Jun Zhang, Zeming Guo, Yulin Zhao, Yida Yang, Pan Huang, Ning Wang, Zhuoyu Qian, Menghan He, Jianmin Wu, Lv Luo, Zhongsheng Li, Chungen Pan
Since the last century, the spread of the genotype 2 classical swine fever virus (CSFV) has caused significant issues for the pig breeding industries. Ideal strategies for controlling CSFV include vaccination and keeping farms free of CSFV. For vaccination, several attenuated CSFV viruses originating from genotype 1 are widely used; for the latter, accurate diagnosis is required for detection of the CSFV infection. Nucleic acid testing for CSFV usually uses tonsil samples, which requires an inconvenient sampling operation that injures pigs. Commercial serological tests for CSFV antibodies or antigens are unable to distinguish the genotype for originating virus. In this study, 20 mAbs were developed from the mice hybridoma cells. Four of the mAbs were identified to have the ability to only recognize the peptides derived from sub-genotype 2.1 strain, and two of them, MM1 and MM5, were further studied to identify critical binding sites (epitopes) on the E2 protein of CSFV. A total of 353 genotype 2 collections were made worldwide in GeneBank, 90.9% of which contained MM1 or MM5 epitopes. Moreover, 95.1% of sub-genotype 2.1 isolations contained MM5 epitope. Therefore, MM1 and MM5 have the potential to be developed as a diagnostic tool for detection of genotype 2 virus antigen by indirect ELISA or antibodies by competitive ELISA.
{"title":"Identification of novel monoclonal antibodies specific for the conserved epitopes in the E2 protein of genotype 2 classical swine fever virus: implication for differential diagnosis","authors":"Jun Zhang, Zeming Guo, Yulin Zhao, Yida Yang, Pan Huang, Ning Wang, Zhuoyu Qian, Menghan He, Jianmin Wu, Lv Luo, Zhongsheng Li, Chungen Pan","doi":"10.3389/av.2023.12124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/av.2023.12124","url":null,"abstract":"Since the last century, the spread of the genotype 2 classical swine fever virus (CSFV) has caused significant issues for the pig breeding industries. Ideal strategies for controlling CSFV include vaccination and keeping farms free of CSFV. For vaccination, several attenuated CSFV viruses originating from genotype 1 are widely used; for the latter, accurate diagnosis is required for detection of the CSFV infection. Nucleic acid testing for CSFV usually uses tonsil samples, which requires an inconvenient sampling operation that injures pigs. Commercial serological tests for CSFV antibodies or antigens are unable to distinguish the genotype for originating virus. In this study, 20 mAbs were developed from the mice hybridoma cells. Four of the mAbs were identified to have the ability to only recognize the peptides derived from sub-genotype 2.1 strain, and two of them, MM1 and MM5, were further studied to identify critical binding sites (epitopes) on the E2 protein of CSFV. A total of 353 genotype 2 collections were made worldwide in GeneBank, 90.9% of which contained MM1 or MM5 epitopes. Moreover, 95.1% of sub-genotype 2.1 isolations contained MM5 epitope. Therefore, MM1 and MM5 have the potential to be developed as a diagnostic tool for detection of genotype 2 virus antigen by indirect ELISA or antibodies by competitive ELISA.","PeriodicalId":7205,"journal":{"name":"Acta virologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136209270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katarína Čurová, Viera Lovayová, Mária Nagyová, Leonard Siegfried, Viliam Donič, Gert de Vos
The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is considered the gold standard method for the detection of viruses in a clinic. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of conventional RT-PCR test (FTD TM SARS-CoV-2 Test) and laboratory-developed ultra-fast PCR test (NextGenPCR TM SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Reagent Kit) to detect the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. A total of 318 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from people under investigation for COVID-19. Despite the collection of two swab specimens from each patient and their different processing, the analysis showed an overall agreement of 95.9% between the conventional and laboratory-developed tests. The positive percentage agreement was 90.5% (114/126) and the negative percentage agreement was 99.5% (191/192). The ultra-fast NextGenPCR method does not require the isolation of RNA, provides a result of 20–96 specimens within 57–82 min after sampling, and offers a simple procedure of sample processing, analysis, and evaluation. Our results indicate that this method can be considered a potential diagnostic method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus in hospitals, healthcare facilities, and research laboratories.
{"title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 using a laboratory-developed ultra-fast NextGenPCR test versus a conventional RT-PCR test","authors":"Katarína Čurová, Viera Lovayová, Mária Nagyová, Leonard Siegfried, Viliam Donič, Gert de Vos","doi":"10.3389/av.2023.11588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/av.2023.11588","url":null,"abstract":"The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is considered the gold standard method for the detection of viruses in a clinic. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of conventional RT-PCR test (FTD TM SARS-CoV-2 Test) and laboratory-developed ultra-fast PCR test (NextGenPCR TM SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Reagent Kit) to detect the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. A total of 318 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from people under investigation for COVID-19. Despite the collection of two swab specimens from each patient and their different processing, the analysis showed an overall agreement of 95.9% between the conventional and laboratory-developed tests. The positive percentage agreement was 90.5% (114/126) and the negative percentage agreement was 99.5% (191/192). The ultra-fast NextGenPCR method does not require the isolation of RNA, provides a result of 20–96 specimens within 57–82 min after sampling, and offers a simple procedure of sample processing, analysis, and evaluation. Our results indicate that this method can be considered a potential diagnostic method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus in hospitals, healthcare facilities, and research laboratories.","PeriodicalId":7205,"journal":{"name":"Acta virologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136293713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The biological consequences of viral infection result from biochemical, physiological, structural, morphological and genetic changes in infected cells. In productive infections, virus-induced biological changes in cells may be closely related to the efficiency of viral replication or to the recognition of these cells by the immune system. These changes are usually associated with cytocidal viruses, as in the case of the pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. Many of these changes are required for effective viral replication. The physiological state of living cells has a significant impact on the outcome of viral infection, as the host cell provides the synthetic machinery, key regulatory molecules and precursors for newly synthesised viral proteins and nucleic acids. This review focuses on novel target cell types for SARS-CoV-2 exposure outside the respiratory tract. Findings and examples are collected that provide information on virus-cell interactions. The identification of unusual target cells for SARS-CoV-2 may help to explain the diverse symptoms in COVID-19 patients and the long-lasting effects after infection. In particular, the discovery of previously undescribed target cells for SARS-CoV-2 action needs to be considered to improve treatment of patients and prevention of infection.
{"title":"The effects of SARS-CoV-2 on susceptible human cells","authors":"Zinaida Klestova","doi":"10.3389/av.2023.11997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/av.2023.11997","url":null,"abstract":"The biological consequences of viral infection result from biochemical, physiological, structural, morphological and genetic changes in infected cells. In productive infections, virus-induced biological changes in cells may be closely related to the efficiency of viral replication or to the recognition of these cells by the immune system. These changes are usually associated with cytocidal viruses, as in the case of the pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. Many of these changes are required for effective viral replication. The physiological state of living cells has a significant impact on the outcome of viral infection, as the host cell provides the synthetic machinery, key regulatory molecules and precursors for newly synthesised viral proteins and nucleic acids. This review focuses on novel target cell types for SARS-CoV-2 exposure outside the respiratory tract. Findings and examples are collected that provide information on virus-cell interactions. The identification of unusual target cells for SARS-CoV-2 may help to explain the diverse symptoms in COVID-19 patients and the long-lasting effects after infection. In particular, the discovery of previously undescribed target cells for SARS-CoV-2 action needs to be considered to improve treatment of patients and prevention of infection.","PeriodicalId":7205,"journal":{"name":"Acta virologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135386722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Serological testing is a powerful tool for analyzing the infectious disease burden landscape. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence against SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the municipality of Kragujevac, Serbia, with a particular reference to silent infections. A total of 4,804 participants over 19 years of age were randomly sampled for population-based seroprevalence research. Anti-N IgG antibodies were measured using rapid serological tests (UNscience ® ). The population was divided into four Cohorts, according to the history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination status with the whole inactivated virus vaccine BBIBP-CorV (Vero Cell ® , Sinopharm), as follows: Cohort I—confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, not vaccinated with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine; Cohort II—without confirmed SARS- CoV-2 infection, vaccinated with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine; Cohort III—confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccinated with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine; Cohort IV—without confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, not vaccinated with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine (silent immunization). Cohorts I and IV included patients vaccinated with vaccines other than the BBIBP-CorV vaccine. The results showed that the overall prevalence of anti-N IgG antibodies was 56.5%, with the highest seroprevalence in Cohort III at 85.8%. In Cohort IV, the prevalence of anti-N IgG antibodies was 40.7%, attributed to silent immunization. The results also suggest that the prevalence of anti-N IgG antibodies decreased over time but remained detectable for more than 12 months in Cohort I. Since currently, there is no data on silent infection frequency in our country, these findings may provide insight into the extent of silent infections in the Serbian population.
{"title":"Silent SARS-CoV-2 infection: seroprevalence study of SARS-CoV-2 anti- nucleocapsid IgG antibodies in Kragujevac, Serbia","authors":"Neda Cicaric, Vanja Canovic, Milica Stojkovic, Sanja Matic, Srdjan Stefanovic, Suzana Popovic, Danijela Todorovic, Natasa Djordjevic, Biljana Radenkovic, Marko Radenkovic, Vasilije Antic, Dejan Baskic","doi":"10.3389/av.2023.11996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/av.2023.11996","url":null,"abstract":"Serological testing is a powerful tool for analyzing the infectious disease burden landscape. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence against SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the municipality of Kragujevac, Serbia, with a particular reference to silent infections. A total of 4,804 participants over 19 years of age were randomly sampled for population-based seroprevalence research. Anti-N IgG antibodies were measured using rapid serological tests (UNscience ® ). The population was divided into four Cohorts, according to the history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination status with the whole inactivated virus vaccine BBIBP-CorV (Vero Cell ® , Sinopharm), as follows: Cohort I—confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, not vaccinated with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine; Cohort II—without confirmed SARS- CoV-2 infection, vaccinated with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine; Cohort III—confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccinated with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine; Cohort IV—without confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, not vaccinated with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine (silent immunization). Cohorts I and IV included patients vaccinated with vaccines other than the BBIBP-CorV vaccine. The results showed that the overall prevalence of anti-N IgG antibodies was 56.5%, with the highest seroprevalence in Cohort III at 85.8%. In Cohort IV, the prevalence of anti-N IgG antibodies was 40.7%, attributed to silent immunization. The results also suggest that the prevalence of anti-N IgG antibodies decreased over time but remained detectable for more than 12 months in Cohort I. Since currently, there is no data on silent infection frequency in our country, these findings may provide insight into the extent of silent infections in the Serbian population.","PeriodicalId":7205,"journal":{"name":"Acta virologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134887163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Makoye Mhozya Kanyema, Mingyang Cheng, Jiawei Luo, Mei Lu, Xinyuan Xing, Yu Sun, Junhong Wang, Yiyuan Lu, Chunwei Shi, Yan Zeng, Guilian Yang, Xin Cao, Chunfeng Wang
The non-uniform usage of synonymous codons occurs in genomes of all organisms, including DNA and RNA viruses. The preferential selection of a codon at the expense of other synonymous codons within the same group is known as Codon Usage Bias. The understanding of this bias assists in unveiling the factors driving molecular evolution, as defined by the selection-mutation-drift theory. According to this model, molecular evolution is predominantly driven by mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. Nevertheless, elements like nucleotide composition, gene length, and protein secondary structure also contribute to this process. Comprehensive genomic analyses that highlight the codon usage preference of the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) are infrequent. ASFV, a hemorrhagic and highly contagious viral disease, almost invariably results in 100% fatality among infected pigs and wild boars. This study, therefore, embarked on a thorough examination of codon usage patterns in ASFV’s complete genomic sequences, an endeavor of great relevance to molecular evolution studies, complex transmission models, and vaccine research. For an exhaustive evaluation of ASFV’s whole-genome codon usage, we used parameters like ENC, RSCU, and CAI. A Principal Component Analysis was carried out to reaffirm the interconnected RSCU lineages based on the continent, and their evolutionary relationships were later elucidated through phylogenetic tree construction. ASFV emerged as a low-biased codon user (ENC = 52.8) that is moderately adapted to its host. Its genome has a high AT composition (64.05%), suggesting the impact of mutational pressure on genomic evolution. However, neutrality plot analysis revealed natural selection’s slight supremacy over mutational pressure. The low codon bias (>45) implies ASFV’s diverse usage of synonymous codons within a given codon family, allowing for effective translation and subsequent successful viral replication cycles. Its moderate adaptation (CAI = 0.56) permits the virus to infect a range of hosts, including reservoirs such as warthogs and bush pigs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the pioneering report providing a comprehensive examination of ASFV’s complete genomic sequences. Consequently, research focusing on viral gene expression and regulation, gene function prediction, parasite-host interaction, immune dysfunction, and drug and vaccine design may find this report to be a valuable resource.
{"title":"Comprehensive codon usage analysis of the African Swine Fever Virus","authors":"Makoye Mhozya Kanyema, Mingyang Cheng, Jiawei Luo, Mei Lu, Xinyuan Xing, Yu Sun, Junhong Wang, Yiyuan Lu, Chunwei Shi, Yan Zeng, Guilian Yang, Xin Cao, Chunfeng Wang","doi":"10.3389/av.2023.11562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/av.2023.11562","url":null,"abstract":"The non-uniform usage of synonymous codons occurs in genomes of all organisms, including DNA and RNA viruses. The preferential selection of a codon at the expense of other synonymous codons within the same group is known as Codon Usage Bias. The understanding of this bias assists in unveiling the factors driving molecular evolution, as defined by the selection-mutation-drift theory. According to this model, molecular evolution is predominantly driven by mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. Nevertheless, elements like nucleotide composition, gene length, and protein secondary structure also contribute to this process. Comprehensive genomic analyses that highlight the codon usage preference of the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) are infrequent. ASFV, a hemorrhagic and highly contagious viral disease, almost invariably results in 100% fatality among infected pigs and wild boars. This study, therefore, embarked on a thorough examination of codon usage patterns in ASFV’s complete genomic sequences, an endeavor of great relevance to molecular evolution studies, complex transmission models, and vaccine research. For an exhaustive evaluation of ASFV’s whole-genome codon usage, we used parameters like ENC, RSCU, and CAI. A Principal Component Analysis was carried out to reaffirm the interconnected RSCU lineages based on the continent, and their evolutionary relationships were later elucidated through phylogenetic tree construction. ASFV emerged as a low-biased codon user (ENC = 52.8) that is moderately adapted to its host. Its genome has a high AT composition (64.05%), suggesting the impact of mutational pressure on genomic evolution. However, neutrality plot analysis revealed natural selection’s slight supremacy over mutational pressure. The low codon bias (>45) implies ASFV’s diverse usage of synonymous codons within a given codon family, allowing for effective translation and subsequent successful viral replication cycles. Its moderate adaptation (CAI = 0.56) permits the virus to infect a range of hosts, including reservoirs such as warthogs and bush pigs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the pioneering report providing a comprehensive examination of ASFV’s complete genomic sequences. Consequently, research focusing on viral gene expression and regulation, gene function prediction, parasite-host interaction, immune dysfunction, and drug and vaccine design may find this report to be a valuable resource.","PeriodicalId":7205,"journal":{"name":"Acta virologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135153669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Denise A. Giannone, Luana E. Piccini, J. E. Brunetti, V. M. Quintana, E. Damonte, V. Castilla
Berberine (BBR) is a plant derived isoquinoline alkaloid that displays a great variety of biological activities. In this study we showed that BBR exhibits a strong antiviral activity with broad spectrum of inhibition against different strains of Zika virus (ZIKV) and the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) in Vero cells. The inhibitory effect of BBR on ZIKV and DENV-2 growth was also demonstrated in human cell lines. The analysis of BBR mode of action showed that the compound did not affect early events of viral multiplication cycle or viral protein expression. By contrast, BBR strongly impaired the formation of intracellular and extracellular infectious viral particles. Furthermore, BBR was able to inhibit ZIKV induced activation of ERK1/2 and p38 cell signaling pathways and also reduced p38 phosphorylation in uninfected cells. Like BBR, the p38 inhibitor SB202190 reduced p38 phosphorylation in both uninfected and ZIKV infected cultures and caused a significant diminishment of viral yields even when it was added late during the infection. These results suggest for the first time that the inhibitory effect of BBR on p38 signaling might contribute to the antiviral action of the compound against flaviviruses.
{"title":"Berberine inhibitory action against zika and dengue viruses in cell cultures","authors":"Denise A. Giannone, Luana E. Piccini, J. E. Brunetti, V. M. Quintana, E. Damonte, V. Castilla","doi":"10.3389/av.2023.11931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/av.2023.11931","url":null,"abstract":"Berberine (BBR) is a plant derived isoquinoline alkaloid that displays a great variety of biological activities. In this study we showed that BBR exhibits a strong antiviral activity with broad spectrum of inhibition against different strains of Zika virus (ZIKV) and the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) in Vero cells. The inhibitory effect of BBR on ZIKV and DENV-2 growth was also demonstrated in human cell lines. The analysis of BBR mode of action showed that the compound did not affect early events of viral multiplication cycle or viral protein expression. By contrast, BBR strongly impaired the formation of intracellular and extracellular infectious viral particles. Furthermore, BBR was able to inhibit ZIKV induced activation of ERK1/2 and p38 cell signaling pathways and also reduced p38 phosphorylation in uninfected cells. Like BBR, the p38 inhibitor SB202190 reduced p38 phosphorylation in both uninfected and ZIKV infected cultures and caused a significant diminishment of viral yields even when it was added late during the infection. These results suggest for the first time that the inhibitory effect of BBR on p38 signaling might contribute to the antiviral action of the compound against flaviviruses.","PeriodicalId":7205,"journal":{"name":"Acta virologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47774476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Janko, M. Sláviková, Boris Klempa, Peter Celec, Michal Pastorek
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has a highly variable course that is dependent on the host immune system reaction. Lung tissue damage, endothelial dysfunction, and microthrombosis in severe COVID-19 is linked to neutrophilia and the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Previous studies have shown that NETs are involved in the pathology of COVID-19 and that the virus itself induces NET formation, although the underlying mechanisms are not clear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the induction of NETs by SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. We have found that both, infectious and heat-inactivated virus induce NETs formation. Surprisingly, cell culture media derived from uninfected Vero cells exhibit similar potency. This suggests that NET inducers other than the virus might be involved. Mitochondria released from dying cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection acting as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) were identified as potential contributors to neutrophil activation and NET formation. Our findings point to an important source of bias when analyzing NETs induction by SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, but also the immune reaction to viruses in general. Further implications for the understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis remain to be elucidated.
{"title":"In vitro induction of neutrophil extracellular traps by SARS-CoV-2 is biased by extracellular mitochondria","authors":"J. Janko, M. Sláviková, Boris Klempa, Peter Celec, Michal Pastorek","doi":"10.3389/av.2023.11801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/av.2023.11801","url":null,"abstract":"The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has a highly variable course that is dependent on the host immune system reaction. Lung tissue damage, endothelial dysfunction, and microthrombosis in severe COVID-19 is linked to neutrophilia and the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Previous studies have shown that NETs are involved in the pathology of COVID-19 and that the virus itself induces NET formation, although the underlying mechanisms are not clear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the induction of NETs by SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. We have found that both, infectious and heat-inactivated virus induce NETs formation. Surprisingly, cell culture media derived from uninfected Vero cells exhibit similar potency. This suggests that NET inducers other than the virus might be involved. Mitochondria released from dying cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection acting as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) were identified as potential contributors to neutrophil activation and NET formation. Our findings point to an important source of bias when analyzing NETs induction by SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, but also the immune reaction to viruses in general. Further implications for the understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis remain to be elucidated.","PeriodicalId":7205,"journal":{"name":"Acta virologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47405949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dahiana Correa, Diana M Giraldo, Salomon Gallego, N. Taborda, Juan C. Hernández
Respiratory infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, becoming a serious public health issue worldwide. The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is still one of the most relevant pathogenic agents involved in respiratory infections in children, the leading cause of bronchiolitis worldwide. In most cases, hRSV infection is not complicated; however, limited treatment and vaccine options increase the morbidity rates associated with bronchiolitis. The innate immune response governs the severity of the disease and controls the viral infection outcome. Current knowledge about the mechanisms involved in viral PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules) recognition, genetic characteristics of the inflammatory response, and understanding of antiviral response is crucial for vaccine development and biomarker tools to predict complications and guide therapeutic management. Here, we review key concepts related to pathogenesis and immune response against hRSV, highlighting aspects that could be considered in vaccine development.
{"title":"Immunity towards human respiratory syncytial virus","authors":"Dahiana Correa, Diana M Giraldo, Salomon Gallego, N. Taborda, Juan C. Hernández","doi":"10.3389/av.2023.11887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/av.2023.11887","url":null,"abstract":"Respiratory infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, becoming a serious public health issue worldwide. The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is still one of the most relevant pathogenic agents involved in respiratory infections in children, the leading cause of bronchiolitis worldwide. In most cases, hRSV infection is not complicated; however, limited treatment and vaccine options increase the morbidity rates associated with bronchiolitis. The innate immune response governs the severity of the disease and controls the viral infection outcome. Current knowledge about the mechanisms involved in viral PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules) recognition, genetic characteristics of the inflammatory response, and understanding of antiviral response is crucial for vaccine development and biomarker tools to predict complications and guide therapeutic management. Here, we review key concepts related to pathogenesis and immune response against hRSV, highlighting aspects that could be considered in vaccine development.","PeriodicalId":7205,"journal":{"name":"Acta virologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48258750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miroslav Marcin, Ondrej Zahornacký, Mária Kacírová, M. Sulíková, Miloslava Bajer-Ďuráčová, P. Rehulka, P. Bober, J. Fedacko, P. Jarčuška, J. Sabó
The immune response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, involves intricate interactions between immune cells and viral antigens. CD19+ lymphocytes play a critical role in driving the humoral immune response. In this study, high-throughput proteomic analysis was performed using tandem mass spectrometry to investigate the changes in proteomic profiles of CD19+ whole cell lysates from 6 healthy individuals and 6 acute COVID-19 patients. The volcano plot and heat map showed significant differences in proteomic profiles between these two groups, indicating a distinct molecular signature associated with acute COVID-19. Enrichment analysis, especially over-representation analysis (ORA) using the Reactome database, revealed that proteins involved in neutrophil degranulation and interferon alpha/beta signaling pathways were among the most affected, indicating alterations in key defense processes. These findings, therefore, provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying CD19+ cell responses in acute COVID-19.
{"title":"Initial high throughput proteomic analysis reveals alterations in CD19+ B lymphocyte profile in acute COVID-19 patients","authors":"Miroslav Marcin, Ondrej Zahornacký, Mária Kacírová, M. Sulíková, Miloslava Bajer-Ďuráčová, P. Rehulka, P. Bober, J. Fedacko, P. Jarčuška, J. Sabó","doi":"10.3389/av.2023.11702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/av.2023.11702","url":null,"abstract":"The immune response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, involves intricate interactions between immune cells and viral antigens. CD19+ lymphocytes play a critical role in driving the humoral immune response. In this study, high-throughput proteomic analysis was performed using tandem mass spectrometry to investigate the changes in proteomic profiles of CD19+ whole cell lysates from 6 healthy individuals and 6 acute COVID-19 patients. The volcano plot and heat map showed significant differences in proteomic profiles between these two groups, indicating a distinct molecular signature associated with acute COVID-19. Enrichment analysis, especially over-representation analysis (ORA) using the Reactome database, revealed that proteins involved in neutrophil degranulation and interferon alpha/beta signaling pathways were among the most affected, indicating alterations in key defense processes. These findings, therefore, provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying CD19+ cell responses in acute COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":7205,"journal":{"name":"Acta virologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45679641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. S. Park, J. Bae, J. Jung, Joong-Sun Kim, Su-Jin Park
Although vaccines have been developed for rotavirus infections, there is currently no effective therapeutic treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 18-hydroxyferruginol (1) and 18-oxoferruginol (2) isolated from Torreya nucifera (T. nucifera) against bovine G8P[7] and porcine G5P[7] rotaviruses using two different assay strategies: 1) reduction of viral infectivity by neutralizing the virus (virucidal assay) and 2) inhibition of viral replication after infection (post-treatment assay). In the post-treatment assay, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited strong anti-rotavirus activity, with 50% effective concentration values of 24.7 μM (selectivity index; SI= 2.52) and 23.2 μM (SI= 1.75) against bovine G8P[7], 21.1 μM (SI= 2.95) and 22.6 μM (SI= 1.80) against porcine G5P[7], respectively. During viral replication, the two compounds demonstrated stronger inhibition of viral RNA synthesis in the late stages (18 h) than in the early stages (6 h). Compounds 1 and 2 also inhibited the synthesis of viral proteins such as VP6, as determined by immunofluorescence assay. Thus, it appears that compounds 1 and 2 isolated from T. nucifera possess strong antiviral activity against rotaviruses, inhibit viral replication, and may be developed into potential plant-derived therapeutic candidates against rotavirus infection.
{"title":"In vitro antiviral activity of abietane diterpenoids isolated from Torreya nucifera against rotavirus infection","authors":"J. S. Park, J. Bae, J. Jung, Joong-Sun Kim, Su-Jin Park","doi":"10.3389/av.2023.11630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/av.2023.11630","url":null,"abstract":"Although vaccines have been developed for rotavirus infections, there is currently no effective therapeutic treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 18-hydroxyferruginol (1) and 18-oxoferruginol (2) isolated from Torreya nucifera (T. nucifera) against bovine G8P[7] and porcine G5P[7] rotaviruses using two different assay strategies: 1) reduction of viral infectivity by neutralizing the virus (virucidal assay) and 2) inhibition of viral replication after infection (post-treatment assay). In the post-treatment assay, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited strong anti-rotavirus activity, with 50% effective concentration values of 24.7 μM (selectivity index; SI= 2.52) and 23.2 μM (SI= 1.75) against bovine G8P[7], 21.1 μM (SI= 2.95) and 22.6 μM (SI= 1.80) against porcine G5P[7], respectively. During viral replication, the two compounds demonstrated stronger inhibition of viral RNA synthesis in the late stages (18 h) than in the early stages (6 h). Compounds 1 and 2 also inhibited the synthesis of viral proteins such as VP6, as determined by immunofluorescence assay. Thus, it appears that compounds 1 and 2 isolated from T. nucifera possess strong antiviral activity against rotaviruses, inhibit viral replication, and may be developed into potential plant-derived therapeutic candidates against rotavirus infection.","PeriodicalId":7205,"journal":{"name":"Acta virologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45220133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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