Autoimmune diseases comprise a collection of disorders that are characterized by tissue injury resulting from abnormal immune responses to self-autoantigens (1-3). Although the etiology and pathogenesis have not yet been completely elucidated, genetic and environmental factors are generally considered to significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of these autoimmune disorders (2,3). Although autoimmune diseases have been historically considered rare, through rigorous epidemiological studies, they have Review Article
{"title":"A narrative review of PD-1 and autoimmune diseases","authors":"Yanan Deng, Feng Huang, Jie Wang","doi":"10.21037/AOB-20-86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/AOB-20-86","url":null,"abstract":"Autoimmune diseases comprise a collection of disorders that are characterized by tissue injury resulting from abnormal immune responses to self-autoantigens (1-3). Although the etiology and pathogenesis have not yet been completely elucidated, genetic and environmental factors are generally considered to significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of these autoimmune disorders (2,3). Although autoimmune diseases have been historically considered rare, through rigorous epidemiological studies, they have Review Article","PeriodicalId":72211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of blood","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41644845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia occurs due to alloantibodies against platelet antigens, such as the ABO blood group antigens, HLA class I, and human platelet antigens (HPA). In recent years, more than 30 HPA have been identified (https://www.versiti.org/medicalprofessionals/precision-medicine-expertise/plateletantigen-database/hpa-gene-database). Among them, alloantibodies against the HPA-1a formed by point mutation (Leu33Pro) on platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIIa (known as β3 integrin) are responsible for most cases of alloimmune thrombocytopenia in Caucasians (1). However, foetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) caused by anti-HPA-1a antibodies has not been well recognized in other populations. Interestingly, accumulating evidence indicates that immune-mediated thrombocytopenia caused Review Article
{"title":"A narrative review on progress and development of anti-CD36 antibody detection","authors":"Xiuzhang Xu, S. Santoso","doi":"10.21037/aob-21-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aob-21-48","url":null,"abstract":"Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia occurs due to alloantibodies against platelet antigens, such as the ABO blood group antigens, HLA class I, and human platelet antigens (HPA). In recent years, more than 30 HPA have been identified (https://www.versiti.org/medicalprofessionals/precision-medicine-expertise/plateletantigen-database/hpa-gene-database). Among them, alloantibodies against the HPA-1a formed by point mutation (Leu33Pro) on platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIIa (known as β3 integrin) are responsible for most cases of alloimmune thrombocytopenia in Caucasians (1). However, foetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) caused by anti-HPA-1a antibodies has not been well recognized in other populations. Interestingly, accumulating evidence indicates that immune-mediated thrombocytopenia caused Review Article","PeriodicalId":72211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of blood","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43235048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transfusion therapy in sickle cell disease","authors":"Y. Tanhehco, P. Shi, J. Schwartz","doi":"10.21037/aob-21-67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aob-21-67","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of blood","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48007125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: This work proposes a review of the antibodies which have been associated with variant RHD and RHCE alleles, except null alleles. Background: The data on this topic is dispersed in the literature. Methods: A review of the articles referenced in PubMed and of abstract books from major conferences was performed. Most antibodies have been published in full-length articles, and several more have been reported in conference abstracts. The anti-D antibodies reported in carriers of D variants and the antibodies to CE antigens reported in carriers of CE variants were listed, including antibodies to low prevalence antigens. The RHCE alleles for which the RH10 (V) and RH20 (VS) phenotypes have been reported were also collected. The reports of antibody formation were compared to the prevalence evaluated by the Erythrogene database in the 1000 Genomes dataset. Conclusions: It is noted in this review that studies reporting anti-D or antibodies to CE antigens associated with Rh variants only rarely include detailed serological descriptions of the findings. This review lists several alleles which are not exceptional, and for which no carrier has been reported to form the antibody to the expressed antigen(s) (e.g., no allo-anti-D has been reported so far in carriers of RHD *01EL.01 , c.1227A). Considering the antibody reports in carriers or absence thereof and the prevalence for each RH allele, it may become possible to propose case-by-case recommendations for more RH alleles in the near future. 20 (RH49)
{"title":"Molecular genetics of the Rh blood group system: alleles and antibodies—a narrative review","authors":"A. Floch","doi":"10.21037/aob-20-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aob-20-84","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This work proposes a review of the antibodies which have been associated with variant RHD and RHCE alleles, except null alleles. Background: The data on this topic is dispersed in the literature. Methods: A review of the articles referenced in PubMed and of abstract books from major conferences was performed. Most antibodies have been published in full-length articles, and several more have been reported in conference abstracts. The anti-D antibodies reported in carriers of D variants and the antibodies to CE antigens reported in carriers of CE variants were listed, including antibodies to low prevalence antigens. The RHCE alleles for which the RH10 (V) and RH20 (VS) phenotypes have been reported were also collected. The reports of antibody formation were compared to the prevalence evaluated by the Erythrogene database in the 1000 Genomes dataset. Conclusions: It is noted in this review that studies reporting anti-D or antibodies to CE antigens associated with Rh variants only rarely include detailed serological descriptions of the findings. This review lists several alleles which are not exceptional, and for which no carrier has been reported to form the antibody to the expressed antigen(s) (e.g., no allo-anti-D has been reported so far in carriers of RHD *01EL.01 , c.1227A). Considering the antibody reports in carriers or absence thereof and the prevalence for each RH allele, it may become possible to propose case-by-case recommendations for more RH alleles in the near future. 20 (RH49)","PeriodicalId":72211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of blood","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49529742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bacterial contamination of platelets leading to post-transfusion sepsis (PTS) represents a significant risk to patients, even in the era of bacterial culture using a sample obtained 24 hours postcollection and inoculated into a single blood culture bottle. Various approaches are available for mitigation of this risk, one of which is large volume delayed sampling (LVDS) culture. LVDS aims to increase detection of contaminated platelets compared to 24-hour, single aerobic bottle culture by increasing the sample volume in order to inoculate two or more blood culture bottles, and increasing the delay before sampling, thus allowing additional time for bacteria present in a contaminated platelet product to multiply before sampling. Three establishments have implemented LVDS as their strategy for enhancing safety of platelets. Their collective experience points to a reduction in the residual risk of PTS following transfusion of contaminated platelets when compared to historical data. LVDS as a strategy to enhance platelet safety has the advantage of simplicity when compared to various two-step approaches that involve an early culture followed by either re-culture or rapid testing. With a seven-day shelf-life, LVDS leads to decreased platelet outdates when compared to 24-hour single bottle culture with a five-day shelf-life, and an increased age of platelets at
{"title":"Bacterial culture of platelets with the large volume delayed sampling approach: a narrative review","authors":"G. Delage","doi":"10.21037/AOB-21-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/AOB-21-4","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial contamination of platelets leading to post-transfusion sepsis (PTS) represents a significant risk to patients, even in the era of bacterial culture using a sample obtained 24 hours postcollection and inoculated into a single blood culture bottle. Various approaches are available for mitigation of this risk, one of which is large volume delayed sampling (LVDS) culture. LVDS aims to increase detection of contaminated platelets compared to 24-hour, single aerobic bottle culture by increasing the sample volume in order to inoculate two or more blood culture bottles, and increasing the delay before sampling, thus allowing additional time for bacteria present in a contaminated platelet product to multiply before sampling. Three establishments have implemented LVDS as their strategy for enhancing safety of platelets. Their collective experience points to a reduction in the residual risk of PTS following transfusion of contaminated platelets when compared to historical data. LVDS as a strategy to enhance platelet safety has the advantage of simplicity when compared to various two-step approaches that involve an early culture followed by either re-culture or rapid testing. With a seven-day shelf-life, LVDS leads to decreased platelet outdates when compared to 24-hour single bottle culture with a five-day shelf-life, and an increased age of platelets at","PeriodicalId":72211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of blood","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43285086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Aging, especially its related immune senescence, is an important risk factor for many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases and tumors. One major hurdle to study aging is the lack of a comprehensive set of biomarkers to evaluate and predict the progress of aging. The biomarkers for immune senescence are crucial for effective vaccination and optimal immunotherapy. Methods: In this study, to identify potential biomarkers linked to aging from routine blood laboratory tests, we analyzed the correlations between aging and indices in peripheral blood cell population, cytokines, Complete Blood Count and Blood Chemistry panel. Furthermore, we analyzed the differences of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines among different age groups. In addition, differential gene expression was evaluated by using whole transcriptome data of 258 samples, which was subsequently used for pathway analysis. Results: Our results showed significant correlations between some of the indices with aging, and some were also associated with genders and ethnics. Transitional B Cells were negatively correlated with aging, and several cytokines, including CCL22, CXCL9, IL21, IL23A and IL31, were related to aging as well. In addition, we found several genes associated with aging, including SERPINA1 , ORM2 , MS4A1 , ETS1 , CD27 and IL7R . Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that changes of a couple of indices from routine blood laboratory tests and gene expression had correlation to aging, and these could potentially be used as biomarkers of aging.
{"title":"Correlation analyses between age and indices in routine blood laboratory tests suggest potential aging biomarkers","authors":"Menghan Sun, Xinpeng He, Lipeng Mao, Tengyu Ma, Jieping Deng, L. Gao, Pengcheng Wang, Guobing Chen","doi":"10.21037/aob-20-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aob-20-79","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Aging, especially its related immune senescence, is an important risk factor for many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases and tumors. One major hurdle to study aging is the lack of a comprehensive set of biomarkers to evaluate and predict the progress of aging. The biomarkers for immune senescence are crucial for effective vaccination and optimal immunotherapy. Methods: In this study, to identify potential biomarkers linked to aging from routine blood laboratory tests, we analyzed the correlations between aging and indices in peripheral blood cell population, cytokines, Complete Blood Count and Blood Chemistry panel. Furthermore, we analyzed the differences of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines among different age groups. In addition, differential gene expression was evaluated by using whole transcriptome data of 258 samples, which was subsequently used for pathway analysis. Results: Our results showed significant correlations between some of the indices with aging, and some were also associated with genders and ethnics. Transitional B Cells were negatively correlated with aging, and several cytokines, including CCL22, CXCL9, IL21, IL23A and IL31, were related to aging as well. In addition, we found several genes associated with aging, including SERPINA1 , ORM2 , MS4A1 , ETS1 , CD27 and IL7R . Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that changes of a couple of indices from routine blood laboratory tests and gene expression had correlation to aging, and these could potentially be used as biomarkers of aging.","PeriodicalId":72211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of blood","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48020651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A narrative review on platelet rich plasma: hope or hype?","authors":"Reena Yaman, T. Kinard","doi":"10.21037/aob-21-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aob-21-57","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72211,"journal":{"name":"Annals of blood","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49402884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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