The aim of the study was to investigate the morphometric characteristics of Obibia drainage basin which is wholly located within the Awka Capital territory of Anambra State, Nigeria. The basin was delineated with conventional method from topographic map (Udi SW) on the scale of 1:50,000 published by Federal Survey office. Field survey was conducted for 9 months between April and December 2015 and data were obtained on linear, areal and relief aspects of the basin to ascertain the morphometric characteristics of the basin. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduced our 19 variables into 5 while Principal Component Regression (PCR) was employed to reveal the relative contributions of morphometric variables. Result shows a bifurcation Ratio R (Rb) of 3.00 around the month of the river basin indicating higher risk of flooding. The relationship between mean stream length and stream order shows that order 2 drifts too far away from straight line on plotted graph suggesting some structural imbalances. The study recommends proper urban land use planning within the basin that would preserve the natural condition of the basin.
{"title":"Investigations into the Morphometric Characteristics of Obibia Drainage Basin, Awka Urban Area, Nigeria","authors":"E. E. Ezenwaji, E. O. Nwabineli, P. Phil-Eze","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2018.81001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2018.81001","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to investigate the morphometric characteristics of Obibia drainage basin which is wholly located within the Awka Capital territory of Anambra State, Nigeria. The basin was delineated with conventional method from topographic map (Udi SW) on the scale of 1:50,000 published by Federal Survey office. Field survey was conducted for 9 months between April and December 2015 and data were obtained on linear, areal and relief aspects of the basin to ascertain the morphometric characteristics of the basin. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduced our 19 variables into 5 while Principal Component Regression (PCR) was employed to reveal the relative contributions of morphometric variables. Result shows a bifurcation Ratio R (Rb) of 3.00 around the month of the river basin indicating higher risk of flooding. The relationship between mean stream length and stream order shows that order 2 drifts too far away from straight line on plotted graph suggesting some structural imbalances. The study recommends proper urban land use planning within the basin that would preserve the natural condition of the basin.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70314932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The groundwater level fluctuation was studied in a complex geological setting region where a frequent landslide is observed in a rainy season. Steady and transient states of flow are modeled with different hydrogeological parameters. The models are calibrated to satisfy the observed field conditions and expected results from the scientific point of view. The results reveal that the groundwater level fluctuation and flow direction in the region are complex. In limited areas, the fluctuation of groundwater is significant from season to season while in others the level remains stable in all seasons of the year. Following that, the result of groundwater flow model was exported to GeoStudio to simulate the slope stability of selected slope. The factor of safety was calculated using Slope/W. The effect of pore-water on the factor of safety was cross-checked by remodeling the slope without water. The results and sensitivity analysis of slope stability confirm that the rise of groundwater level decreases the factor of safety significantly only on critical slope section.
{"title":"Prediction of Groundwater Level Fluctuation towards Rainfall Induced Landslide: Case of Blue Nile Gorge, Central Ethiopia","authors":"B. Yifru, Fasika Mekonnen Ayehu","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2017.74016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2017.74016","url":null,"abstract":"The groundwater level fluctuation was studied in a complex geological setting region where a frequent landslide is observed in a rainy season. Steady and transient states of flow are modeled with different hydrogeological parameters. The models are calibrated to satisfy the observed field conditions and expected results from the scientific point of view. The results reveal that the groundwater level fluctuation and flow direction in the region are complex. In limited areas, the fluctuation of groundwater is significant from season to season while in others the level remains stable in all seasons of the year. Following that, the result of groundwater flow model was exported to GeoStudio to simulate the slope stability of selected slope. The factor of safety was calculated using Slope/W. The effect of pore-water on the factor of safety was cross-checked by remodeling the slope without water. The results and sensitivity analysis of slope stability confirm that the rise of groundwater level decreases the factor of safety significantly only on critical slope section.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43464786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently severe damage of flooding by urbanization was frequently occurred. To prevent this damage, small reservoir was constructed in the urbanized residential area. This paper describes an effect of flood peak discharge control by a small reservoir (control reservoir) caused by rapidly developed urbanization. Although work for this purpose was conducted, research on the effects of the control reservoir was not conducted until now. This research, conducted by simulation, was a case study in the Kurabe River Basin in the Tedori River Alluvial Fan Area, Japan, based on the precise investigation of the reservoir in the actual field. The study was conducted to determine not only the actual control reservoir capacity for the newly developed residential area but also the ideal capacity for all present residential areas and the largest capacity allowable for a maximum rainfall event that recently occurred. The control reservoir effects between individual blocks and the entire basin area were compared by dividing the test basin into 15 blocks (sub-basins). The results showed that the effects on the capacity per unit area of the residential area in blocks have close relationship with the decreasing ratio of peak discharge in blocks. Consequently, the effects of control reservoir capacity and the limitation were clarified. In the future, control reservoirs should be constructed for all of the already developed residential areas, for example, by utilizing underground car parking lot. The results of this research can contribute to the design of the control reservoir for protection against flooding damage in urbanized areas.
{"title":"Effect of Flood Peak Discharge Control by a Small Reservoir in an Urbanized Area—Case Study in the Kurabe River Basin, Japan","authors":"Kouzo Ito, M. Segawa, H. Takimoto, T. Maruyama","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2017.74018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2017.74018","url":null,"abstract":"Recently severe damage of flooding by urbanization was frequently occurred. To prevent this damage, small reservoir was constructed in the urbanized residential area. This paper describes an effect of flood peak discharge control by a small reservoir (control reservoir) caused by rapidly developed urbanization. Although work for this purpose was conducted, research on the effects of the control reservoir was not conducted until now. This research, conducted by simulation, was a case study in the Kurabe River Basin in the Tedori River Alluvial Fan Area, Japan, based on the precise investigation of the reservoir in the actual field. The study was conducted to determine not only the actual control reservoir capacity for the newly developed residential area but also the ideal capacity for all present residential areas and the largest capacity allowable for a maximum rainfall event that recently occurred. The control reservoir effects between individual blocks and the entire basin area were compared by dividing the test basin into 15 blocks (sub-basins). The results showed that the effects on the capacity per unit area of the residential area in blocks have close relationship with the decreasing ratio of peak discharge in blocks. Consequently, the effects of control reservoir capacity and the limitation were clarified. In the future, control reservoirs should be constructed for all of the already developed residential areas, for example, by utilizing underground car parking lot. The results of this research can contribute to the design of the control reservoir for protection against flooding damage in urbanized areas.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47806786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Al-Khashman, H. Alnawafleh, A. Jrai, A. Al-Muhtaseb
This study was undertaken to assess the physical, chemical and hydrochemical quality of spring water in the southwestern basin of Jordan during a 60-month follow up monitoring study (April 2009 to April 2014). The samples were analyzed for temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, major cations, major anions and trace metals. The results show that there were considerable variations among the analyzed samples with respect to their physical and chemical parameters, which lie below the maximum permissible levels of the Jordanian and World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards. This study shows that the trace metals of spring water in the study area do not generally pose any health or environmental issues. The assessment of water samples indicates that groundwater, in general, is chemically suitable for drinking and agricultural uses.
{"title":"Monitoring and Assessing of Spring Water Quality in Southwestern Basin of Jordan","authors":"O. Al-Khashman, H. Alnawafleh, A. Jrai, A. Al-Muhtaseb","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2017.74019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2017.74019","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken to assess the physical, chemical and hydrochemical quality of spring water in the southwestern basin of Jordan during a 60-month follow up monitoring study (April 2009 to April 2014). The samples were analyzed for temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, major cations, major anions and trace metals. The results show that there were considerable variations among the analyzed samples with respect to their physical and chemical parameters, which lie below the maximum permissible levels of the Jordanian and World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards. This study shows that the trace metals of spring water in the study area do not generally pose any health or environmental issues. The assessment of water samples indicates that groundwater, in general, is chemically suitable for drinking and agricultural uses.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48490707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lake Kinneret long-term data of the epilimnetic concentrations (ppm) and loads (tones) of the total Nitrogen (TN), total Phosphorus (TP), total inorganic Nitrogen (TIN), total Dissolved Phosphorus (TDP), Phytoplankton groups’ biomass, water level (WL) and Jordan River Discharge were analyzed. Previously collected data compiled aimed at an insight into the causative background for the modification of Phytoplankton community change. The study was carried out by searching for relations between algal groups’ densities and nutrient conditions in the Epilimnion by the use of statistical methods (Simple and Fractional Polynomial Regressions). The study is aimed at analyzing the relations between algal biomass and nutrient contents. It was found that Nitrogen decline and slight increase of phosphorus were followed by Peridinium (Photo 1) decline and biomass increase of non-peridinium algae. It is suggested that nitrogen supply for algal growth is mostly from external sources, and the reduction of nitrogen in the epilimnion was caused by external removal. Contrary to nitrogen, phosphorus sourcing is only partly external (dust deposition, drainage basin) and mostly internal through double channels: Microbial mineralization of bottom sediments and Peridinium cysts mediation. The resulted complexity of the Kinneret ecosystem structure is nitrogen limitation, and enhancement of Non-peridinium algal growth, mostly Cyanobacteria.
{"title":"The Impact of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dynamics on the Kinneret Phytoplankton: II: Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Diatoms and Peridinium","authors":"M. Gophen","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2017.74017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2017.74017","url":null,"abstract":"Lake Kinneret long-term data of the epilimnetic concentrations (ppm) and loads (tones) of the total Nitrogen (TN), total Phosphorus (TP), total inorganic Nitrogen (TIN), total Dissolved Phosphorus (TDP), Phytoplankton groups’ biomass, water level (WL) and Jordan River Discharge were analyzed. Previously collected data compiled aimed at an insight into the causative background for the modification of Phytoplankton community change. The study was carried out by searching for relations between algal groups’ densities and nutrient conditions in the Epilimnion by the use of statistical methods (Simple and Fractional Polynomial Regressions). The study is aimed at analyzing the relations between algal biomass and nutrient contents. It was found that Nitrogen decline and slight increase of phosphorus were followed by Peridinium (Photo 1) decline and biomass increase of non-peridinium algae. It is suggested that nitrogen supply for algal growth is mostly from external sources, and the reduction of nitrogen in the epilimnion was caused by external removal. Contrary to nitrogen, phosphorus sourcing is only partly external (dust deposition, drainage basin) and mostly internal through double channels: Microbial mineralization of bottom sediments and Peridinium cysts mediation. The resulted complexity of the Kinneret ecosystem structure is nitrogen limitation, and enhancement of Non-peridinium algal growth, mostly Cyanobacteria.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42573207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During 1970-2001, several ecological changes were documented in the Lake Kinneret Ecosystem: Decline of total Nitrogen (TN) and increase of total Phosphorus (TP) loads with a corresponding decline of TN/TP ratio. The phytoplankton assemblages indicated consequence Increase of Cyanobacteria accompanied by elevation of the biomass of Chlorophyta and Diatoms. The Kinneret ecosystem functioning represented two superimposed events: the decline of TN enhanced Cyanobacteria and elevation of TP that was reflected by an increase of Chloropytes and Diatoms. Removal of Nitrogen was achieved but P load remained high enough to enhance Chlorophyta and Diatoms. Consequently, a top priority of future management perspective should be reduction of Phosphorus inputs.
{"title":"The Impact of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dynamics on the Kinneret Phytoplankton: I: Cyanophytes-Peridinium Alternate","authors":"M. Gophen","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2017.74015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2017.74015","url":null,"abstract":"During 1970-2001, several ecological changes were documented in the Lake Kinneret Ecosystem: Decline of total Nitrogen (TN) and increase of total Phosphorus (TP) loads with a corresponding decline of TN/TP ratio. The phytoplankton assemblages indicated consequence Increase of Cyanobacteria accompanied by elevation of the biomass of Chlorophyta and Diatoms. The Kinneret ecosystem functioning represented two superimposed events: the decline of TN enhanced Cyanobacteria and elevation of TP that was reflected by an increase of Chloropytes and Diatoms. Removal of Nitrogen was achieved but P load remained high enough to enhance Chlorophyta and Diatoms. Consequently, a top priority of future management perspective should be reduction of Phosphorus inputs.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47971037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. García-Chevesich, E. Bendek, R. Pizarro, R. Valdés-Pineda, David González, H. Bown, Eduardo E. Martínez, Luis F. Gonzalez
Recent attention has been put into recurring slope lineae (RSL), after the discovery that water is present in them. It is assumed that RSL are due to flowing water. However, even though that might be the case, the general characteristics of RSL as well as their seasonal and spatial distribution in Mars, and their occurrence within craters, suggest that RSL correspond to the weathering of frozen aquifers, which coincides with slope stability processes occurring in impact craters and scree slopes from Earth. In this study, we associated RSL with similar weathering processes occurring on impact craters and hydrogeological processes occurring on Earth (including ice, water, and wind erosion and natural aquifer recharge processes). We were able to create a conceptual model on how RSL develop, why are they found mostly in mid latitudes around craters, why are they present in more frequency in one side of crates in high latitudes, and why are there more RSL in the Martian southern hemisphere. Considering the whole hydrogeological processes occurring in craters that experience RSL, we were able to predict where large quantities of liquid water are most likely to be present in the red planet.
{"title":"Weathering Processes on Martian Craters: Implications on Recurring Slope Lineae and the Location of Liquid Water","authors":"P. García-Chevesich, E. Bendek, R. Pizarro, R. Valdés-Pineda, David González, H. Bown, Eduardo E. Martínez, Luis F. Gonzalez","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2017.74014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2017.74014","url":null,"abstract":"Recent attention has been put into recurring slope lineae (RSL), after the discovery that water is present in them. It is assumed that RSL are due to flowing water. However, even though that might be the case, the general characteristics of RSL as well as their seasonal and spatial distribution in Mars, and their occurrence within craters, suggest that RSL correspond to the weathering of frozen aquifers, which coincides with slope stability processes occurring in impact craters and scree slopes from Earth. In this study, we associated RSL with similar weathering processes occurring on impact craters and hydrogeological processes occurring on Earth (including ice, water, and wind erosion and natural aquifer recharge processes). We were able to create a conceptual model on how RSL develop, why are they found mostly in mid latitudes around craters, why are they present in more frequency in one side of crates in high latitudes, and why are there more RSL in the Martian southern hemisphere. Considering the whole hydrogeological processes occurring in craters that experience RSL, we were able to predict where large quantities of liquid water are most likely to be present in the red planet.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48362700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flood runoff models of urbanization from farmland based on the physical characteristics of a basin have been minimally used in previous research until today. Consequently, the runoff analysis has not been performed that is based on physical basis. Therefore, this research undertook flood discharge analysis from urbanization using the unit flood discharge concept that is enhanced the previous research. The study area was selected at the Kurabe River basin, which is 17.5 km2 in area having a very steep landscape. Twenty-one rainfall events at 10-minute intervals were selected, and five urbanized years were tested. From 1976 to 2009 during 35 years, the flood discharge increased approximately 2.0 times, in which residential areas increased from 23% to 48%; the maximum specific discharge was 21.7 m3·s-1·km-2 in a some block, which is a remarkably large amount. Furthermore, following issues investigated: changes in the hydrograph were associated with urbanization, the effect of a small reservoir aiming to cut down the peak discharge and the relationship between the unit discharge, and the relationship between our method and the discharge estimated by a “Rational Formula”. In particular, the effect of the small reservoir for flood control was found to be remarkably efficient. Finally, the validity of our method was confirmed at the study area in the observed discharge. This result is very useful for estimating runoff discharge changes by urbanization from farmland.
{"title":"Flood Discharge Changes by Urbanization from Farmland Based on the Unit Flood Concept at the Kurabe River, Japan","authors":"M. Segawa, Kouzo Ito, T. Maruyama","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2017.73013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2017.73013","url":null,"abstract":"Flood runoff models of urbanization from farmland based on the physical characteristics of a basin have been minimally used in previous research until today. Consequently, the runoff analysis has not been performed that is based on physical basis. Therefore, this research undertook flood discharge analysis from urbanization using the unit flood discharge concept that is enhanced the previous research. The study area was selected at the Kurabe River basin, which is 17.5 km2 in area having a very steep landscape. Twenty-one rainfall events at 10-minute intervals were selected, and five urbanized years were tested. From 1976 to 2009 during 35 years, the flood discharge increased approximately 2.0 times, in which residential areas increased from 23% to 48%; the maximum specific discharge was 21.7 m3·s-1·km-2 in a some block, which is a remarkably large amount. Furthermore, following issues investigated: changes in the hydrograph were associated with urbanization, the effect of a small reservoir aiming to cut down the peak discharge and the relationship between the unit discharge, and the relationship between our method and the discharge estimated by a “Rational Formula”. In particular, the effect of the small reservoir for flood control was found to be remarkably efficient. Finally, the validity of our method was confirmed at the study area in the observed discharge. This result is very useful for estimating runoff discharge changes by urbanization from farmland.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42510920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long-term data record of Kinneret Epilimnetic Zooplankton biomass distribution and fish stock assessment was analyzed. The objective is aimed at defining the representativeness of the present sampling stations distribution for the measure of the entire Lake Kinneret zooplankton biomass. Previous studies documented the preeminence of temperature and fish predation impacts on zooplankton density: water temperature through growth rate trait and fish predation. Acoustic surveys indicated that fish shoals are mostly inhabiting the Peripheral region and much less the central part of the Kinneret pelagial. Due to fish zooplanktivory, densities of planktonic crustacean in the Pelagial periphery presented by 5 - 7 sampling stations are low. Nevertheless, large central lake area with higher densities of zooplankton biomass is presented by only one station. Therefore, stations average is incorrect as is total lake measure. The average result as indicated presently as total zooplankton biomass in lake Kinneret is, therefore, underestimated. Two optional corrective suggestions are concluded: 1) Additional sampling stations in the central part of the Pelagial region; 2) Usage of station value of aerial coefficient (promoter).
{"title":"Fish-Zooplankton—A Predator-Prey Relations as a Key Factor for the Design of Zooplankton Distribution Sampling Program in Lake Kinneret, Israel","authors":"M. Gophen","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2017.73012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2017.73012","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term data record of Kinneret Epilimnetic Zooplankton biomass distribution and fish stock assessment was analyzed. The objective is aimed at defining the representativeness of the present sampling stations distribution for the measure of the entire Lake Kinneret zooplankton biomass. Previous studies documented the preeminence of temperature and fish predation impacts on zooplankton density: water temperature through growth rate trait and fish predation. Acoustic surveys indicated that fish shoals are mostly inhabiting the Peripheral region and much less the central part of the Kinneret pelagial. Due to fish zooplanktivory, densities of planktonic crustacean in the Pelagial periphery presented by 5 - 7 sampling stations are low. Nevertheless, large central lake area with higher densities of zooplankton biomass is presented by only one station. Therefore, stations average is incorrect as is total lake measure. The average result as indicated presently as total zooplankton biomass in lake Kinneret is, therefore, underestimated. Two optional corrective suggestions are concluded: 1) Additional sampling stations in the central part of the Pelagial region; 2) Usage of station value of aerial coefficient (promoter).","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41273680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In arid and semi-arid watersheds, sustainable management of natural resources (i.e. land, water and ecological resources), and watershed management are crucial issues in applied morphometric studies. Geomorphometric parameters and their interrelationships are of paramount importance in characterizing the morphology, topography, geology and structure, hydrological potential, and geomorphic evolution of such catchments. An analysis of spatial characteristics and morphological development of the demarcated 76 sub-watersheds related to W. Mujib-Wala catchment, was carried out using ASTER DEM and GIS. Multivariate statistical techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Cluster Analysis (CA), and Discriminant Analysis (DA), were also employed to assess different aspects of drainage networks, and their morphometric properties. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduces the 22 morphometric parameters to five components, which explain 90.4% of total variance. The relationship of these components to the morphometric variables and to the individual sub-watersheds was evaluated, and then the degree of inter-correlation among the morphometric descriptors was explored. The 76 sub-watersheds were classified according to their individual relation to the components, and similarities in their morphometric characteristics. Regionalization of sub-watertsheds was achieved using hierarchical Cluster Analysis (CA). The validity of the resultant cluster groups was tested statistically by means of Discriminant Analysis. The present investigation provides information which highlights the benefit of geomorphometric analysis and multivariate statistics in modeling hydrological responses: i.e., surface runoff and sediment yield, hydrological assessment, water resources planning, and watershed management. Furthermore, the results can be useful for soil and water conservation planning, and assessment of flash floods potential.
{"title":"Quantitative Regionalization of W. Mujib-Wala Sub-Watersheds (Southern Jordan) Using GIS and Multivariate Statistical Techniques","authors":"Y. Farhan, N. Al-Shaikh","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2017.72010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2017.72010","url":null,"abstract":"In arid and semi-arid watersheds, sustainable management of natural resources (i.e. land, water and ecological resources), and watershed management are crucial issues in applied morphometric studies. Geomorphometric parameters and their interrelationships are of paramount importance in characterizing the morphology, topography, geology and structure, hydrological potential, and geomorphic evolution of such catchments. An analysis of spatial characteristics and morphological development of the demarcated 76 sub-watersheds related to W. Mujib-Wala catchment, was carried out using ASTER DEM and GIS. Multivariate statistical techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Cluster Analysis (CA), and Discriminant Analysis (DA), were also employed to assess different aspects of drainage networks, and their morphometric properties. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduces the 22 morphometric parameters to five components, which explain 90.4% of total variance. The relationship of these components to the morphometric variables and to the individual sub-watersheds was evaluated, and then the degree of inter-correlation among the morphometric descriptors was explored. The 76 sub-watersheds were classified according to their individual relation to the components, and similarities in their morphometric characteristics. Regionalization of sub-watertsheds was achieved using hierarchical Cluster Analysis (CA). The validity of the resultant cluster groups was tested statistically by means of Discriminant Analysis. The present investigation provides information which highlights the benefit of geomorphometric analysis and multivariate statistics in modeling hydrological responses: i.e., surface runoff and sediment yield, hydrological assessment, water resources planning, and watershed management. Furthermore, the results can be useful for soil and water conservation planning, and assessment of flash floods potential.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44973713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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