Brain, behavior, & immunity - health最新文献

{"title":"Relationship between body mass index, gray matter volume and peripheral inflammation in patients with post-COVID condition","authors":"Luise Victoria Claaß ,&nbsp;Franziska Schick ,&nbsp;Tonia Rocktäschel ,&nbsp;Alejandra P. Garza ,&nbsp;Christian Gaser ,&nbsp;Philipp A. Reuken ,&nbsp;Andreas Stallmach ,&nbsp;Kathrin Finke ,&nbsp;Sharmili Edwin Thanarajah ,&nbsp;Martin Walter ,&nbsp;Ildiko Rita Dunay ,&nbsp;Bianca Besteher ,&nbsp;Nils Opel","doi":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Obesity, a condition associated with low-grade peripheral inflammation, is an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 and has been linked to structural brain alterations. Given that post-COVID condition (PCC) is also associated with structural brain abnormalities and lingering immunological alterations, this study aimed to assess whether obesity contributes to these neural and immunological differences in PCC patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We investigated a previously established cohort of PCC patients (n = 61), recruited between April 2021 and June 2022. Whole-brain comparison of gray matter volume (GMV) was conducted by voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Obesity, as measured by body mass index (BMI), as well as age, sex, and total intracranial volume (TIV), were included as regressors in a linear model. Signature immunological markers were quantified in 50 participants using a LEGENDplex™ multiplex bead-based assay.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A significant negative association was found between BMI and GMV in the right thalamus (p(FWE) = 0.039, k = 209, TFCE = 1037.97, x = 18, y = −21, z = 8). Moreover, BMI and thalamic GMV were significantly associated with immunological markers in PCC. Specifically, BMI was positively associated with Interleukin-6 (p = 0.021) and negatively with Interleukin-7 (p = 0.021), while GMV showed positive associations with Interleukin-8 (p = 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results suggest that BMI contributes to GMV alterations in PCC patients, with both BMI and GMV demonstrating correlations with peripheral immunological markers. These findings indicate that converging mechanisms involving inflammation and structural brain alterations may contribute to obesity and PCC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72454,"journal":{"name":"Brain, behavior, & immunity - health","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101137"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145521107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serotonin and neurofilament light chain in alcohol-related suicide: Preliminary case observations","authors":"Shao-Cheng Wang ,&nbsp;Chih-Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Tung-Hsia Liu ,&nbsp;Hsian-Wei Kuo ,&nbsp;Yu-Li Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alcohol dependence significantly impacts both physiological and psychological health and is strongly linked to increased suicide attempt. However, the neurobiological mechanisms connecting alcohol use disorder (AUD) to suicidality remain inadequately understood. This study evaluated the severity of alcohol dependence in 24 patients diagnosed with AUD using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). In parallel, peripheral blood levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL), a bioindicator of neuronal injury, and serotonin, a neurotransmitter implicated in mood regulation and suicidality, were quantified. One patient with a prior history of suicide attempts exhibited markedly elevated plasma NfL levels (1350 pg/ml), greatly exceeding the mean observed in non-suicidal AUD patients (33.06 pg/ml). Despite the absence of detectable brain abnormalities on imaging, the patient presented with a lumbar vertebral burst fracture, suggesting spinal cord trauma as the source of neuronal injury. Moreover, serotonin levels in this individual were substantially reduced (89.41 ng/ml) relative to the group average (340.5 ng/ml). These findings suggest that elevated NfL levels may reflect neural injury originating from spinal, rather than cerebral, sources in AUD patients with suicide attempts. Additionally, reduced serotonin levels may serve as a clinically useful bioindicator to stratify suicide attempt in this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72454,"journal":{"name":"Brain, behavior, & immunity - health","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101136"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145468665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma profiles of neurology-related proteins in at-risk mental state and first-episode psychosis: Associations with psychotic symptoms and cognitive performance","authors":"Martí Llaurador-Coll ,&nbsp;Itziar Montalvo ,&nbsp;Francesc Estrada ,&nbsp;Vanessa Sánchez-Gistau ,&nbsp;Henrik Zetterberg ,&nbsp;Javier Labad ,&nbsp;Andrea L. Benedet ,&nbsp;Elisabet Vilella","doi":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Early diagnosis of psychosis is crucial, and biomarker detection may provide insights into the pathophysiology of psychosis and the potential for the development of early diagnostic tools. In particular, blood-based proteomic profiling has yielded promising results for psychiatric disorders because of the use of novel high-throughput techniques and the feasibility of performing blood extractions in routine clinical practice.</div></div><div><h3>Study design and methodology</h3><div>Here, we studied 182 participants (33.3 % females, <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>X</mi><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>_age = 24.66 ± 5.05), comprising 50 healthy controls (HCs), 37 patients with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) and 95 patients with a first episode of psychosis (FEP). We used a panel of 92 neurology-related proteins in a multiplex immunoassay to identify the plasma protein profiles of each group, their coexpression patterns and biological relevance, and their associations with psychotic symptoms and cognitive performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CPA2 was overexpressed in both ARMS participants (β = 0.876, adj. p = 0.009) and FEP participants (β = 0.568, adj. p = 0.011) compared with HCs. In FEP participants, in addition to CPA2, 31 other proteins were overexpressed, with GFRA1 being the most differentially expressed protein (β = 1.159, adj. p &lt; 0.001). Coexpression clusters in FEP patients were involved in several biological processes, such as the regulation of myelination, cell adhesion, multicellular organismal processes and axon guidance. In ARMS patients, THY1 expression was inversely correlated with symptom severity (ρ = −0.640, adj. p = 0.039), and IL12 expression was correlated with cognitive performance (ρ = 0.707, adj. p = 0.007); however, no further correlations were found after the false discovery rate adjustment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings suggest the involvement of CPA2, GFRA1 and IL12, among other neurology-related proteins, in the early phases of psychosis, which, if confirmed, could become promising biomarkers for diagnosis, psychotic symptom development and psychosis-associated cognitive impairment. However, future studies with larger samples, a longitudinal design, and more extensive proteomic panels are needed to validate these biomarkers and refine their clinical applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72454,"journal":{"name":"Brain, behavior, & immunity - health","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145468663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural-cause mortality and C-reactive protein levels in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A prospective total cohort study","authors":"F. Fathian ,&nbsp;I. Divkovic ,&nbsp;M. Fagerbakke Strømme ,&nbsp;A. Mykletun ,&nbsp;R.A. Kroken ,&nbsp;C.A. Bartz-Johannessen ,&nbsp;E. Johnsen","doi":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) are associated with an excess mortality risk compared with the general population. The involvement of low-grade inflammation and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels is well established in SSD. However, associations between CRP and mortality risk in SSD are less investigated.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To investigate the association between the baseline CRP level and natural-cause mortality risk in SSD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We included all patients with an SSD diagnosis and baseline CRP measurement from an open cohort study of consecutively admitted patients to a psychiatric acute unit at Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, between May 1, 2005 and June 15, 2014. All patients were followed until the time of death or censoring/study end, up to 18.6 years, and only the assessments at admission were the focus of the present study. A competing risk model was used, adjusting for age and sex.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 1315 individuals, 245 (19 %) died of natural causes; among these patients, 66 (27 %) deaths were related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Elevated baseline CRP levels of 1.0 ≤ CRP &lt;3.0 mg/L were significantly associated with increased natural-cause mortality risk (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.88; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.22–2.88; p-value, 0.004), with a stronger association for CRP ≥3.0 mg/L (AHR, 2.28; 95 % CI, 1.50–3.48; p-value, &lt;0.001), compared with patients with CRP &lt;1.0 mg/L. Moreover, baseline CRP ≥3.0 mg/L was associated with increased CVD-related mortality risk (AHR, 3.12; 95 % CI, 1.16–8.41; p-value, 0.024).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Elevated CRP levels were associated with increased natural-cause mortality and, specifically, with CVD-related mortality risk. The CRP level may thus be considered a predictive factor in mortality risk scoring algorithms in SSD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72454,"journal":{"name":"Brain, behavior, & immunity - health","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145468667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baicalein alleviates long-term cognitive impairments induced by repeated neonatal sevoflurane exposure via inhibition of cortical microglial TLR4/NF-kB signaling","authors":"Yingqiao Niu ,&nbsp;Qiuting Zeng ,&nbsp;Yan Yang ,&nbsp;Wenbo Liu ,&nbsp;Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuyu Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sevoflurane, a widely used pediatric anesthetic, has been associated with long-term cognitive impairments following repeated neonatal exposure. Baicalein, a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluated whether baicalein can mitigate sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits in developing rats. Neonatal rats were exposed to sevoflurane (3 %, 2 h/day) from postnatal day (P) 6 to P8. In the intervention group, baicalein (50 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally from P6 to P8 and orally via drinking water from P21 to P35. Cognitive performance was assessed between P35 and P40 using the open field test, novel object recognition, and fear conditioning paradigms. Brain tissues were collected for Western blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence analyses. Baicalein treatment significantly attenuated sevoflurane-induced deficits in memory and learning, particularly in the novel object recognition and fear conditioning tasks. Mechanistically, baicalein inhibited microglial activation, reduced cortical expression of TLR4 and phosphorylated NF-κB p65, and decreased pro-inflammatory mediators including iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-6 at P8. These findings indicate that repeated neonatal sevoflurane exposure impairs cognitive function via microglial-mediated neuroinflammation, and that baicalein's neuroprotective effect is at least partly attributable to modulation of cortical microglial activity via TLR4/NF-κB signaling. This study highlights baicalein as a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent long-term neurodevelopmental deficits in neonates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72454,"journal":{"name":"Brain, behavior, & immunity - health","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101126"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145468666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Induction of endogenous IL-10 promotes resolution and tolerance of nitric oxide in microglia” [Brain Behav. Immun. Health 49 (2025) 101094]","authors":"Hsing-Chun Kuo ,&nbsp;Jia-Shing Chen ,&nbsp;Chun-Nun Chao ,&nbsp;Kam-Fai Lee ,&nbsp;Yi-Te Huang ,&nbsp;Pin-Cheng Mao ,&nbsp;Tzu-Chia Lin ,&nbsp;Shu-Chen Chiu ,&nbsp;Ya-Ling Huang ,&nbsp;Chun-Hsien Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101116","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72454,"journal":{"name":"Brain, behavior, & immunity - health","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 101116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internalized weight stigma, metabolic syndrome, and inflammation in postmenopausal women with obesity","authors":"Rebecca L. Pearl ,&nbsp;Stephen D. Anton ,&nbsp;Danielle Saunders ,&nbsp;Marian Hernandez ,&nbsp;Laurie C. Groshon ,&nbsp;Miriam Sheynblyum ,&nbsp;Dakota L. Leget ,&nbsp;Christian McLaren ,&nbsp;Sarah Vial ,&nbsp;Lecsy Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Kevin Wu ,&nbsp;Gayane Barsamyan ,&nbsp;Thomas A. Wadden","doi":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the relationship of internalized weight stigma with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and markers of inflammation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Postmenopausal women with obesity (<em>N</em> = 101) with high or low scores on the Weight Bias Internalization Scale completed a single assessment visit. MetS components (waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and glucose) were measured, along with body mass index (BMI). Blood samples were drawn to analyze C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and myeloperoxidase. Participants completed a second measure of internalized weight stigma (Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire; WSSQ) and reported medications, demographics, depression symptoms, smoking status, and perceived stress (included as covariates).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Logistic regression showed no significant relationship between either measure of internalized weight stigma and MetS when controlling for BMI, depression, and demographics. A small, significant, positive association emerged between WSSQ scores and MetS when adding the covariate of anti-depressant medication (OR = 1.07, <em>p</em> = 0.040). WSSQ scores were associated with significantly greater odds of having high blood pressure (OR = 1.10, <em>p</em> = 0.003) and low HDL cholesterol (OR = 1.06, <em>p</em> = 0.030). Both measures of internalized weight stigma were associated with greater continuous blood pressure values. Inflammatory markers were not associated with internalized weight stigma in most analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Some significant associations were found between internalized weight stigma and MetS components, but more research is needed to clarify these relationships.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72454,"journal":{"name":"Brain, behavior, & immunity - health","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101129"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145468083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"E.coli-derived CsgA-peptides stimulate cytokine production in microglia and lead to transient changes in neocortical Aβ-levels in pre-plaque APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 and wild type mice","authors":"Leda Mygind ,&nbsp;Gabriel Jensen ,&nbsp;Victoria Neesgaard ,&nbsp;Katrine Tækker Krohn ,&nbsp;Serges Torres Puig ,&nbsp;Anders Boysen ,&nbsp;Sussanne Petersen ,&nbsp;Kate Lykke Lambertsen ,&nbsp;Athanasios Metaxas ,&nbsp;Michael Kemp ,&nbsp;Jakob Møller-Jensen ,&nbsp;Bente Finsen","doi":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epidemiological and pre-clinical data propose that infections can accelerate the cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. The implication of infectious agents, and especially the role of <em>E.coli</em> and other amyloid-peptide producing bacteria, on the development and progression of cerebral amyloidosis and neuroinflammation, both key neuropathological characteristics of AD, has only been studied to a limited extent.</div><div>In this study, recombinant bacterial amyloid surface protein CsgA was injected intracisternally in pre-plaque 8-11-week-old <em>APP</em>_<em>SWE</em><em>/PS1</em>_{<em>ΔE9</em>} mice and age-matched <em>wild type</em> (<em>WT</em>) mice. Although less potent than bacterial lipopolysaccharide, CsgA significantly increased the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, in the neocortex of both <em>APP</em>_<em>SWE</em><em>/PS1</em>_{<em>ΔE9</em>} and <em>WT</em> mice, and in cultured microglia. CsgA exposure also induced transient changes in neocortical amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide levels, increasing the highly fibrillogenic Aβ₄₂ in the guanidine-fraction in <em>APP</em>_<em>SWE</em><em>/PS1</em>_{<em>ΔE9</em>} mice and decreasing Aβ₄₀ in the PBS-fraction in <em>WT</em> mice. The changes in Aβ levels had dissipated 24 h post-injection. In line with the only transient changes in Aβ levels and inflammatory gene expression, CsgA did not impact on long term spatial memory in pre-plaque <em>APP</em>_<em>SWE</em><em>/PS1</em>_{<em>ΔE9</em>} mice.</div><div>Our findings highlight a contribution of bacterial amyloid proteins on neuroinflammation and a possible contribution in influencing Aβ-homeostasis during infections. However, findings need to be further elaborated in older <em>APP</em>_<em>SWE</em><em>/PS1</em>_{<em>ΔE9</em>} mice in which Aβ plaques are abundant and an inflammatory response already established. Also, the impact of CsgA and other bacterial amyloids should be examined after repeated and/or continuous administration and at different concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72454,"journal":{"name":"Brain, behavior, & immunity - health","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101128"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145428835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventing effect of plant extracts and omega-3 on age-related cognitive decline in male mice","authors":"Marie Martin ,&nbsp;Adrien Peltier ,&nbsp;Heena Vanmalibhai Lad ,&nbsp;Aline Foury ,&nbsp;Charlotte Madore-Delpech ,&nbsp;Line Pourtau ,&nbsp;David Gaudout ,&nbsp;Sophie Layé ,&nbsp;Véronique Pallet ,&nbsp;Anne-Laure Dinel ,&nbsp;Corinne Joffre","doi":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Aging is associated with cognitive decline, accompanied by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, impaired synaptic plasticity, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Nutritional interventions, specifically those rich in polyphenols, carotenoids, and omega-3 (om-3) fatty acids, have demonstrated potential benefits in preventing age-related cognitive decline. This study investigates the combined effects of plant extracts (PE) including polyphenols and carotenoids, and fish oil containing om-3 on cognitive function and underlying biological processes in aged mice.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To assess the impact of PE and om-3, alone and in combination, on age-related cognitive decline, especially on memory outcomes and to highlight mechanisms involved in these effects.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>17-month-old male C57BL/6 J mice were divided into control and supplemented groups (PE, om-3, and PE + om-3). A group of young mice was used for positive control. Behavioral assessments, including the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) for anxiety-like behavior, the Object Location Test (OLT) for short-term memory and the Morris Water Maze (MWM) for long-term memory, were conducted. RNA sequencing, fatty acid and oxylipin concentrations analysis and gut microbiota analysis were used to explore molecular changes and microbial diversity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All supplementations significantly improved short-term memory in the OLT, while only PE and PE + om-3 prevented long-term memory deficits in the MWM. All supplementations modulated gene expression, reducing inflammation, apoptosis or oxidative stress markers in the hippocampus. PE + om-3 further enhanced synaptic plasticity pathways and improved microbiota composition by decreasing harmful bacteria associated with cognitive decline.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Combined PE and om-3 supplementation could provide a complementary approach to combat age-related cognitive decline, highlighting its potential in promoting long-term neuroprotection through modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress and gut microbiota.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72454,"journal":{"name":"Brain, behavior, & immunity - health","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 101127"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered immune and inflammatory gene expression in prefrontal cortex of antipsychotic-free schizophrenia subjects","authors":"Sergi Mas ,&nbsp;Xabier Elcoroaristizabal-Martín ,&nbsp;Carlos Cortijo Bringas ,&nbsp;Benito Morentin ,&nbsp;Luis F. Callado ,&nbsp;J. Javier Meana ,&nbsp;Guadalupe Rivero","doi":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gene expression studies in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of subjects with schizophrenia have repeatedly reported alterations in immune and inflammatory responses as well as neuronal and mitochondrial processes. Whether the findings are due to schizophrenia and/or to the effect of antipsychotic (AP) drug exposure is particularly intriguing.</div><div>In the present study, we performed a transcriptomic study in DLPFC of 16 schizophrenia subjects with no detectable AP blood levels at the time of death. Each schizophrenia subject was matched to a control subject for sex, age, postmortem interval and storage time of the samples. Weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of transcriptomic data identified 33 modules of co-expressed genes. One of these modules was significantly associated with schizophrenia diagnosis. Protein-protein interaction networks were built within the genes in the module and submitted to gene set enrichment analysis on biological processes. Results revealed the implication of immune and inflammatory responses, cytoskeleton regulation, neurotrophic factors and protein post-translational modifications. Analysis of the promoter regions of the clustered genes predicted the enrichment of 6 transcription factors, including SP1, previously associated with schizophrenia.</div><div>Present results in DLPFC of AP-free schizophrenia subjects indicate that the identified biological processes, especially immune and inflammatory response alterations are representative of schizophrenia disorder and not a mere effect of acute AP exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72454,"journal":{"name":"Brain, behavior, & immunity - health","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 101125"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}