Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2022.2033905
R. Maertens, L. Schöttl, W. Liebig, P. Elsner, K. Weidenmann
Abstract To quantify the homogeneity of fiber dispersion in short fiber-reinforced polymer composites, a method for image texture analysis of 3-dimensional X-ray micro computed tomography (µCT) images is presented in this work. The adaption of the method to the specific requirements of the composite material is accomplished using a statistical region merging approach. Subsequently, the method is applied for evaluating the homogeneity of specimens from an intermediate step of the long fiber thermoset injection molding process as well as molded parts. This new injection molding process enables the manufacturing of parts with a flexible combination of short and long glass fibers. By using a newly developed screw element based on the Maddock mixing element design, the material homogeneity of parts molded in the long fiber injection molding process is improved. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Study of material homogeneity in the long fiber thermoset injection molding process by image texture analysis","authors":"R. Maertens, L. Schöttl, W. Liebig, P. Elsner, K. Weidenmann","doi":"10.1080/20550340.2022.2033905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20550340.2022.2033905","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To quantify the homogeneity of fiber dispersion in short fiber-reinforced polymer composites, a method for image texture analysis of 3-dimensional X-ray micro computed tomography (µCT) images is presented in this work. The adaption of the method to the specific requirements of the composite material is accomplished using a statistical region merging approach. Subsequently, the method is applied for evaluating the homogeneity of specimens from an intermediate step of the long fiber thermoset injection molding process as well as molded parts. This new injection molding process enables the manufacturing of parts with a flexible combination of short and long glass fibers. By using a newly developed screw element based on the Maddock mixing element design, the material homogeneity of parts molded in the long fiber injection molding process is improved. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":7243,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74504913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2022.2033539
Joachim Scheller, Thorben Brenner, M. Ott, T. Fladung, P. Baur
Abstract An investigation of plasma-polymeric coatings on stretchable polymer films utilizing hexamethyldisiloxane and oxygen has been performed. The influence of the plasma parameters on release properties to polyurethane paints as well as the unpreventable transfer of traces of plasma-polymeric coatings to paints or thermosets were investigated. The elemental composition and physical properties have been analyzed using contact angle measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with peak fitting. The release properties of the coatings are discussed. The results show that a higher ratio of oxygen to hexamethyldisiloxane during the plasma process leads to an increase of peel forces to polyurethane paints. The XPS shows that the transfer of plasma coating to the paint is on average below 0.4 at% of silicon, which is below the critical fraction of 2 at% silicon reported in the literature. Therefore, the clear-coat paint shows no difference in its adhesion to thermosets between untreated and pretreated surfaces. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Release properties of plasma polymeric coated polymer films and adhesive strength of transferred polyurethane coatings to fiber-reinforced thermosets","authors":"Joachim Scheller, Thorben Brenner, M. Ott, T. Fladung, P. Baur","doi":"10.1080/20550340.2022.2033539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20550340.2022.2033539","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An investigation of plasma-polymeric coatings on stretchable polymer films utilizing hexamethyldisiloxane and oxygen has been performed. The influence of the plasma parameters on release properties to polyurethane paints as well as the unpreventable transfer of traces of plasma-polymeric coatings to paints or thermosets were investigated. The elemental composition and physical properties have been analyzed using contact angle measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with peak fitting. The release properties of the coatings are discussed. The results show that a higher ratio of oxygen to hexamethyldisiloxane during the plasma process leads to an increase of peel forces to polyurethane paints. The XPS shows that the transfer of plasma coating to the paint is on average below 0.4 at% of silicon, which is below the critical fraction of 2 at% silicon reported in the literature. Therefore, the clear-coat paint shows no difference in its adhesion to thermosets between untreated and pretreated surfaces. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":7243,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85281911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2021.2015212
D. Fricke, L. Raps, I. Schiel
Abstract The thermoplastic automated fiber placement (T-AFP) process is a non-autoclave method for in situ consolidation of thermoplastic composite material on a piecewise constructed laminate. High thermal gradients and nonlinear material behavior, especially due to crystallization, make predictions of process-induced stress and warping difficult. This article describes a method for simulating parts manufactured by T-AFP using a detailed material model to capture the dynamic nature of the process. The material model is flexible and can be altered to describe different semi-crystalline matrices, in this study focusing on low-melt polyaryletherketone. Two laminate panels are simulated within this work and assess the impact of a heated tooling on overall part warping. Panel warping is validated by performing 3D-scans of T-AFP-manufactured laminates produced using the same parameters as the simulation. The results show a good match between numeric and experimental warping, especially for heated tools, thus, providing a useful method for predicting laminate warping and reducing the demand on manufacturing experimentation. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Prediction of warping in thermoplastic AFP-manufactured laminates through simulation and experimentation","authors":"D. Fricke, L. Raps, I. Schiel","doi":"10.1080/20550340.2021.2015212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20550340.2021.2015212","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The thermoplastic automated fiber placement (T-AFP) process is a non-autoclave method for in situ consolidation of thermoplastic composite material on a piecewise constructed laminate. High thermal gradients and nonlinear material behavior, especially due to crystallization, make predictions of process-induced stress and warping difficult. This article describes a method for simulating parts manufactured by T-AFP using a detailed material model to capture the dynamic nature of the process. The material model is flexible and can be altered to describe different semi-crystalline matrices, in this study focusing on low-melt polyaryletherketone. Two laminate panels are simulated within this work and assess the impact of a heated tooling on overall part warping. Panel warping is validated by performing 3D-scans of T-AFP-manufactured laminates produced using the same parameters as the simulation. The results show a good match between numeric and experimental warping, especially for heated tools, thus, providing a useful method for predicting laminate warping and reducing the demand on manufacturing experimentation. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":7243,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84913920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2021.1976501
N. Yadav, B. Oswald-Tranta, R. Schledjewski, K. Wachtarczyk
Abstract Automated tape layup (ATL) largely employs post manufacturing manual visual inspection techniques for defect detection, which severely affects the productivity. Inline monitoring and defect prediction can help in making the process faster and more reliable. The presented work details the use of thermography as an inspection tool for thermoplastic tape material. A new online monitoring system is developed containing Infrared camera integrated on a purpose build ATL test rig. The capability of the tool to identify various defects is analyzed. Moreover, detailed temperature and cooling behavior analysis is done for defect prediction. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Ply-by-ply inline thermography inspection for thermoplastic automated tape layup","authors":"N. Yadav, B. Oswald-Tranta, R. Schledjewski, K. Wachtarczyk","doi":"10.1080/20550340.2021.1976501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20550340.2021.1976501","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Automated tape layup (ATL) largely employs post manufacturing manual visual inspection techniques for defect detection, which severely affects the productivity. Inline monitoring and defect prediction can help in making the process faster and more reliable. The presented work details the use of thermography as an inspection tool for thermoplastic tape material. A new online monitoring system is developed containing Infrared camera integrated on a purpose build ATL test rig. The capability of the tool to identify various defects is analyzed. Moreover, detailed temperature and cooling behavior analysis is done for defect prediction. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":7243,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81453827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2021.1952046
D. B. Bender, S. Nutt
Abstract To address the need for increased efficiency and high-quality in-field repair of composite structures, a vacuum bag only (VBO) semi-preg was produced, modeled, and evaluated against a conventional resin and format commonly used for repairs. The semi-preg featured a vinyl hybrid resin formulated for rapid processing with a discontinuous distribution of resin on the fiber bed. The format imparted high through-thickness air permeability relative to conventional out-of-autoclave (OoA) prepregs by virtue of abundant air evacuation pathways with short breathe-out distances. A model was developed to describe the rheological behavior of the resin, and then flow number analysis was employed to assess model accuracy and to guide the design of efficient cure cycles. A custom-built scarfed repair tool featuring an in situ observation window was employed to analyze the resin flow and cure process during a scarf repair. Microstructural quality and interlaminar shear strength were compared across the epoxy/vinyl hybrid and conventional/semi-preg panels. The results demonstrated that fast-cure resins can be used in conjunction with flow number analysis and semi-preg formats to design efficient VBO cure cycles that consistently yield patch repairs with low defect contents in repair environments. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Efficient cocured scarf repair of composite structures through rheology modeling","authors":"D. B. Bender, S. Nutt","doi":"10.1080/20550340.2021.1952046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20550340.2021.1952046","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To address the need for increased efficiency and high-quality in-field repair of composite structures, a vacuum bag only (VBO) semi-preg was produced, modeled, and evaluated against a conventional resin and format commonly used for repairs. The semi-preg featured a vinyl hybrid resin formulated for rapid processing with a discontinuous distribution of resin on the fiber bed. The format imparted high through-thickness air permeability relative to conventional out-of-autoclave (OoA) prepregs by virtue of abundant air evacuation pathways with short breathe-out distances. A model was developed to describe the rheological behavior of the resin, and then flow number analysis was employed to assess model accuracy and to guide the design of efficient cure cycles. A custom-built scarfed repair tool featuring an in situ observation window was employed to analyze the resin flow and cure process during a scarf repair. Microstructural quality and interlaminar shear strength were compared across the epoxy/vinyl hybrid and conventional/semi-preg panels. The results demonstrated that fast-cure resins can be used in conjunction with flow number analysis and semi-preg formats to design efficient VBO cure cycles that consistently yield patch repairs with low defect contents in repair environments. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":7243,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86711621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2021.1968190
S. Erland, T. Dodwell
Abstract Understanding the bending mechanics of uncured carbon fiber prepreg is vital for modeling forming processes and the formation of out-of-plane wrinkling defects. This article presents a modification of standard dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to characterize the viscoelastic bending mechanics of uncured carbon fiber prepreg using Timoshenko beam theory, along with an updated model describing inter-ply shear in uncured laminates. By post-processing DMA results, the analysis provides temperature and rate-dependent values of inter and intra-ply shear stiffness for a carbon fiber laminate and each individual ply with experimental results for AS4/8552 presented. The new methodology provides a means to parametrize process models, and also gives an indication of optimal manufacturing conditions to enable defect-free forming and consolidation processes. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Quantifying inter- and intra-ply shear in the deformation of uncured composite laminates","authors":"S. Erland, T. Dodwell","doi":"10.1080/20550340.2021.1968190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20550340.2021.1968190","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Understanding the bending mechanics of uncured carbon fiber prepreg is vital for modeling forming processes and the formation of out-of-plane wrinkling defects. This article presents a modification of standard dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to characterize the viscoelastic bending mechanics of uncured carbon fiber prepreg using Timoshenko beam theory, along with an updated model describing inter-ply shear in uncured laminates. By post-processing DMA results, the analysis provides temperature and rate-dependent values of inter and intra-ply shear stiffness for a carbon fiber laminate and each individual ply with experimental results for AS4/8552 presented. The new methodology provides a means to parametrize process models, and also gives an indication of optimal manufacturing conditions to enable defect-free forming and consolidation processes. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":7243,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75497780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2021.1967650
L. Maragoni, P. Carraro, M. Quaresimin
Abstract In the present work, cross-ply and multidirectional laminates were produced by autoclave moulding. Changes in the process parameters led to different microstructural features in terms of fibre volume fraction, global void content, and void size. Fatigue tests revealed a strong influence of the microstructure on the long-term performances of the laminates, in terms of life to crack initiation, crack propagation, crack density evolution and associated stiffness drop. A criterion recently proposed by the authors to predict the formation of the first fatigue cracks accounting for the actual material microstructure, including voids, was then validated on the new experimental data. The results show the need to properly account for the manufacturing induced defects for a more efficient and safer design of composite parts, and remark the necessity of developing models that link manufacturing process parameters, micro-scale morphology, and mechanical performances to enable a cost-effective production that maximizes the performance/cost ratio. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Influence of manufacturing-induced defects on the fatigue performances of autoclave moulded laminates","authors":"L. Maragoni, P. Carraro, M. Quaresimin","doi":"10.1080/20550340.2021.1967650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20550340.2021.1967650","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the present work, cross-ply and multidirectional laminates were produced by autoclave moulding. Changes in the process parameters led to different microstructural features in terms of fibre volume fraction, global void content, and void size. Fatigue tests revealed a strong influence of the microstructure on the long-term performances of the laminates, in terms of life to crack initiation, crack propagation, crack density evolution and associated stiffness drop. A criterion recently proposed by the authors to predict the formation of the first fatigue cracks accounting for the actual material microstructure, including voids, was then validated on the new experimental data. The results show the need to properly account for the manufacturing induced defects for a more efficient and safer design of composite parts, and remark the necessity of developing models that link manufacturing process parameters, micro-scale morphology, and mechanical performances to enable a cost-effective production that maximizes the performance/cost ratio. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":7243,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86649472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2021.1888209
Florian Piott, A. Krämer, André Lück, L. Hoffmann, P. Mitschang, D. Drummer
Abstract Continuous compression moulding (CCM) is an efficient process for manufacturing endless fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites, so called organic sheets. The semi-finished products are fully impregnated and consolidated and can be thermoformed into complex 3D-geometries. Applications benefit from excellent weight-specific features as well as functional integration. Nevertheless, limited production speed and lower than acceptable manufacturing quality are still a challenge, especially with the use of high shrinkage polymers. Hence, porosities and defects due to pressure drops inside the laminate during impregnation and solidification can cause degradation in material properties. With the integration of an active adaptive pressing tool and an inline pressure measurement system, the process can be optimised towards guided impregnation and improved pressure distribution. A calculation method based on the B-factor method by Mayer has been adapted for the CCM process in order to enhance the tool design. Both, production speed as well as organic sheet quality can be improved with the optimised processing system presented in the following work. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Increasing the performance of continuous compression moulding by local pressure adaption","authors":"Florian Piott, A. Krämer, André Lück, L. Hoffmann, P. Mitschang, D. Drummer","doi":"10.1080/20550340.2021.1888209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20550340.2021.1888209","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Continuous compression moulding (CCM) is an efficient process for manufacturing endless fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites, so called organic sheets. The semi-finished products are fully impregnated and consolidated and can be thermoformed into complex 3D-geometries. Applications benefit from excellent weight-specific features as well as functional integration. Nevertheless, limited production speed and lower than acceptable manufacturing quality are still a challenge, especially with the use of high shrinkage polymers. Hence, porosities and defects due to pressure drops inside the laminate during impregnation and solidification can cause degradation in material properties. With the integration of an active adaptive pressing tool and an inline pressure measurement system, the process can be optimised towards guided impregnation and improved pressure distribution. A calculation method based on the B-factor method by Mayer has been adapted for the CCM process in order to enhance the tool design. Both, production speed as well as organic sheet quality can be improved with the optimised processing system presented in the following work. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":7243,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89776304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2020.1859253
S. Hosseini, F. Esselink, I. Baran, M. van Drongelen, R. Akkerman
Abstract A new inverse kinematic-optical-thermal (IKOT) model is introduced to control the process temperature in laser assisted tape winding and placement processes. The optimum time-dependent laser power distribution is obtained by employing a grid of independent laser cells while keeping the temperature of substrate and tape at the target temperature. Multi-layer cylindrical hoop winding with laser grids of 1 × 1, 28 × 1, and 28 × 11 and helical winding of a pressure vessel with laser grids of 22 × 1 and 22 × 11 are considered. It is found that the optimized laser power distribution pattern remains the same during the consecutive hoop winding process while the total power reduces to compensate the heat accumulation. A more non-uniform laser power distribution is obtained for the helical winding because the substrate curvature changes drastically at the dome section of the pressure vessel. The change in the optimum total laser power is found to be almost constant for the helical winding case. Finally, the IKOT model is evaluated by analyzing the effect of the computational parameters on the optimized process temperature. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Optimization of the laser-assisted tape winding process using an inverse kinematic-optical-thermal model","authors":"S. Hosseini, F. Esselink, I. Baran, M. van Drongelen, R. Akkerman","doi":"10.1080/20550340.2020.1859253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20550340.2020.1859253","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A new inverse kinematic-optical-thermal (IKOT) model is introduced to control the process temperature in laser assisted tape winding and placement processes. The optimum time-dependent laser power distribution is obtained by employing a grid of independent laser cells while keeping the temperature of substrate and tape at the target temperature. Multi-layer cylindrical hoop winding with laser grids of 1 × 1, 28 × 1, and 28 × 11 and helical winding of a pressure vessel with laser grids of 22 × 1 and 22 × 11 are considered. It is found that the optimized laser power distribution pattern remains the same during the consecutive hoop winding process while the total power reduces to compensate the heat accumulation. A more non-uniform laser power distribution is obtained for the helical winding because the substrate curvature changes drastically at the dome section of the pressure vessel. The change in the optimum total laser power is found to be almost constant for the helical winding case. Finally, the IKOT model is evaluated by analyzing the effect of the computational parameters on the optimized process temperature. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":7243,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78118591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-29DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2020.1869891
D. Bender, T. Centea, S. Nutt
Abstract To address the need for increased efficiency in high performance composite processing, a vacuum bag only (VBO) semi-preg was designed, modeled, and evaluated. The semi-preg featured a vinyl hybrid resin formulated for rapid cure. A model was developed to describe the kinetic behavior of the resin, and then was employed to guide the design of efficient cure cycles. The semi-preg featured a discontinuous distribution of resin on the fiber bed. The format imparted high through-thickness air permeability by virtue of the multitude of air evacuation pathways with short breath-out distances relative to conventional out-of-autoclave prepregs (OoA). The kinetic model was used to create a test matrix of panels from the semi-pregs. Microstructural quality, interlaminar shear strength, and glass transition temperature were compared to a control panel with a longer, conventional cure cycle. The results demonstrated that fast-cure resins can be used in conjunction with cure modeling and semi-preg formats to design appropriate VBO cure cycles that consistently yield parts with low defect contents without autoclaves. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Fast cure of stable semi-pregs via VBO cure","authors":"D. Bender, T. Centea, S. Nutt","doi":"10.1080/20550340.2020.1869891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20550340.2020.1869891","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To address the need for increased efficiency in high performance composite processing, a vacuum bag only (VBO) semi-preg was designed, modeled, and evaluated. The semi-preg featured a vinyl hybrid resin formulated for rapid cure. A model was developed to describe the kinetic behavior of the resin, and then was employed to guide the design of efficient cure cycles. The semi-preg featured a discontinuous distribution of resin on the fiber bed. The format imparted high through-thickness air permeability by virtue of the multitude of air evacuation pathways with short breath-out distances relative to conventional out-of-autoclave prepregs (OoA). The kinetic model was used to create a test matrix of panels from the semi-pregs. Microstructural quality, interlaminar shear strength, and glass transition temperature were compared to a control panel with a longer, conventional cure cycle. The results demonstrated that fast-cure resins can be used in conjunction with cure modeling and semi-preg formats to design appropriate VBO cure cycles that consistently yield parts with low defect contents without autoclaves. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":7243,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90761340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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