首页 > 最新文献

MAPAN最新文献

英文 中文
Techniques for High Accuracy User Position Estimation Using NavIC Constellation 使用 NavIC 星座进行高精度用户位置估计的技术
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00789-4
B. N. Ramakrishna, P. D. Mishra, Sharda Vashisth, Amitava Sen Gupta

The User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) accuracy of NavIC satellites performs better than 20 m based on operational orbit determination (OD) from sixteen IRIMS one-way range measurements, and two-way range measurements using four IRCDR stations. These stations are geographically located within India and a few outside. The NavIC-OD is carried-out by applying a weighted least square batch estimation algorithm.The present work performs a study to estimate the position instantaneously using trilateration by extending network of tracking stations with a sufficiently Long Baseline Tracking Stations (LBTS) in such a way that minimum four number of LBTS will have simultaneous access to any NavIC satellite. The Gauss–Newton Method is employed to estimate the position instantaneously. Further, LBTS stations tracking data are simulated to enhance the NavIC broadcast ephemeris by carrying out real time OD with Extended Kalman Filter (EKF).

NavIC 卫星的用户等效距离误差(UERE)精度优于 20 米,其依据是通过 16 个 IRIMS 单向测距站进行的运行轨道测定(OD),以及通过 4 个 IRCDR 站进行的双向测距。这些台站在地理上位于印度境内和境外。本研究通过使用足够多的长基线跟踪站(LBTS)来扩展跟踪站网络,从而至少有四个 LBTS 可以同时访问任何 NavIC 卫星,利用三坐标法进行瞬时位置估算。采用高斯-牛顿法估算瞬时位置。此外,通过使用扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF)进行实时 OD,模拟 LBTS 站的跟踪数据,以增强 NavIC 广播星历。
{"title":"Techniques for High Accuracy User Position Estimation Using NavIC Constellation","authors":"B. N. Ramakrishna,&nbsp;P. D. Mishra,&nbsp;Sharda Vashisth,&nbsp;Amitava Sen Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00789-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00789-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) accuracy of NavIC satellites performs better than 20 m based on operational orbit determination (OD) from sixteen IRIMS one-way range measurements, and two-way range measurements using four IRCDR stations. These stations are geographically located within India and a few outside. The NavIC-OD is carried-out by applying a weighted least square batch estimation algorithm.The present work performs a study to estimate the position instantaneously using trilateration by extending network of tracking stations with a sufficiently Long Baseline Tracking Stations (LBTS) in such a way that minimum four number of LBTS will have simultaneous access to any NavIC satellite. The Gauss–Newton Method is employed to estimate the position instantaneously. Further, LBTS stations tracking data are simulated to enhance the NavIC broadcast ephemeris by carrying out real time OD with Extended Kalman Filter (EKF).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"1065 - 1072"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modified Refractivity-Based Lifted Index Using Exact Formula for Lifted Condensation Level 基于折射率的修正提升指数,使用提升凝结水平的精确公式
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00779-6
Festus Kehinde Adejumobi, Modupe E. Sanyaolu, Alexander A. Willoughby, Oluropo F. Dairo

Temperature is responsible for the rise of air parcels in the atmosphere, which in turn impairs the transmission of electromagnetic waves. Therefore, atmospheric stability is a function of the temperature of the rising and sinking air parcel with respect to the environmental air temperature at the lifted condensation level (LCL). Refractivity-based lifted index (RLI), a stability index model, uses an approximate LCL value. This study modifies the RLI using the exact formula of the LCL to obtain a precise modified refractivity-based lifted index (MRLI) model for the computation of refractivity-based atmospheric stability profiles. Two years (2020–2021) reanalysis data of atmospheric parameters (temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure) were obtained from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) satellite for Lagos (6.6018° N, 3.3515° E), Abuja (9.0765° N, 7.3986° E) and Yola (9.2095° N, 12.4782° E) at 500–1000 hPa. RLI and MRLI were analysed at four synoptic hours (0, 6, 12, and 18 h) Local Time (LT). The trend shows that when RLI is negative, MRLI is negative; when RLI becomes less negative, MRLI is less negative, except in some cases where a significant amount of water vapour is observed at 500 hPa. Furthermore, a higher negative MRLI value indicates more environmental moisture and is supportive of convective activity, which implies an unstable atmosphere. MRLI has higher night-time (18–0 h LT) values compared to the daytime (6–12 h LT) due to low temperature and high humidity. Also, MRLI negative value decreases as the altitude increases with seasonal averages of − 97, − 86, and − 83 N-units over Lagos, Abuja, and Yola, respectively. A strong positive relationship was observed between MRLI and RLI, with correlation coefficients of 0.99999 for Lagos, 0.99823 for Abuja, and 0.99765 for Yola. MRLI attempts to lower the approximation error exhibited by RLI values for dry season months over Abuja and Yola.

温度会导致大气中的气团上升,进而影响电磁波的传输。因此,大气稳定性是上升和下沉气团的温度与抬升凝结水平(LCL)处环境空气温度的函数。基于折射率的抬升指数(RLI)是一种稳定指数模型,它使用近似的 LCL 值。本研究利用 LCL 的精确公式对 RLI 进行了修改,从而获得了精确的修改折射率升力指数(MRLI)模型,用于计算基于折射率的大气稳定性剖面。从欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)卫星获取了拉各斯(北纬 6.6018°,东经 3.3515°)、阿布贾(北纬 9.0765°,东经 7.3986°)和约拉(北纬 9.2095°,东经 12.4782°)500-1000 百帕的两年(2020-2021 年)大气参数(温度、相对湿度和大气压力)再分析数据。在当地时间(LT)的四个同步小时(0、6、12 和 18 小时)分析了 RLI 和 MRLI。趋势表明,当 RLI 为负值时,MRLI 也为负值;当 RLI 变为较小的负值时,MRLI 的负值也较小,除非在某些情况下,在 500 hPa 观测到大量水汽。此外,较高的 MRLI 负值表明环境湿度较大,有利于对流活动,这意味着大气层不稳定。由于低温和高湿度,夜间(18-0 h LT)的 MRLI 值比白天(6-12 h LT)高。此外,MRLI 的负值随着海拔的升高而降低,拉各斯、阿布贾和约拉的季节平均值分别为-97、-86 和 -83N-单位。在 MRLI 和 RLI 之间观察到了很强的正相关关系,拉各斯的相关系数为 0.99999,阿布贾为 0.99823,而约拉为 0.99765。MRLI 试图降低阿布贾和约拉旱季月份的 RLI 值所显示的近似误差。
{"title":"Modified Refractivity-Based Lifted Index Using Exact Formula for Lifted Condensation Level","authors":"Festus Kehinde Adejumobi,&nbsp;Modupe E. Sanyaolu,&nbsp;Alexander A. Willoughby,&nbsp;Oluropo F. Dairo","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00779-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00779-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Temperature is responsible for the rise of air parcels in the atmosphere, which in turn impairs the transmission of electromagnetic waves. Therefore, atmospheric stability is a function of the temperature of the rising and sinking air parcel with respect to the environmental air temperature at the lifted condensation level (LCL). Refractivity-based lifted index (RLI), a stability index model, uses an approximate LCL value. This study modifies the RLI using the exact formula of the LCL to obtain a precise modified refractivity-based lifted index (MRLI) model for the computation of refractivity-based atmospheric stability profiles. Two years (2020–2021) reanalysis data of atmospheric parameters (temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure) were obtained from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) satellite for Lagos (6.6018° N, 3.3515° E), Abuja (9.0765° N, 7.3986° E) and Yola (9.2095° N, 12.4782° E) at 500–1000 hPa. RLI and MRLI were analysed at four synoptic hours (0, 6, 12, and 18 h) Local Time (LT). The trend shows that when RLI is negative, MRLI is negative; when RLI becomes less negative, MRLI is less negative, except in some cases where a significant amount of water vapour is observed at 500 hPa. Furthermore, a higher negative MRLI value indicates more environmental moisture and is supportive of convective activity, which implies an unstable atmosphere. MRLI has higher night-time (18–0 h LT) values compared to the daytime (6–12 h LT) due to low temperature and high humidity. Also, MRLI negative value decreases as the altitude increases with seasonal averages of − 97, − 86, and − 83 N-units over Lagos, Abuja, and Yola, respectively. A strong positive relationship was observed between MRLI and RLI, with correlation coefficients of 0.99999 for Lagos, 0.99823 for Abuja, and 0.99765 for Yola. MRLI attempts to lower the approximation error exhibited by RLI values for dry season months over Abuja and Yola.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"1053 - 1064"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Design and Performance Analysis of Graphene Integrated CPW Fed Fractal Antennae for 5G mm-Wave and Ground Based Navigation Applications 用于 5G 毫米波和地面导航应用的石墨烯集成 CPW Fed 分形天线的设计与性能分析
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00777-8
Arun Raj, Durbadal Mandal

This paper proposes co-planner waveguide (CPW)-fed modified fractal antennae for wideband and multiband applications. The proposed antennas have a resonance frequency in the range of 24–40 GHz with 40 × 40 mm2 dimensions. The corporate CPW (Coplanar Waveguide) feeding technique is integrated with the ring, meander line, and periodic staircase with a slot pattern and augmented by conductive graphene for Electromagnetic Band Gap and Photonic Band Gap structures on the opposite side of the Substrate. This integration significantly enhances antenna performance, manifesting superior radiation properties, increased gain, enhanced directivity, and resonating behavior concerning fractal antennae. The proposed PBG and EBG fractal antennas exhibit peak directivities ranging from 9.95 to 9.48 dBi for different angles (Phi = 0°, Phi = 90°, Theta = 90°) with beam scanning and pencil beam properties, with maximum return losses of 47 dB and 30 dB for PBG and EBG designs, respectively. The covered bandwidths include 26–28 GHz, 28.4–36.3 GHz, and 25–26.5 GHz, 27.7–29.8 GHz, 31–33 GHz, 34.1–40 GHz, compatible with 5G NR bands n257, n258, n259, n260, and n261, and ground-based radio navigation applications. Simulations using CST and validations with vector and spectrum analyzers confirm these results.

本文提出了适用于宽带和多频带应用的共平面波导(CPW)馈电改良分形天线。所提天线的谐振频率范围为 24-40 GHz,尺寸为 40 × 40 mm2。公司的 CPW(共面波导)馈电技术与环形、蜿蜒线和具有槽型图案的周期性阶梯相集成,并通过导电石墨烯在基板的另一侧增加电磁带隙和光子带隙结构。这种集成极大地增强了天线性能,表现出优越的辐射特性、增益、增强的指向性以及与分形天线有关的谐振行为。所提出的 PBG 和 EBG 分形天线在不同角度(Phi = 0°、Phi = 90°、Theta = 90°)表现出 9.95 至 9.48 dBi 的峰值指向性,具有波束扫描和铅笔波束特性,PBG 和 EBG 设计的最大回波损耗分别为 47 dB 和 30 dB。覆盖的带宽包括 26-28 GHz、28.4-36.3 GHz、25-26.5 GHz、27.7-29.8 GHz、31-33 GHz、34.1-40 GHz,与 5G NR 频段 n257、n258、n259、n260 和 n261 以及地面无线电导航应用兼容。使用 CST 进行的仿真以及使用矢量和频谱分析仪进行的验证证实了这些结果。
{"title":"Design and Performance Analysis of Graphene Integrated CPW Fed Fractal Antennae for 5G mm-Wave and Ground Based Navigation Applications","authors":"Arun Raj,&nbsp;Durbadal Mandal","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00777-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00777-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper proposes co-planner waveguide (CPW)-fed modified fractal antennae for wideband and multiband applications. The proposed antennas have a resonance frequency in the range of 24–40 GHz with 40 × 40 mm<sup>2</sup> dimensions. The corporate CPW (Coplanar Waveguide) feeding technique is integrated with the ring, meander line, and periodic staircase with a slot pattern and augmented by conductive graphene for Electromagnetic Band Gap and Photonic Band Gap structures on the opposite side of the Substrate. This integration significantly enhances antenna performance, manifesting superior radiation properties, increased gain, enhanced directivity, and resonating behavior concerning fractal antennae. The proposed PBG and EBG fractal antennas exhibit peak directivities ranging from 9.95 to 9.48 dBi for different angles (Phi = 0°, Phi = 90°, Theta = 90°) with beam scanning and pencil beam properties, with maximum return losses of 47 dB and 30 dB for PBG and EBG designs, respectively. The covered bandwidths include 26–28 GHz, 28.4–36.3 GHz, and 25–26.5 GHz, 27.7–29.8 GHz, 31–33 GHz, 34.1–40 GHz, compatible with 5G NR bands n257, n258, n259, n260, and n261, and ground-based radio navigation applications. Simulations using CST and validations with vector and spectrum analyzers confirm these results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"967 - 993"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Novel Stepped-Flower Shaped UWB Frequency Reconfigurable Printed Filtering Antenna Using PIN Diodes with Trackable Notch-Band for Mid-5G Band & X-Band Applications 使用 PIN 二极管的新型阶梯花形 UWB 频率可重构印刷滤波天线,具有可跟踪的凹口波段,适用于 5G 中频段和 X 波段应用
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00778-7
Atanu Chowdhury, Prashant Ranjan

A novel Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) frequency reconfigurable filtering antenna (or reconfiltenna) is presented in this research article. In the first step, a stepped-flower-shaped UWB antenna is optimized having a 3.5–14.1 GHz band. In the next step, a UWB filter with two stubs is designed to pass the frequency band from 3 GHz to 11.2 GHz having a stop band (notch) in between them from 5.9 GHz to 7.1 GHz. Then, the filter is merged with the feedline of the UWB antenna. The radiating patch is coupled at the output of the filter forming the filtering antenna or filtenna. This filtenna operates from 3.52 GHz to 10.1 GHz with a notch band of 5.42 GHz to 6.8 GHz. Finally, six PIN diodes are embedded in the stubs of the filter to vary the effective length of the stubs by switching ON/OFF the PIN diodes in different combinations. This variation, in turn, produces a controllable or trackable notch-band. The proposed reconfiltenna carries a small volume of 32 mm × 27 mm × 0.2 mm with a thin photo paper substrate. It produces a maximum gain and efficiency of around 7.54 dBi and 83% respectively. The simulated outcomes are cross-referenced and confirmed through comparison with experimental results.

本文介绍了一种新型超宽带(UWB)频率可重构滤波天线(或称重构天线)。第一步,优化了阶梯花形 UWB 天线,其频带为 3.5-14.1 GHz。下一步,设计一个带有两个存根的 UWB 滤波器,以通过 3 GHz 至 11.2 GHz 的频段,在它们之间有一个 5.9 GHz 至 7.1 GHz 的阻带(陷波)。然后,滤波器与 UWB 天线的馈线合并。辐射贴片与滤波器的输出端耦合,形成滤波天线或滤波器。滤波器的工作频率为 3.52 GHz 至 10.1 GHz,陷波带为 5.42 GHz 至 6.8 GHz。最后,6 个 PIN 二极管被嵌入滤波器的管桩中,通过不同组合的 PIN 二极管开关来改变管桩的有效长度。这种变化反过来又产生了可控或可跟踪的陷波带。所提出的重组天线体积小,仅为 32 mm × 27 mm × 0.2 mm,基板为薄型相纸。它的最大增益和效率分别约为 7.54 dBi 和 83%。模拟结果与实验结果进行了交叉对比和确认。
{"title":"A Novel Stepped-Flower Shaped UWB Frequency Reconfigurable Printed Filtering Antenna Using PIN Diodes with Trackable Notch-Band for Mid-5G Band & X-Band Applications","authors":"Atanu Chowdhury,&nbsp;Prashant Ranjan","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00778-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00778-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) frequency reconfigurable filtering antenna (or reconfiltenna) is presented in this research article. In the first step, a stepped-flower-shaped UWB antenna is optimized having a 3.5–14.1 GHz band. In the next step, a UWB filter with two stubs is designed to pass the frequency band from 3 GHz to 11.2 GHz having a stop band (notch) in between them from 5.9 GHz to 7.1 GHz. Then, the filter is merged with the feedline of the UWB antenna. The radiating patch is coupled at the output of the filter forming the filtering antenna or filtenna. This filtenna operates from 3.52 GHz to 10.1 GHz with a notch band of 5.42 GHz to 6.8 GHz. Finally, six PIN diodes are embedded in the stubs of the filter to vary the effective length of the stubs by switching ON/OFF the PIN diodes in different combinations. This variation, in turn, produces a controllable or trackable notch-band. The proposed reconfiltenna carries a small volume of 32 mm × 27 mm × 0.2 mm with a thin photo paper substrate. It produces a maximum gain and efficiency of around 7.54 dBi and 83% respectively. The simulated outcomes are cross-referenced and confirmed through comparison with experimental results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"1031 - 1044"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Summer-Time Monitoring And Source Apportionment Study Of Both Coarse, Fine, And Ultra-Fine Particulate Pollution In Eastern Himalayan Darjeeling: A Hint To Health Risk During Peak Tourist Season 东喜马拉雅山脉大吉岭地区夏季粗颗粒物、细颗粒物和超细颗粒物污染的监测和污染源分配研究:旅游旺季的健康风险提示
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00776-9
Anamika Roy, Sujit Das, Prerna Singh, Mamun Mandal, Manoj Kumar, Aishwarya Rajlaxmi, Narayanasamy Vijayan, Amit Awasthi, Himashree Chhetri, Sonali Roy, Robert Popek, Abhijit Sarkar

The present study focuses on the elemental characterization and contribution of prominent sources of particulate matter (PM) in Darjeeling, the high-altitudinal eastern Himalayan station. The concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 was exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for 72% and 83% of the sampling days, respectively. Since the World Health Organization or other government organizations has not set any standards for PM1, the standards of PM10 and PM2.5 were considered as benchmarks. The concentration of PM1 exceeded the NAAQS for PM10 and PM2.5 on 57% and 85% of the days, respectively. The elemental characterization using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) technique identified 21 elements with the dominance of Si, Na, B, Ba, Al, and K in PM10; while, Al, N, and B in PM2.5 and PM1. Principal component analysis depicted that biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, crustal/soil dust, and industrial emissions were identified as primary contributors to PM10; PM2.5 was substantially attributed to industrial emissions, agricultural activities, biomass burning, vehicular activities and natural sources. Additionally, natural sources and anthropogenic activities like vehicular, agricultural, and industrial emissions, and combustion were identified as the major sources of PM1 in Darjeeling. The findings of this study could potentially raise awareness among researchers and policymakers, prompting them to develop sustainable strategies in hill regions across the globe.

本研究的重点是喜马拉雅山脉东部高纬度地区大吉岭的颗粒物(PM)的元素特征和主要来源。在 72% 和 83% 的采样日中,PM10 和 PM2.5 的浓度分别超过了国家环境空气质量标准(NAAQS)。由于世界卫生组织或其他政府组织没有为 PM1 制定任何标准,因此 PM10 和 PM2.5 的标准被视为基准。在 57% 和 85% 的采样日中,PM1 的浓度分别超过了 PM10 和 PM2.5 的 NAAQS 标准。使用波长色散 X 射线荧光(WD-XRF)技术进行的元素表征确定了 21 种元素,其中 PM10 中主要是 Si、Na、B、Ba、Al 和 K,而 PM2.5 和 PM1 中主要是 Al、N 和 B。主成分分析表明,生物质燃烧、化石燃料燃烧、地壳/土壤尘埃和工业排放是 PM10 的主要成因;PM2.5 则主要归因于工业排放、农业活动、生物质燃烧、车辆活动和自然来源。此外,大吉岭 PM1 的主要来源是自然源和人为活动,如车辆、农业和工业排放以及燃烧。这项研究的结果可能会提高研究人员和政策制定者的认识,促使他们为全球山区制定可持续发展战略。
{"title":"Summer-Time Monitoring And Source Apportionment Study Of Both Coarse, Fine, And Ultra-Fine Particulate Pollution In Eastern Himalayan Darjeeling: A Hint To Health Risk During Peak Tourist Season","authors":"Anamika Roy,&nbsp;Sujit Das,&nbsp;Prerna Singh,&nbsp;Mamun Mandal,&nbsp;Manoj Kumar,&nbsp;Aishwarya Rajlaxmi,&nbsp;Narayanasamy Vijayan,&nbsp;Amit Awasthi,&nbsp;Himashree Chhetri,&nbsp;Sonali Roy,&nbsp;Robert Popek,&nbsp;Abhijit Sarkar","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00776-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00776-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study focuses on the elemental characterization and contribution of prominent sources of particulate matter (PM) in Darjeeling, the high-altitudinal eastern Himalayan station. The concentration of PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> was exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for 72% and 83% of the sampling days, respectively. Since the World Health Organization or other government organizations has not set any standards for PM<sub>1</sub>, the standards of PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> were considered as benchmarks. The concentration of PM<sub>1</sub> exceeded the NAAQS for PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> on 57% and 85% of the days, respectively. The elemental characterization using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) technique identified 21 elements with the dominance of Si, Na, B, Ba, Al, and K in PM<sub>10</sub>; while, Al, N, and B in PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>1</sub>. Principal component analysis depicted that biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, crustal/soil dust, and industrial emissions were identified as primary contributors to PM<sub>10</sub>; PM<sub>2.5</sub> was substantially attributed to industrial emissions, agricultural activities, biomass burning, vehicular activities and natural sources. Additionally, natural sources and anthropogenic activities like vehicular, agricultural, and industrial emissions, and combustion were identified as the major sources of PM<sub>1</sub> in Darjeeling. The findings of this study could potentially raise awareness among researchers and policymakers, prompting them to develop sustainable strategies in hill regions across the globe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"995 - 1009"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comparative Seasonal Variability of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Gangetic Plain (Varanasi) and Coastal Region (Goa), India 印度恒河平原(瓦拉纳西)和沿海地区(果阿)大气边界层的季节变化比较
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00775-w
Shivali Kundan, Dinesh Kumar, Jagvir Singh, Bhupendra Pratap Singh

Seasonal variations in the atmospheric boundary layer over different geographical regions have distinct features due to variations in topography, land cover, and geographical position. This study focuses on Atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) characteristics seasonally and diurnally over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (Varanasi) and Coastal region (Goa). The study also emphasizes the relationship between ABLH and associated variables such as surface sensible heat flux (SSHF), surface latent heat flux (SLHF), convective available potential energy (CAPE), and Relative humidity (RH) for pre-monsoon and monsoon season. ECMWF-ERA-5 reanalysis data for the period of 2015 to 2017 were used for the study. ECMWF-ERA-5 reanalysis data was validated with MERRA-2 data using correlation coefficient (r) and Factor of Two (FAC2) value. Validation suggested the reliability of ECMWF-ERA-5 data which showed an r-value of 0.8 and FAC2 value in ≥ 0.5 ≤ 2.0 range with MERRA-2 data. The results showed 1400–1800 m and 1000–1400 m ABLH during pre-monsoon and monsoon respectively over Varanasi while ABLH of 1000–1400 m and 500–700 m was seen over Goa during pre-monsoon and monsoon respectively. The analysis indicated that deeper ABLH was observed over Varanasi than over Goa during both seasons. Further, regression correlation analysis detailed the parameters affecting the ABL height characteristics. Surface heat fluxes showed a stronger correlation with ABLH over Varanasi than over Goa. Regression coefficients for ABLH and surface sensible heat flux (SSHF) were found to be 0.88 and 0.82 during pre-monsoon and monsoon respectively over Varanasi and 0.76 and 0.66 during pre-monsoon and monsoon respectively over Goa. Surface latent heat flux (SLHF) also showed significant regression coefficients of 0.83 and 0.62 over Varanasi and 0.76 and 0.66 over Goa during premonsoon and monsoon respectively. Multivariate regression analysis quantified the effect of independent variables (SSHF, SLHF, CAPE, RH) on the dependent variable (ABLH) by estimating β coefficient. The variables which affected ABLH at a significant level (α = 0.05) were heat fluxes (SSHF and SLHF) and CAPE during pre-monsoon over both regions. Significant contributor to ABL height found to be SLHF over Goa during monsoon. South westerly moist winds and buoyant thermals might have impacted the ABLH over Goa because latent heat flux is highly affected by surface winds and specific humidity gradient at surface and atmosphere. Also, uninterrupted moisture supply along with strong onshore winds strengthen the SLHF. Furthermore, the geographical location of Goa might have amplified the variable effects shaping ABLH during the monsoon. On the other hand, significant contributors were SSHF, SLHF and CAPE over Varanasi during the same season i.e. monsoon.

由于地形、土地覆盖和地理位置的变化,不同地理区域大气边界层的季节变化具有不同的特征。本研究的重点是印度-甘地平原(瓦拉纳西)和沿海地区(果阿)的大气边界层高度(ABLH)的季节和昼夜特征。研究还强调了 ABLH 与相关变量之间的关系,如季风前和季风季节的表面显热通量 (SSHF)、表面潜热通量 (SLHF)、对流可用势能 (CAPE) 和相对湿度 (RH)。研究采用了 2015 至 2017 年期间的 ECMWF-ERA-5 再分析数据。利用相关系数(r)和二因子(FAC2)值将 ECMWF-ERA-5 再分析数据与 MERRA-2 数据进行了验证。验证结果表明,ECMWF-ERA-5 数据与 MERRA-2 数据的相关系数为 0.8,FAC2 值在≥ 0.5 ≤ 2.0 范围内,因此 ECMWF-ERA-5 数据是可靠的。结果显示,瓦拉纳西季风前和季风期间的 ABLH 分别为 1400-1800 米和 1000-1400 米,而果阿季风前和季风期间的 ABLH 分别为 1000-1400 米和 500-700 米。分析表明,在这两个季节,瓦拉纳西上空观测到的 ABLH 比果阿上空观测到的 ABLH 深。此外,回归相关分析详细说明了影响 ABL 高度特征的参数。与果阿相比,瓦拉纳西上空的地表热通量与 ABLH 的相关性更强。在瓦拉纳西,季风前和季风期间 ABLH 与地表显热通量(SSHF)的回归系数分别为 0.88 和 0.82;在果阿,季风前和季风期间 ABLH 与地表显热通量的回归系数分别为 0.76 和 0.66。在季风前和季风期间,瓦拉纳西的地表潜热通量(SLHF)也显示出显著的回归系数,分别为 0.83 和 0.62,果阿的回归系数分别为 0.76 和 0.66。多元回归分析通过估计 β 系数,量化了自变量(SSHF、SLHF、CAPE、RH)对因变量(ABLH)的影响。对 ABLH 影响显著(α = 0.05)的变量是两个地区季风前的热通量(SSHF 和 SLHF)和 CAPE。季风期间,果阿上空的 SLHF 对 ABL 高度有显著影响。西南湿润风和浮力热气流可能会影响果阿上空的 ABLH,因为潜热通量受地表风和地表与大气比湿梯度的影响很大。此外,不间断的湿气供应和强劲的陆上风也会增强潜热通量。此外,果阿的地理位置可能放大了季风期间形成 ABLH 的各种影响。另一方面,在同一季节(即季风季节),瓦拉纳西上空的 SSHF、SLHF 和 CAPE 起了重要作用。
{"title":"Comparative Seasonal Variability of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Gangetic Plain (Varanasi) and Coastal Region (Goa), India","authors":"Shivali Kundan,&nbsp;Dinesh Kumar,&nbsp;Jagvir Singh,&nbsp;Bhupendra Pratap Singh","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00775-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00775-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seasonal variations in the atmospheric boundary layer over different geographical regions have distinct features due to variations in topography, land cover, and geographical position. This study focuses on Atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) characteristics seasonally and diurnally over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (Varanasi) and Coastal region (Goa). The study also emphasizes the relationship between ABLH and associated variables such as surface sensible heat flux (SSHF), surface latent heat flux (SLHF), convective available potential energy (CAPE), and Relative humidity (RH) for pre-monsoon and monsoon season. ECMWF-ERA-5 reanalysis data for the period of 2015 to 2017 were used for the study. ECMWF-ERA-5 reanalysis data was validated with MERRA-2 data using correlation coefficient (r) and Factor of Two (FAC2) value. Validation suggested the reliability of ECMWF-ERA-5 data which showed an r-value of 0.8 and FAC2 value in ≥ 0.5 ≤ 2.0 range with MERRA-2 data. The results showed 1400–1800 m and 1000–1400 m ABLH during pre-monsoon and monsoon respectively over Varanasi while ABLH of 1000–1400 m and 500–700 m was seen over Goa during pre-monsoon and monsoon respectively. The analysis indicated that deeper ABLH was observed over Varanasi than over Goa during both seasons. Further, regression correlation analysis detailed the parameters affecting the ABL height characteristics. Surface heat fluxes showed a stronger correlation with ABLH over Varanasi than over Goa. Regression coefficients for ABLH and surface sensible heat flux (SSHF) were found to be 0.88 and 0.82 during pre-monsoon and monsoon respectively over Varanasi and 0.76 and 0.66 during pre-monsoon and monsoon respectively over Goa. Surface latent heat flux (SLHF) also showed significant regression coefficients of 0.83 and 0.62 over Varanasi and 0.76 and 0.66 over Goa during premonsoon and monsoon respectively. Multivariate regression analysis quantified the effect of independent variables (SSHF, SLHF, CAPE, RH) on the dependent variable (ABLH) by estimating β coefficient. The variables which affected ABLH at a significant level (α = 0.05) were heat fluxes (SSHF and SLHF) and CAPE during pre-monsoon over both regions. Significant contributor to ABL height found to be SLHF over Goa during monsoon. South westerly moist winds and buoyant thermals might have impacted the ABLH over Goa because latent heat flux is highly affected by surface winds and specific humidity gradient at surface and atmosphere. Also, uninterrupted moisture supply along with strong onshore winds strengthen the SLHF. Furthermore, the geographical location of Goa might have amplified the variable effects shaping ABLH during the monsoon. On the other hand, significant contributors were SSHF, SLHF and CAPE over Varanasi during the same season i.e. monsoon.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"1011 - 1029"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
DMD Based Microscopic Fringe Projection Profilometry of Copper-Clad Substrates 基于 DMD 的铜箔基底条纹投影轮廓仪
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00774-x
Shivam Sharma, Vismay Trivedi, Neelam Barak, Arun Anand, Vineeta Kumari, Gyanendra Sheoran

The shape of a PCB surface, i.e., its topography, influences many functional properties of the designed circuit. In this paper, we propose the utilization of a non-contact, non-invasive, and non-destructive simplified microscopic fringe projection technique for the surface profiling of copper-clad PCBs. Here, a digital micromirror device (DMD) is used to project a high spatial fringe density at the surface of copper-clad PCBs to achieve high-speed profilometry, which can avoid disturbance due to in-field vibrations. Furthermore, the optimal spatial frequency of 70 µm pitch is selected empirically to minimize phase error by comparing the sample’s surface phase map at different spatial frequencies. The experimentally calculated average height using optimal spatial frequency for the central portion of the antenna’s surface is found to be 13.46 µm, and it is well in coordination with the height of 14.72 µm obtained using a standard roughness tester. The qualitative and quantitative experimental results verified the practical applicability of the fringe projection system for measuring the surface profiling of copper-clad PCB.

印刷电路板表面的形状(即其形貌)会影响设计电路的许多功能特性。在本文中,我们提出了一种非接触、非侵入、非破坏性的简化显微条纹投影技术,用于覆铜印刷电路板的表面轮廓分析。在此,我们使用数字微镜设备(DMD)在覆铜板表面投射高空间条纹密度,以实现高速轮廓测量,从而避免因现场振动造成的干扰。此外,还根据经验选择了 70 µm 间距的最佳空间频率,以便通过比较不同空间频率下的样品表面相位图来最小化相位误差。使用最佳空间频率对天线表面中央部分进行实验计算得出的平均高度为 13.46 微米,与使用标准粗糙度测试仪得出的 14.72 微米高度十分吻合。定性和定量实验结果验证了条纹投影系统在测量覆铜印刷电路板表面轮廓方面的实用性。
{"title":"DMD Based Microscopic Fringe Projection Profilometry of Copper-Clad Substrates","authors":"Shivam Sharma,&nbsp;Vismay Trivedi,&nbsp;Neelam Barak,&nbsp;Arun Anand,&nbsp;Vineeta Kumari,&nbsp;Gyanendra Sheoran","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00774-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00774-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The shape of a PCB surface, i.e., its topography, influences many functional properties of the designed circuit. In this paper, we propose the utilization of a non-contact, non-invasive, and non-destructive simplified microscopic fringe projection technique for the surface profiling of copper-clad PCBs. Here, a digital micromirror device (DMD) is used to project a high spatial fringe density at the surface of copper-clad PCBs to achieve high-speed profilometry, which can avoid disturbance due to in-field vibrations. Furthermore, the optimal spatial frequency of 70 µm pitch is selected empirically to minimize phase error by comparing the sample’s surface phase map at different spatial frequencies. The experimentally calculated average height using optimal spatial frequency for the central portion of the antenna’s surface is found to be 13.46 µm, and it is well in coordination with the height of 14.72 µm obtained using a standard roughness tester. The qualitative and quantitative experimental results verified the practical applicability of the fringe projection system for measuring the surface profiling of copper-clad PCB.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"943 - 954"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Range Extension down to 1 mL/h of Micro Liquid Flow Calibration Facility at CSIR-NPL, India 印度 CSIR-NPL 微液体流校准设备的量程扩展至 1 mL/h
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00768-9
Sanjeet Kumar, S. K. Jaiswal, A. Varshney, C. Singh, S. Yadav

The present paper outlines the efforts for the range extension of the existing CSIR-NPL micro liquid flow calibration facility (having flow range of (10–1500) mL/h) from 10 mL/h  down to 1 mL/h and its metrological assessment. The major challenges in this study are evaporation, flow rate stability and repeatability. To reduce the evaporation, a small quantity of mineral oil was mixed with distilled water in the collection beaker, forming a thin layer of oil over the beaker water surface, leading to reduced evaporation. For improving the flow stability and repeatability, a high-accuracy syringe pump with a 10 mL syringe and a precision balance of 82 g capacity have been used. The static weighing with standing start and standing finish method has been used for flow measurement. The expanded uncertainty (at k = 2 for approx. 95% confidence level) of the facility is found to be (1.0–0.30) % in the flow range (1–1500) mL/h for both totalized volume and volume flow rate measurements. Thus, CSIR-NPL is now able to maintain NMI status in micro liquid flow measurement.

本文概述了现有 CSIR-NPL 微型液体流量校准设施(流量范围为 (10-1500) mL/h)从 10 mL/h 扩展到 1 mL/h 的工作及其计量评估。这项研究面临的主要挑战是蒸发、流速稳定性和重复性。为减少蒸发,在收集烧杯中将少量矿物油与蒸馏水混合,在烧杯水面上形成一层薄油,从而减少蒸发。为提高流量稳定性和重复性,使用了带 10 毫升注射器的高精度注射泵和容量为 82 克的精密天平。在流量测量中使用了静态称重法,即静止开始和静止结束。在流量范围为 (1-1500) mL/h 的情况下,总体积和体积流量测量的扩大不确定度(k = 2,置信度约为 95%)为 (1.0-0.30) %。因此,CSIR-NPL 现在能够保持微液体流量测量的 NMI 状态。
{"title":"Range Extension down to 1 mL/h of Micro Liquid Flow Calibration Facility at CSIR-NPL, India","authors":"Sanjeet Kumar,&nbsp;S. K. Jaiswal,&nbsp;A. Varshney,&nbsp;C. Singh,&nbsp;S. Yadav","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00768-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00768-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present paper outlines the efforts for the range extension of the existing CSIR-NPL micro liquid flow calibration facility (having flow range of (10–1500) mL/h) from 10 mL/h  down to 1 mL/h and its metrological assessment. The major challenges in this study are evaporation, flow rate stability and repeatability. To reduce the evaporation, a small quantity of mineral oil was mixed with distilled water in the collection beaker, forming a thin layer of oil over the beaker water surface, leading to reduced evaporation. For improving the flow stability and repeatability, a high-accuracy syringe pump with a 10 mL syringe and a precision balance of 82 g capacity have been used. The static weighing with standing start and standing finish method has been used for flow measurement. The expanded uncertainty (at <i>k</i> = 2 for approx. 95% confidence level) of the facility is found to be (1.0–0.30) % in the flow range (1–1500) mL/h for both totalized volume and volume flow rate measurements. Thus, CSIR-NPL is now able to maintain NMI status in micro liquid flow measurement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"955 - 966"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optical Wavelength Calibration for Stabilized He–Ne laser 633 nm Using Substitution Method 使用置换法校准 633 nm 稳定氦氖激光器的光波长
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00769-8
Asep Hapiddin, Denny Hermawanto, Yonan Prihapso, Ninuk R. Prasasti, Mohamad Syahadi, Okasatria Novyanto, Dwi Hanto

There is a constant need to regularly calibrate He–Ne laser sources to ensure their precision in various applications. However, such calibration systems are currently not available in Indonesia. For this reason, developing a decent calibration system capable of maintaining He–Ne laser traceability is essential. This paper studies the realization of substitution methods to calibrate stabilized He–Ne lasers. The wavelength of the stabilized He–Ne laser to be calibrated (DUC) and the reference He–Ne laser (Agilent 5519B) were measured by a wavelength meter, Advantest (Q8326), that has sufficient short-time stability. The calculated ratio between both wavelengths was used as a reference value in determining the wavelength of the DUC laser. A calibration of laser head Polytec OPV-503 at 632.8 nm with instability 1.5 × 10−5, was performed to validate the method. It was found that the DUC has a wavelength of (632.9907 ± 0.0001) nm. The result shows that the calibration system can be used to establish traceability to the SI unit of the metre, particularly for the He–Ne laser with stability greater than 0.0001 nm that we expect to be sufficient for laser displacement interferometer applications, e.g., as the primary standard in vibration calibration.

人们一直需要定期校准氦氖激光源,以确保其在各种应用中的精度。然而,印度尼西亚目前还没有此类校准系统。因此,开发一个能够保持 He-Ne 激光溯源性的像样校准系统至关重要。本文研究了实现替代方法来校准稳定的 He-Ne 激光器。待校准的稳定氦氖激光器(DUC)和参考氦氖激光器(Agilent 5519B)的波长由具有足够短时间稳定性的 Advantest (Q8326) 波长计测量。在确定 DUC 激光器的波长时,将计算出的两个波长之间的比率作为参考值。对波长为 632.8 nm、不稳定性为 1.5 × 10-5 的激光头 Polytec OPV-503 进行了校准,以验证该方法。结果发现,DUC 的波长为 (632.9907 ± 0.0001) nm。结果表明,该校准系统可用于建立与国际单位制米的溯源性,特别是对于稳定性大于 0.0001 nm 的氦氖激光器,我们预计它足以用于激光位移干涉仪应用,例如作为振动校准的主要标准。
{"title":"Optical Wavelength Calibration for Stabilized He–Ne laser 633 nm Using Substitution Method","authors":"Asep Hapiddin,&nbsp;Denny Hermawanto,&nbsp;Yonan Prihapso,&nbsp;Ninuk R. Prasasti,&nbsp;Mohamad Syahadi,&nbsp;Okasatria Novyanto,&nbsp;Dwi Hanto","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00769-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00769-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is a constant need to regularly calibrate He–Ne laser sources to ensure their precision in various applications. However, such calibration systems are currently not available in Indonesia. For this reason, developing a decent calibration system capable of maintaining He–Ne laser traceability is essential. This paper studies the realization of substitution methods to calibrate stabilized He–Ne lasers. The wavelength of the stabilized He–Ne laser to be calibrated (DUC) and the reference He–Ne laser (Agilent 5519B) were measured by a wavelength meter, Advantest (Q8326), that has sufficient short-time stability. The calculated ratio between both wavelengths was used as a reference value in determining the wavelength of the DUC laser. A calibration of laser head Polytec OPV-503 at 632.8 nm with instability 1.5 × 10<sup>−5</sup>, was performed to validate the method. It was found that the DUC has a wavelength of (632.9907 ± 0.0001) nm. The result shows that the calibration system can be used to establish traceability to the SI unit of the metre, particularly for the He–Ne laser with stability greater than 0.0001 nm that we expect to be sufficient for laser displacement interferometer applications, e.g., as the primary standard in vibration calibration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"777 - 785"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142264361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Long–Term Characteristics of Ambient Trace gases and Meteorology in Delhi, India 印度德里环境痕量气体和气象的长期特征
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-024-00773-y
S. K. Sharma,  Manisha

The present study examined the long–term characteristics and relationship of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) with other trace gases (NO, NO2, SO2 and CO) at highly polluted urban agglomeration of Delhi, India. Measurements of ambient trace gases (NH3, NO, NO2, SO2, and CO) and meteorology were recorded at the observational site of Delhi from 2011–2022. Overall mean mixing ratios  of ambient NH3, NO, NO2, SO2 and CO were 18.9 ± 5.0 ppb, 19.9 ± 4.8 ppb, 19.1 ± 5.3 ppb, 2.15 ± 0.38 ppb, and 1.47 ± 0.42 ppm, respectively during 2011—2022. During study, a significant diurnal and seasonal variation in mixing ratios of NH3, NO, NO2, and CO were observed except SO2 mixing ratio. During all the seasons, the mixing ratios of trace gases were observed higher during nighttime and lower during daytime. Correlation analysis reveals that the higher loading of NO, NO2 and CO influenced the mixing ratio of NH3 at the study site of Delhi.

本研究考察了印度德里高污染城市群大气氨(NH3)与其他痕量气体(一氧化氮、二氧化氮、二氧化硫和一氧化碳)的长期特性和关系。2011-2022 年期间,德里观测点记录了环境痕量气体(NH3、NO、NO2、SO2 和 CO)和气象数据。2011-2022 年期间,环境中的 NH3、NO、NO2、SO2 和 CO 的总体平均混合比分别为 18.9 ± 5.0 ppb、19.9 ± 4.8 ppb、19.1 ± 5.3 ppb、2.15 ± 0.38 ppb 和 1.47 ± 0.42 ppm。研究期间,除二氧化硫混合比外,NH3、NO、NO2 和 CO 的混合比均出现了明显的日变化和季节变化。在所有季节,痕量气体的混合比在夜间较高,在白天较低。相关分析表明,在德里的研究地点,较高的 NO、NO2 和 CO 负荷影响了 NH3 的混合比。
{"title":"Long–Term Characteristics of Ambient Trace gases and Meteorology in Delhi, India","authors":"S. K. Sharma,&nbsp; Manisha","doi":"10.1007/s12647-024-00773-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12647-024-00773-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study examined the long–term characteristics and relationship of atmospheric ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) with other trace gases (NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> and CO) at highly polluted urban agglomeration of Delhi, India. Measurements of ambient trace gases (NH<sub>3</sub>, NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and CO) and meteorology were recorded at the observational site of Delhi from 2011–2022. Overall mean mixing ratios  of ambient NH<sub>3</sub>, NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> and CO were 18.9 ± 5.0 ppb, 19.9 ± 4.8 ppb, 19.1 ± 5.3 ppb, 2.15 ± 0.38 ppb, and 1.47 ± 0.42 ppm, respectively during 2011—2022. During study, a significant diurnal and seasonal variation in mixing ratios of NH<sub>3</sub>, NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, and CO were observed except SO<sub>2</sub> mixing ratio. During all the seasons, the mixing ratios of trace gases were observed higher during nighttime and lower during daytime. Correlation analysis reveals that the higher loading of NO, NO<sub>2</sub> and CO influenced the mixing ratio of NH<sub>3</sub> at the study site of Delhi.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":689,"journal":{"name":"MAPAN","volume":"39 4","pages":"1073 - 1082"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142264369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
MAPAN
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1