Acta Pharmacologica Sinica最新文献

Myocardial hypertrophy is one of the most prominent features of heart failure. SET domain-containing protein 7 (Setd7), a catalytic enzyme responsible for histone H3K4 methylation, has been implicated in various cardiac diseases. In this study we investigated whether Setd7 contributed to the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Male mice were subjected to a hypobaric hypoxic environment for 8 weeks; neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) exposed to hypoxia for 6 h. We showed that hypoxic stimulation significantly upregulated the expression levels of Setd7 along with the expression of hypertrophic markers ANP and BNP in NRCMs. By conducting loss- and gain-of-function assays, we demonstrated that Setd7 modulated the hypertrophic and inflammatory markers in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. We further revealed that Setd7-mediated activation of E2F1 (E2 promoter binding factor 1) triggered the expression of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases WWP2, which catalyzed the ubiquitination and degradation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), a critical lipid peroxide-reducing enzyme. This degradation drove extensive lipid peroxidation, thereby exacerbating pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Notably, GPx4 inhibition by ras-selective lethal small molecule 3 (RSL3) abolished the antihypertrophic effects of Setd7 knockdown in cardiomyocytes, underscoring the pivotal role of lipid peroxidation in Setd7-mediated hypertrophic responses. In summary, Setd7 promotes hypoxia-induced cardiac hypertrophy through the Setd7-E2F1-WWP2-GPx4 signaling pathway, suggesting that targeting Setd7 is a promising therapeutic strategy to alleviate hypoxia-induced myocardial hypertrophy.

Despite optimized guideline-directed medical therapy, patients with myocardial infarction (MI) often develop heart failure (HF) primarily because of excessive fibrosis. Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) plays a critical role in the fibrotic process, yet its specific role in post-MI myocardial fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the complex dynamics between BMP1 and fibrotic processes, offering critical insights for novel strategies to mitigate pathological fibrosis in cardiovascular diseases. An experimental MI model was established in mice by ligating the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. We found that the expression levels of BMP1 were significantly elevated in both the serum of MI patients and the cardiac tissues of MI mice. Administration of the BMP1 inhibitor UK383367 (2 mg/kg, i.p., t.i.d., starting the day of myocardial infarction modeling and maintained for 7 days) in MI mice markedly improved cardiac function, reduced myocardial fibrosis, and attenuated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1. Proteomic profiling revealed that BMP1 was associated with inflammation and oxidative phosphorylation pathways after MI. We demonstrated that UK383367 (250, 500, and 1000 nM) dose-dependently attenuated M1 macrophage polarization, protected mitochondrial function in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary macrophages, and inhibited collagen synthesis in Ang II-stimulated cardiac fibroblasts. Overall, these results reveal a pivotal yet detrimental role for BMP1 in driving myocardial fibrosis and amplifying inflammatory cascades after MI. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of the BMP1 inhibitor UK383367 as a promising alternative to conventional antifibrotic strategies, potentially curbing the progression toward HF.

The progression of colitis-associated cancer (CAC) is strongly associated with bone marrow-derived immunosuppressive cells (MDSCs). Although CAC could be suppressed by inducing MDSCs apoptosis, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) maintains immune homeostasis by upregulating M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), thus leading to adaptive immune tolerance. Herein, we develop a dendritic cell (DC)-liposome conjugate to reverse immunosuppressive TME, showing remarkable efficiency against colorectal cancer. The DC-liposome conjugate is fabricated by conjugating resolvin E1-loaded liposomes with Fas ligand-transfected DCs, which eliminates tumor-infiltrated Fas⁺ MDSCs and enhances TAM phagocytosis in tumors. It shows significant therapeutic effects in preclinical CAC models and alleviates severe colitis when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. This study provides a feasible and customized cell-drug conjugate to overcome immunosuppressive TME for enhancing CAC immunotherapy.

Chemotherapeutic resistance is a significant issue in the treatment of breast cancer, which is related to pyroptosis inhibition. Increasing evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to tumorigenesis and drug resistance. In this study we investigated the role of the lncRNA STMN1P2 in doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer, as well as its correlation with pyroptosis inhibition. Our results showed that the expression levels of lncRNA STMN1P2 were significantly elevated in doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer tissues and cells. We demonstrated that knockdown of STMN1P2 reduced doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer cells; overexpression of STMN1P2 inhibited doxorubicin-induced pyroptosis by reducing the expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and GSDMD. Furthermore, STMN1P2 directly bound to and positively regulated heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNPU), and knockdown of hnRNPU reversed the inhibitory effect of STMN1P2 on pyroptosis and its ability to promote chemoresistance. In doxorubicin-resistant cells, hnRNPU directly bound to enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), and STMN1P2 enhanced hnRNPU recruitment of EZH2 and increased EZH2 protein stability. EZH2 acted as a transcription factor to inactivate TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), thereby repressing the binding of TRAF6 with MALT1 and caspase-1, attenuating the canonical pathways of pyroptosis. In MCF7/DOX cells xenograft nude mouse model, we demonstrated that knockdown of STMN1P2 significantly enhanced the suppression of doxorubicin on the tumour growth. This study provides new clues and approaches for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer chemoresistance.

The activation of voltage-gated potassium Kv7/M channels is an attractive therapeutic strategy for chronic pain. Galangin, the principal active component of the medicinal herb Alpinia officinarum Hance, has exhibited analgesic effects in mice. In this study, we investigated the antinociceptive effects of galangin in the treatment of various types of chronic pain and the underlying mechanisms. Using whole-cell recordings of CHO cells expressing Kv7.2/Kv7.3 channels, we showed that galangin enhanced Kv7.2/Kv7.3 currents in a concentration-dependent manner, with an EC₅₀ value of 8.8 ± 1.6 μM, and shifted the voltage-dependent activation curve of the channels toward depolarization. We demonstrated that galangin selectively and potently activated the Kv7.2, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5 channels while reducing the Kv7.1 current and exerting no effect on the Kv7.3 current. Notably, galangin no longer increased the current amplitude and slightly shifted the voltage-dependent activation of the Kv7.2 (E322A) mutant, suggesting that Glu-322 in Kv7.2 is important for galangin activation of the channels. Moreover, we showed that galangin (100 μM) significantly enhanced the M-current and consequently reduced the excitability of DRG neurons in SNI mice. In multiple chronic pain mouse models, the administration of galangin (15 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased the threshold for mechanical stimuli and the withdrawal latency to thermal stimuli, which were reversed by the Kv7/M channel blocker XE991. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrated that galangin exerts its antinociceptive effects mainly through the activation of Kv7/M channels, representing a novel approach for treating neuronal excitatory diseases.

To date, monthly oral bisphosphonates have not been available in China. In this randomized, double blind, positive-controlled, multicenter phase III clinical trial, we compared the efficacy and safety of monthly minodronate versus weekly alendronate in the treatment of Chinese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. A total of 548 participants were screened across 31 study centers, of which 330 participants were randomized into two groups: the experimental group (n = 165) received oral minodronate (50 mg/tablet once every four weeks) and alendronate placebo (once weekly), while the positive control group (n = 165) received oral alendronate (70 mg/tablet once weekly) and minodronate placebo (once every four weeks) for a duration of 48 weeks. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and at 24 and 48 weeks. At the end of treatments, the experimental group exhibited a mean increase (SD) in BMD above the baseline at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip of 4.61% (4.613%), 3.04% (4.034%) and 3.40% (3.569%), respectively, compared with those of 4.55% (3.753%), 1.86% (3.592%) and 2.30% (4.838%) in the control group. All improvements from the baseline in the two groups were statistically significant. The monthly minodronate did not cause new safety risks compared with alendronate. This study demonstrates that monthly minodronate administration is non-inferior to weekly alendronate in terms of therapeutic efficacy, while maintaining a comparable safety profile. Furthermore, the monthly dosing schedule of minodronate may significantly enhance medication adherence among osteoporosis patients, potentially improving long-term treatment outcomes.

Inhibition of autophagy has been considered as a promising strategy for tumor therapy, discovery of small-molecule autophagy inhibitors suitable for clinical use would be of great significance. Since cysteine protease ATG4B plays a key role in the autophagy machinery by processing pro-LC3 and lipidated LC3 to drive the autophagy progress, inhibition of ATG4B may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy. We previously found that copper ions instead of other ions efficiently inhibited ATG4B activity, which was more potent than other ATG4B inhibitors reported. As copper ions are easily chelated, copper complexes may develop into novel ATG4B inhibitors. In this study we identified a copper complex antifouling agent, copper pyrithione (CuPT), which effectively inhibited ATG4B activity and blocked autophagy flux. By combining FRET-based assay in vitro and cell-based assays, we showed that CuPT effectively inhibited ATG4B activity with an IC₅₀ of 250.9 nM. CuPT (0.5, 1, 2 µM) dose-dependently promoted the formation of insoluble ATG4B and p62 aggregates in HeLa cells, which was similar to copper ions. Importantly, CuPT exhibited potent anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo: it potently suppressed the cell viability of 8 different cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values less than 1 µM; administration of CuPT (1 mg/kg; i.p. every three days) significantly inhibited the tumor growth in colorectal xenograft mouse model without obvious organs damage. CuPT-induced cytotoxicity in HCT116 cells could be reversed by enhancing autophagy using rapamycin or Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS). Besides, we demonstrated that CuPT induced a novel copper-dependent cell death, cuproptosis, of cancer cells. Together, this study presents the first copper complex ATG4B inhibitor CuPT, a copper compound that can be further developed for the treatment of a wide range of cancers.

The anti-HER2 antibody‒drug conjugate (ADC) DS-8201 presents new hope for patients with advanced HER2-positive tumors. Its clinical application, however, is hindered by serious adverse reactions and reduced efficacy following long-term treatment. In this study, we investigated the factors influencing the sensitivity of DS-8201 and developed effective combination regimens to optimize its therapeutic efficacy. We showed that HER3 upregulation diminished the sensitivity of HER2-positive tumor cells to DS-8201. We found that DS-8201 treatment activated DNA damage repair responses in BT-474 cells, in which the ATR kinase pathway induced the expression of the HER3 transcription factor FoxO1, leading to increased HER3 levels. This process was triggered by the payload component of DS-8201, the topoisomerase I inhibitor DXd, rather than the antibody. Based on this finding, we showed that combining DS-8201 with either a HER3-targeting antibody (SIBP-03) or an ATR inhibitor (BAY1895344) resulted in significant synergistic antitumor efficacy without substantial toxicity in vitro or in vivo. Overall, this study revealed that the ATR/FoxO1/HER3 pathway plays a critical role in modulating the efficacy of DS-8201, suggesting that combining DS-8201 with ATR or HER3 inhibition represents a promising therapeutic strategy for HER2-positive cancers.

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy as a major contributor to heart failure is characterized by complicated mechanisms. Fumarate hydratase (FH) is a crucial enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. FH mutations and dysfunction have been implicated in various pathological processes including hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. In this study we investigated the role of FH in cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in mice by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery as well as in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) by phenylephrine (PE) stimulation. We showed that the expression levels of FH were gradually increased with development of cardiac hypertrophy in TAC mice. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of FH by intravenous injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) carrying FH two weeks before TAC surgery prevented the morphological changes, cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in TAC mice; FH overexpression also significantly attenuated PE-induced hypertrophy in NRCMs along with suppressed expression of hypertrophic markers ANP, BNP and β-MHC. We demonstrated that FH overexpression alleviated TAC-induced mitochondrial structural damage in cardiomyocytes and facilitated metabolic remodeling. RNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics revealed that FH overexpression mitigated myocardial remodeling and mitochondrial metabolism dysfunction in TAC mice mainly by suppressing the transcription factor SREBP and reducing the gene expression of elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 7 (Elovl7). Overexpression of Elovl7 reversed the protective effects of FH in both TAC mice and PE-stimulated NRCMs. Knockdown of the transcription factor SREBP reduced Elovl7 expression, thereby exerting cardioprotective effects. In conclusion, we demonstrate that FH overexpression prevents cardiac hypertrophy in mice by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism through the malate-SREBP-Elovl7 pathway.

Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) represents a promising paradigm for tumor-targeted delivery of chemotherapy. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-Dxd/DS-8201), a second-generation HER2-ADC, has significantly improved treatment outcomes for breast cancer patients. But due to the large molecular weight, the performance of ADC is still limited by lower tumor penetration, insufficient BBB permeability, and prolonged systemic exposure to normal tissues. In this study, we generated novel anti-HER2 nanobodies (VHH2, VHH3) that exhibited outstanding target affinity and tumor inhibition. After i.v. injection, VHH3-Fc fusion distributed 4 to 5-fold higher in subcutaneous tumor and intracranial tumor compared with trastuzumab. VHH3-Fc and VHH3-ABD were also more penetrant in an in vitro BBB permeability assay. Site-specific conjugation of VHH3-Fc or VHH3-ABD fusions with anti-microtubule MMAE or anti-topoisomerase-1 Dxd payload produced nanobody-drug conjugates (NDCs) with highly potent and durable antitumor efficacy. When evaluated on the same linker-payload (GGFG-Dxd) dosages, VHH3-Fc-Dxd (DAR3.9) outperformed T-Dxd (DAR8) in both the subcutaneous and intracranial tumor models. Moreover, IHC staining and RNA-seq analysis of the treated tumor tissues revealed the involvement of the cGAS-STING-IFNs pathway in mediating the drug activity. Gene expression and protein function were more profoundly modulated by VHH3-Fc-Dxd than T-Dxd. Unlike the higher tumor distribution, the mouse serum PK study revealed a faster clearance (T_1/2), reduced exposure (AUC), and higher volume distribution (Vz) for VHH3-Fc-Dxd relative to T-Dxd. Our results provide an example for the next generation HER2-NDC with substantially differentiated pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics profiles that will further benefit treatment outcomes and therapeutic windows.