Carbon Disulfide (CS₂) is the most extensively used reference material for various nonlinear optical setups including Z-scan spectroscopy. However, variation in the incident laser beam’s pulse duration drastically alters the nonlinear optical response of CS₂. Therefore, till date all the available literature quotes relative nonlinear optical coefficients of CS₂ and a consensus over the absolute nonlinearity of the reference material itself is missing. In order to overcome this limitation, the present article employs the Law of Propagation of Uncertainties (LPU/GUM) to establish a generic model to assess the uncertainties involved in the nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index in the standard CS₂ solution using transmission mode Z-scan spectroscopy. This would not only help in expanding the bounds of nonlinear optical metrology but also permit assessment, comparison, and commercialization of the results obtained from different third-order nonlinear optical measurements.

This study presents a verification method for Infrared Forehead Thermometer (IRFT) readings developed at the National Measurement and Calibration Center (NMCC) of the Saudi Standards, Metrology, and Quality Organization (SASO). Six IRFTs from two different models were tested at 38 °C, a temperature threshold for fever according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The IRFT readings were compared against reference radiance temperatures generated by a standard blackbody radiator commonly used for Infrared Ear Thermometer (IRET) calibration. The blackbody was maintained in a temperature-controlled water bath near 38 °C, with its true temperature monitored using a contact standard thermometer (Pt-100). The blackbody’s effective emissivity was calculated as 0.999874, closely matching the default emissivity setting (~ 1.0) of most IRFTs. Instead of using a radiation thermometer, radiance temperatures were calculated from the blackbody’s true temperature measurements using the Sakuma-Hattori Planck III function. When compared to reference radiance temperatures, the laboratory errors in IRFT readings ranged from − 0.20 to 0.09 °C. These values comply with the maximum permissible laboratory error (MPLE) of ± 0.3 °C specified in ASTM E1965-98:2016 for skin IR thermometers. However, when measurement uncertainty (± 0.16 °C) was considered, one IRFT (− 0.20 °C error) failed verification. This was likely due to dust or smudges on the inner lens, which are difficult to clean externally. Further studies are needed to compare and validate these findings using methodologies from other national laboratories.

Early and accurate fault diagnosis in rotating machinery is essential to prevent unplanned breakdowns, costly downtime, and safety risks. Conventional fault detection methods are usually based on contact sensors or sophisticated signal processing, which may be intricate, expensive, or unreliable in harsh industrial environments. To overcome these drawbacks, this work introduces an Extended-Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (E-ANFIS) approach for fault diagnosis in rotating machine components by utilizing infrared thermography data from the machine. The method is validated by developing a real-time experimental setup consisting of a motor-driven rotating system with key components, including a bearing, bearing housing, rotating shaft, and belt-pulley mechanism. This test uses a FLIR ONE PRO LT iOS Pro-Grade infrared thermography camera to take thermal images of these components when they work in different operating conditions. The system is configured to run for 16 continuous hours, first under healthy conditions, where recorded temperature includes (47^circ text{C }) for a healthy bearing, (49.5^circ text{C }) for a scratched bearing, (51^circ text{C}) for a healthy V-belt, and (45^circ{rm C}) for an aligned shaft. Therafter, the system is then tested under fault conditions, where a broken ball bearing reaches (65.5^circ text{C }), a cracked outer ring (63^circ text{C }) , a loose V-belt (68.5^circ text{C }) , and a misaligned shaft (67^circ text{C }). The method is validated by using five performance parameters, namely accuracy, sensitivity, precision, Jaccard Similarity Index (JSI), and Dice Similarity Index (DSI). The proposed E-ANFIS model achieves an accuracy of 96.19, 94.29 sensitivity, 99.91% JSI, and 97.02% DSI, proving its effectiveness as a non-contact, real-time defect detection method. Additionally, the proposed method is compared with four existing defect detection methods, namely, Conventional ANFIS, Linear Transformation, and Improved Hyper Smoothing based Local Binary Pattern (LTIHLBP), Fuzzy-integrated Local Binary Pattern (Fuzzy-ILBP), and Modified Local Binary Pattern (MANN) method. Although, the accuracy parameter from E-ANFIS is 96.19%, which is lower in comparison to LTIHLBP, Fuzzy-ILBP, and MANN approaches. However, E-ANFIS outperforms all above methods in terms of sensitivity, precision, JSI, and DSI.

Accurate wind speed measurement is of great significance for meteorological forecasting, industrial and agricultural production, and other fields, Metrological comparison serves as a crucial approach to ensure the consistency of wind speed instrument calibration. To evaluate the value-transfer ability of portable three-cup anemometers, the Hubei Meteorological Information and Technical Support Center took the lead in organizing a metrological comparison in 2024, involving 10 laboratories from 8 provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. This comparison adopted a petal-style transfer method, taking the YQY-QXM type portable three—cup anemometer as the transfer standard. Calibration experiments were carried out at multiple wind speed points ranging from 2 to 25 m/s in accordance with the JJG431-2014 protocol. The consistency of the results was evaluated using normalized deviation (En value). Experimental data demonstrated that the absolute value of En for all laboratories was less than 1, achieving a 100% satisfaction rate. The results indicated that the overall calibration capabilities of the laboratories met the requirements, and the value transfer was reliable. This comparison verified the comprehensive capabilities of the participating laboratories and provided an important basis for enhancing the standardization of wind speed measurement.

In this paper, a metrological analysis of GPS ceramic antenna using polarization conversion with anti-jamming features have been presented. Additionally, a novel polarization conversion technique using a metasurface is introduced to enhance the gain of a rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA). Two split-ring resonators (SRRs) interconnect provided anti-jamming capability. The structure consists of an RDRA made from a high DK ceramic material, which is excited by coaxial feeding. The proposed model has been fabricated and tested using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The anti-jamming service features in the L1 band at 1.5742 GHz. Furthermore, a (SRR) cell integrated with a Z-shaped strip line is used to convert right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) to left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) as a novel feature. The gain enhancement is another novel feature, which is obtained due to polarization conversion. This study also emphasizes the significance of metrology in ensuring accurate measurement of key antenna parameters, including (S_{11}), gain, axial ratio and impedance. The ceramic DRA also contributes to the measurement and detection of environmental signals.

The change of seawater temperature significantly affects the solubility of gas in it. With the increase of water temperature, the gas in sea water gradually precipitates to form bubbles, which may attach to the surface of the sensitive unit of the conductivity sensor, affecting the accuracy of the measurement results of the sensor. The effect of bubble on the measurement of conductivity sensor is discussed through a series of rising and cooling experiments in sea tank, and the effect is reduced by cooling method or specific debubling operation. The experimental results show that the bubble attachment will cause the measurement value of the conductivity sensor to be lower than the standard value, and the difference will gradually increase with the accumulation of bubbles on the surface of the sensitive unit. The offset of the electromagnetic induction conductivity sensor in the cooling measurement process of this study reached a maximum of − 0.0252mS/cm, and the offset in the heating measurement process reached a maximum of − 1.0761mS/cm. These offsets seriously affect the accuracy of the measurement data. The error of the electrode type conductivity sensor during the cooling measurement process was controlled within the range of ± 0.005mS/cm, and even during the heating measurement process, the maximum error was only − 0.0133mS/cm. In addition, the research shows that the electrode conductivity sensor performs better than the induction conductivity sensor in terms of anti-bubble interference. Therefore, the influence of bubbles on the measurement results of the conductivity sensor should be fully considered when Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) profiler measurement is carried out, and the operation of excluding bubbles and cooling measurement should be adopted to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the obtained data.