Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1186/s43170-023-00187-x
Farman Ullah, Yuan Zhang, Hina Gul, Muhammad Hafeez, Nicolas Desneux, Yujia Qin, Zhihong Li
Abstract Climate change and biological invasions of insect pests are interlinked global concerns that drive shifts in the distribution of invasive insects. The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata Saunders, is one of the most economically important Tephritidae species that attack several host plants and causes serious damage in Asia and Africa. Currently, B. zonata is absent from many countries and regions but has a risk of invasion. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the impact of climate change on the global potential distribution of B. zonata . In this study, we used MaxEnt and CLIMEX models to estimate the risk area for B. zonata under near current and future climate conditions. The MaxEnt and CLIMEX results showed that the south of North and Central America was suitable for B. zonata . The European countries were slightly suitable for B. zonata . In Asia, the highly suitable regions of B. zonata included Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Iran, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. Moreover, China, Philippines, Indonesia, and Japan showed highly climate suitability for B. zonata . The climate suitability of B. zonata was increasingly high in the projection under climate change. The result of the two models showed that the climatic suitability for B. zonata will increase under climate change in China. Taken together, these predictive results support the quarantine of B. zonata for high-risk countries and provide in-depth information on how climatic changes may affect its possible geographic range.
{"title":"Estimation of the potential geographical distribution of invasive peach fruit fly under climate change by integrated ecological niche models","authors":"Farman Ullah, Yuan Zhang, Hina Gul, Muhammad Hafeez, Nicolas Desneux, Yujia Qin, Zhihong Li","doi":"10.1186/s43170-023-00187-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00187-x","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Climate change and biological invasions of insect pests are interlinked global concerns that drive shifts in the distribution of invasive insects. The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata Saunders, is one of the most economically important Tephritidae species that attack several host plants and causes serious damage in Asia and Africa. Currently, B. zonata is absent from many countries and regions but has a risk of invasion. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the impact of climate change on the global potential distribution of B. zonata . In this study, we used MaxEnt and CLIMEX models to estimate the risk area for B. zonata under near current and future climate conditions. The MaxEnt and CLIMEX results showed that the south of North and Central America was suitable for B. zonata . The European countries were slightly suitable for B. zonata . In Asia, the highly suitable regions of B. zonata included Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Iran, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. Moreover, China, Philippines, Indonesia, and Japan showed highly climate suitability for B. zonata . The climate suitability of B. zonata was increasingly high in the projection under climate change. The result of the two models showed that the climatic suitability for B. zonata will increase under climate change in China. Taken together, these predictive results support the quarantine of B. zonata for high-risk countries and provide in-depth information on how climatic changes may affect its possible geographic range.","PeriodicalId":72488,"journal":{"name":"CABI agriculture and bioscience","volume":"29 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136068070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.1186/s43170-023-00184-0
Jefline J. Kodzwa, Godwil Madamombe, Esther N. Masvaya, Justice Nyamangara
Abstract The numerous types of African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs) in sub-Saharan Africa are not extensively cultivated, even after the realization of their superior nutritional, health benefits, and higher resistance to climate change. The recent increase in demand for AIVs brings about the need to match cultivation with consumption to prevent the extinction of these nutritious vegetables through overexploitation. This review aims to assess the most common AIVs and the associated agronomic practices in their production by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe and SSA in general for potential commercialization. Amaranthus , Cleome gynandra , Bidens pilosa , Abelmoschus esculentus , Vigna unguiculata , Cucurbita spp. and Corchorus molitorius are some of the most consumed AIVs in sub-Saharan Africa. Plant density should balance between leaf quality and leaf and seed yield per unit area. Transplanting and sowing AIVs in lines as pure stand can optimize production when compared to broadcasting. Nutrient application whether organic or inorganic is crucial together with harvesting leaves in 1 to 2 weeks interval and removing flowers to increase budding for optimized AIVs production. There is vast information on the indigenous vegetables found and preferred in SSA but scarce information on their performance under different plant nutrition management regimes and different agroecological regions. Research is required to increase production and to improve the nutrient content of AIVs.
{"title":"Optimization of African indigenous vegetables production in sub Saharan Africa: a review","authors":"Jefline J. Kodzwa, Godwil Madamombe, Esther N. Masvaya, Justice Nyamangara","doi":"10.1186/s43170-023-00184-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00184-0","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The numerous types of African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs) in sub-Saharan Africa are not extensively cultivated, even after the realization of their superior nutritional, health benefits, and higher resistance to climate change. The recent increase in demand for AIVs brings about the need to match cultivation with consumption to prevent the extinction of these nutritious vegetables through overexploitation. This review aims to assess the most common AIVs and the associated agronomic practices in their production by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe and SSA in general for potential commercialization. Amaranthus , Cleome gynandra , Bidens pilosa , Abelmoschus esculentus , Vigna unguiculata , Cucurbita spp. and Corchorus molitorius are some of the most consumed AIVs in sub-Saharan Africa. Plant density should balance between leaf quality and leaf and seed yield per unit area. Transplanting and sowing AIVs in lines as pure stand can optimize production when compared to broadcasting. Nutrient application whether organic or inorganic is crucial together with harvesting leaves in 1 to 2 weeks interval and removing flowers to increase budding for optimized AIVs production. There is vast information on the indigenous vegetables found and preferred in SSA but scarce information on their performance under different plant nutrition management regimes and different agroecological regions. Research is required to increase production and to improve the nutrient content of AIVs.","PeriodicalId":72488,"journal":{"name":"CABI agriculture and bioscience","volume":"33 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136263575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1186/s43170-023-00186-y
Elizabeth Siago Kusia, Christian Borgemeister, Sevgan Subramanian
Abstract Background Edible saturniids constitute an important component of traditional diets in sub-Saharan Africa. They are also a source of livelihood for many rural communities both as food and as a source of income. Main body This review compiles information on the diversity, distribution, decimating factors, nutrition and conservation concerns of edible saturniids. A compilation of nutritional profiles, amino-acids, mineral and fat content of saturniids is presented. Details of edible saturniids consumption and food plants are listed as well as vernacular names in different parts of Africa. A comparison of collection, processing, storage and trading methods based on available literature is also included. Processing, which is mostly carried out by women, involves tedious and time-consuming methods that need to be improved. Poor handling and storage cause bacterial and fungal contamination that raises food safety concerns. An in-depth discussion of conservation concerns and possible interventions is also provided. Conclusion We conclude that edible saturniids are a source of highly nutritious food and incomes to many households in SSA, but wild harvesting is increasingly becoming unsustainable. We also conclude that the seasonal nature of availability limits their potential for profitable trade Further research on rearing edible saturniids is required since wild harvesting is unsustainable. Training women and youth on mass production technologies will ensure continuous supply of the insects and help preserve their natural habitats.
{"title":"A review of edible saturniidae (Lepidoptera) caterpillars in Africa","authors":"Elizabeth Siago Kusia, Christian Borgemeister, Sevgan Subramanian","doi":"10.1186/s43170-023-00186-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00186-y","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Edible saturniids constitute an important component of traditional diets in sub-Saharan Africa. They are also a source of livelihood for many rural communities both as food and as a source of income. Main body This review compiles information on the diversity, distribution, decimating factors, nutrition and conservation concerns of edible saturniids. A compilation of nutritional profiles, amino-acids, mineral and fat content of saturniids is presented. Details of edible saturniids consumption and food plants are listed as well as vernacular names in different parts of Africa. A comparison of collection, processing, storage and trading methods based on available literature is also included. Processing, which is mostly carried out by women, involves tedious and time-consuming methods that need to be improved. Poor handling and storage cause bacterial and fungal contamination that raises food safety concerns. An in-depth discussion of conservation concerns and possible interventions is also provided. Conclusion We conclude that edible saturniids are a source of highly nutritious food and incomes to many households in SSA, but wild harvesting is increasingly becoming unsustainable. We also conclude that the seasonal nature of availability limits their potential for profitable trade Further research on rearing edible saturniids is required since wild harvesting is unsustainable. Training women and youth on mass production technologies will ensure continuous supply of the insects and help preserve their natural habitats.","PeriodicalId":72488,"journal":{"name":"CABI agriculture and bioscience","volume":"2015 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135274246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1186/s43170-023-00183-1
Charlotte Kiely, Nicola Randall, Magda Kaczorowska-Dolowry
Abstract Background Pesticides perform vital roles within agriculture but growing concern for their impact on the environment and non-target organisms has created a market for biopesticides with fewer ecological impacts. One source of biopesticides is allelochemicals, here defined as compounds released by an organism that have an inhibitory or stimulatory effect on neighbouring organisms. The focus of this study is allelopathic plants and their inhibitory effects on invertebrate herbivorous agricultural pests of temperate Europe. A systematic map is required to describe the current state of research and collate evidence. Methods Two academic databases were searched for relevant studies in temperate climates. The results were imported into EPPI-Reviewer, duplicates removed, studies screened and data extracted into a searchable database following the inclusion criteria and coding tool set out in the protocol. Screening consistency was checked at each stage using 5% of the studies. Critical appraisal was not conducted. Each unique combination of key variables (pest, plant, allelochemical, application method, intervention form) was treated as a separate datapoint or experiment. The data was then analysed and cross-tabulated to produce descriptive statistics and heatmaps. Results This systematic map produced a database which included 243 studies containing 717 experiments from 5550 initial results. Research was unevenly distributed among all key variables with a distinct bias towards extracted allelochemical experiments under laboratory conditions. Allyl isothiocyanate was the most studied allelochemical and of the 99 identified chemical groups, flavonoids and glucosinolates were the most frequent. A wide range of pest and plant species were identified. Brassicas were the most studied plant family and Lepidoptera the most studied pest order. Physical living plants, as opposed to plant extracts or isolated allelochemicals, were predominantly studied in terms of resistance. Allelopathy application methods were not specified in the abstract of 22% of experiments and only 10% of experiments were conducted under field conditions. Conclusion Allelopathy has been studied in the context of temperate invertebrate pest control in some breadth but little depth and key pest species have not been targeted. The map highlighted significant gaps in the evidence base and a distinct lack of field studies or studies comparing application methods. It contains insufficient evidence to guide policy or management decisions, but provides a research tool and indicates areas for future studies including highlighting topics for secondary research. Critical appraisal is needed to determine allelopathic affect and future search strings should detail all application methods. Protocol registration The a-priori protocol was peer-reviewed and published through PROCEED (Kiely C, Randall N. Collaboration for Environmental Evidence: PROCEED. How have allelopathic plants been used within
农药在农业中发挥着至关重要的作用，但人们对其对环境和非目标生物的影响日益关注，这为生态影响较小的生物农药创造了市场。生物农药的一个来源是化感化学物质，这里定义为生物体释放的对邻近生物体有抑制或刺激作用的化合物。本研究的重点是化感植物及其对温带欧洲无脊椎草食性农业害虫的抑制作用。需要一个系统的地图来描述目前的研究状况和整理证据。方法检索两个学术数据库，检索温带气候的相关研究。将结果导入EPPI-Reviewer，删除重复，筛选研究，并按照方案中规定的纳入标准和编码工具将数据提取到可搜索的数据库中。在每个阶段使用5%的研究检查筛选的一致性。没有进行严格的评估。每个关键变量(害虫、植物、化感化学、施用方法、干预形式)的独特组合被视为一个单独的数据点或实验。然后对数据进行分析和交叉制表，以产生描述性统计数据和热图。结果该系统图谱建立了一个数据库，包含243项研究，其中包含5550个初始结果中的717个实验。各关键变量的研究分布不均匀，在实验室条件下对提取化感化学实验有明显的偏向。异硫氰酸烯丙酯是研究最多的化感化学物质，在99个已确定的化学基团中，黄酮类化合物和硫代葡萄糖苷是最常见的。发现了多种害虫和植物。研究最多的植物科是芸苔科，研究最多的害虫目是鳞翅目。物理活的植物，而不是植物提取物或分离化感物质，主要是在抗性方面进行研究。22%的实验摘要中未明确化感作用施用方法，只有10%的实验是在田间条件下进行的。结论化感作用在温带无脊椎动物病虫害防治中的研究范围较广，但深入程度较低，重点病虫害种类尚未明确。该地图突出了证据基础上的重大差距，以及明显缺乏实地研究或比较应用方法的研究。它包含的证据不足以指导政策或管理决策，但提供了一种研究工具，并指出了未来研究的领域，包括突出次要研究的主题。关键的评估需要确定化感作用和未来的搜索字符串应详细说明所有的应用方法。该先验方案经同行评审并通过PROCEED (Kiely C, Randall N. Collaboration for Environmental Evidence: PROCEED)发布。化感植物是如何在综合病虫害管理系统中使用的，以控制温带地区耕地和大田蔬菜系统中的欧洲作物病虫害?:系统地图协议。2022。https://www.proceedevidence.info/protocol/view-result?id=14。访问日期:2023年1月5日。
{"title":"The application of allelopathy in integrated pest management systems to control temperate European crop pests: a systematic map","authors":"Charlotte Kiely, Nicola Randall, Magda Kaczorowska-Dolowry","doi":"10.1186/s43170-023-00183-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00183-1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Pesticides perform vital roles within agriculture but growing concern for their impact on the environment and non-target organisms has created a market for biopesticides with fewer ecological impacts. One source of biopesticides is allelochemicals, here defined as compounds released by an organism that have an inhibitory or stimulatory effect on neighbouring organisms. The focus of this study is allelopathic plants and their inhibitory effects on invertebrate herbivorous agricultural pests of temperate Europe. A systematic map is required to describe the current state of research and collate evidence. Methods Two academic databases were searched for relevant studies in temperate climates. The results were imported into EPPI-Reviewer, duplicates removed, studies screened and data extracted into a searchable database following the inclusion criteria and coding tool set out in the protocol. Screening consistency was checked at each stage using 5% of the studies. Critical appraisal was not conducted. Each unique combination of key variables (pest, plant, allelochemical, application method, intervention form) was treated as a separate datapoint or experiment. The data was then analysed and cross-tabulated to produce descriptive statistics and heatmaps. Results This systematic map produced a database which included 243 studies containing 717 experiments from 5550 initial results. Research was unevenly distributed among all key variables with a distinct bias towards extracted allelochemical experiments under laboratory conditions. Allyl isothiocyanate was the most studied allelochemical and of the 99 identified chemical groups, flavonoids and glucosinolates were the most frequent. A wide range of pest and plant species were identified. Brassicas were the most studied plant family and Lepidoptera the most studied pest order. Physical living plants, as opposed to plant extracts or isolated allelochemicals, were predominantly studied in terms of resistance. Allelopathy application methods were not specified in the abstract of 22% of experiments and only 10% of experiments were conducted under field conditions. Conclusion Allelopathy has been studied in the context of temperate invertebrate pest control in some breadth but little depth and key pest species have not been targeted. The map highlighted significant gaps in the evidence base and a distinct lack of field studies or studies comparing application methods. It contains insufficient evidence to guide policy or management decisions, but provides a research tool and indicates areas for future studies including highlighting topics for secondary research. Critical appraisal is needed to determine allelopathic affect and future search strings should detail all application methods. Protocol registration The a-priori protocol was peer-reviewed and published through PROCEED (Kiely C, Randall N. Collaboration for Environmental Evidence: PROCEED. How have allelopathic plants been used within","PeriodicalId":72488,"journal":{"name":"CABI agriculture and bioscience","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136113059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Penta-tomidae), is a highly polyphagous and invasive insect pest with more than 300 plant species as hosts, including a wide range of economic crops. To date, several egg parasitoid species are reported to attack BMSB. In this study, two species of Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and one Anastatus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) were recovered from field exposed BMSB sentinel eggs in Beijing, China. The wasps’ small size of only 1.5 mm and 4 mm in length make them difficult to identify morphologically and required taxonomist for identification of specific species. In addition, these parasitoids have morphology sibling species and have been misidentified several times in China. To overcome these problems, a molecular method with species-specific primers designed for the COI gene has been developed to identify Trissolcus , Anastatus and their host samples from field collected samples. After successful morphological confirmation with experts, DNA extractions were carried out from these samples. PCR amplification using published primers for T. japonicus , A. japonicus and BMSB specimens confirmed the species. As for T. cultratus , species specific primers TCYF and TCYR were developed which produce 340-bp PCR products length while no positive amplifications found in other wasps and host. Sensitivity analysis of markers revealed that TCYF and TCYR primers could detect as low a DNA template concentration as 0.00025 ng/μL. This indicates that PCR with these primers specifically and sensitively differentiates T. cultratus specimens from other similar wasp species. All the primers tested in this study could discriminate between parasitized and non-parasitized BMSB eggs. This molecular identification method shows promise for conveniently identifying Trissolcus and Anastatus species in host-parasitoid associations and accurately evaluating parasitism rates in the field.
{"title":"Molecular identification of the brown marmorated stink bug’s egg parasitoids by species-specific PCR collected from Beijing, China","authors":"Muhammad Yasir Ali, Yu-Di Liu, Feng-Qi Li, Mao-Lin Hou, Jin-Ping Zhang, Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s43170-023-00179-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00179-x","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Penta-tomidae), is a highly polyphagous and invasive insect pest with more than 300 plant species as hosts, including a wide range of economic crops. To date, several egg parasitoid species are reported to attack BMSB. In this study, two species of Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and one Anastatus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) were recovered from field exposed BMSB sentinel eggs in Beijing, China. The wasps’ small size of only 1.5 mm and 4 mm in length make them difficult to identify morphologically and required taxonomist for identification of specific species. In addition, these parasitoids have morphology sibling species and have been misidentified several times in China. To overcome these problems, a molecular method with species-specific primers designed for the COI gene has been developed to identify Trissolcus , Anastatus and their host samples from field collected samples. After successful morphological confirmation with experts, DNA extractions were carried out from these samples. PCR amplification using published primers for T. japonicus , A. japonicus and BMSB specimens confirmed the species. As for T. cultratus , species specific primers TCYF and TCYR were developed which produce 340-bp PCR products length while no positive amplifications found in other wasps and host. Sensitivity analysis of markers revealed that TCYF and TCYR primers could detect as low a DNA template concentration as 0.00025 ng/μL. This indicates that PCR with these primers specifically and sensitively differentiates T. cultratus specimens from other similar wasp species. All the primers tested in this study could discriminate between parasitized and non-parasitized BMSB eggs. This molecular identification method shows promise for conveniently identifying Trissolcus and Anastatus species in host-parasitoid associations and accurately evaluating parasitism rates in the field.","PeriodicalId":72488,"journal":{"name":"CABI agriculture and bioscience","volume":"230 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135252403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Background Chili is the most commonly grown spice in Ethiopia and is a high-value crop for household consumption and sale both at domestic and export markets. However, an unsafe level of fungal toxins is becoming a problem leading to challenges in exporting. This study assessed trends, possible points of Aspergillus contamination, and contamination risk factors along the Ethiopian chili postharvest value chain (PVC). Methods Chili handling practices, value chain actors, and their respective roles were investigated along the PVC through an exploratory type of research, a participant unstructured observation. A total of 214 individual sample units composed of multiple subsamples consisting of aseptically picked matured red pods (PiPP), dried red pods (DPP), crushed chili (CP), unpacked (UpPPo), and packed chili powder (PaPPo) were randomly collected along the PVC from different major chili growing localities of Ethiopia during 2017/2018 main cropping season. Individual sample units were further homogenized into a fine powder and composited. Aspergillus was analyzed using Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus agar medium. To monitor Aspergillus contamination, trend analysis was done using the mean of count data and biological inference was made in association with stages of operations and postharvest handling practices. Results Aspergillus was detected in 44% of PiPP, all (100%) of DPP, CP, UpPPo, and PaPPo. Counts were in the range of 5.00 × 10 3 to 2.10 × 10 5 CFU g −1 up along the PVC with fold changes of 19.6, 30, 42, and 38-fold in DPP, CP, UpPPo, and PaPPo, respectively. Nigri (99%), Flavi (85%), and Circumdati (56%) were the most detected sections with relative densities of 50, 29, and 14%, respectively. Postharvest handling practices such as harvesting, sun-drying, and transporting were generally found poor and unhygienic. Conclusions Counts of Aspergillus showed gradually increasing trends up along the PVC. The poor and unhygienic handling practices probably contributed to the contamination. Harvesting and direct open sun-drying were likely initial and critical points of contamination while wetting and tight stacking likely contributed to aggravated growth and proliferation of aspergilli leading to further consecutive buildup. Intervention at these stages would make a significant difference.
{"title":"Trends and critical points of Aspergillus contamination along Ethiopian chili postharvest value chain","authors":"Tariku Hunduma Tolera, Anteneh Tesfaye, Melaku Alemu","doi":"10.1186/s43170-023-00182-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00182-2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Chili is the most commonly grown spice in Ethiopia and is a high-value crop for household consumption and sale both at domestic and export markets. However, an unsafe level of fungal toxins is becoming a problem leading to challenges in exporting. This study assessed trends, possible points of Aspergillus contamination, and contamination risk factors along the Ethiopian chili postharvest value chain (PVC). Methods Chili handling practices, value chain actors, and their respective roles were investigated along the PVC through an exploratory type of research, a participant unstructured observation. A total of 214 individual sample units composed of multiple subsamples consisting of aseptically picked matured red pods (PiPP), dried red pods (DPP), crushed chili (CP), unpacked (UpPPo), and packed chili powder (PaPPo) were randomly collected along the PVC from different major chili growing localities of Ethiopia during 2017/2018 main cropping season. Individual sample units were further homogenized into a fine powder and composited. Aspergillus was analyzed using Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus agar medium. To monitor Aspergillus contamination, trend analysis was done using the mean of count data and biological inference was made in association with stages of operations and postharvest handling practices. Results Aspergillus was detected in 44% of PiPP, all (100%) of DPP, CP, UpPPo, and PaPPo. Counts were in the range of 5.00 × 10 3 to 2.10 × 10 5 CFU g −1 up along the PVC with fold changes of 19.6, 30, 42, and 38-fold in DPP, CP, UpPPo, and PaPPo, respectively. Nigri (99%), Flavi (85%), and Circumdati (56%) were the most detected sections with relative densities of 50, 29, and 14%, respectively. Postharvest handling practices such as harvesting, sun-drying, and transporting were generally found poor and unhygienic. Conclusions Counts of Aspergillus showed gradually increasing trends up along the PVC. The poor and unhygienic handling practices probably contributed to the contamination. Harvesting and direct open sun-drying were likely initial and critical points of contamination while wetting and tight stacking likely contributed to aggravated growth and proliferation of aspergilli leading to further consecutive buildup. Intervention at these stages would make a significant difference.","PeriodicalId":72488,"journal":{"name":"CABI agriculture and bioscience","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135590796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1186/s43170-023-00180-4
Samuel Tadesse Adisalem, Asrat Mulat Asegie
Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on people’s lives and economic activities. Women are expected to bear the impact of the impact because they are over-represented in affected sectors on the front lines of the pandemic’s response. However, no empirical evidence exists to support the effect of COVID-19 on women’s economic activities in the Ethiopian context. Methods This study investigated effects of COVID-19 on economic activities of rural women in Ethiopia. Thereby, a multistage sampling procedure was employed to randomly draw 263 rural women as study participants. Data were collected through interview schedules and key informant interviews. Finally, the data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. A binary logistic regression model is used to examine factors determining the effect of COVID-19 on economic activities of women. Results According to the findings, the most affected economic activities were remittances (94.28%), small business trade (94.06%), livestock and livestock product trading (91.30%), daily labor wages (84.82%), handcraft (72.73%), and crop production (61.32%). The logit regression result shows that irrigation use reduced the impact of the pandemic, whereas relying on remittances, market distance, and being a female-headed household exacerbated the impact of the pandemic on the economic activities of rural women. Conclusion The pandemic had significant impact on rural women’s economic activities. Therefore, governmental and nongovernmental organizations should support rural women’s income-generating activities by providing revolving funds with training. Using remittances for income-generating activities would also improve the income of rural women.
{"title":"Effects of covid-19 on the livelihoods of rural women in Ethiopia","authors":"Samuel Tadesse Adisalem, Asrat Mulat Asegie","doi":"10.1186/s43170-023-00180-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00180-4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on people’s lives and economic activities. Women are expected to bear the impact of the impact because they are over-represented in affected sectors on the front lines of the pandemic’s response. However, no empirical evidence exists to support the effect of COVID-19 on women’s economic activities in the Ethiopian context. Methods This study investigated effects of COVID-19 on economic activities of rural women in Ethiopia. Thereby, a multistage sampling procedure was employed to randomly draw 263 rural women as study participants. Data were collected through interview schedules and key informant interviews. Finally, the data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. A binary logistic regression model is used to examine factors determining the effect of COVID-19 on economic activities of women. Results According to the findings, the most affected economic activities were remittances (94.28%), small business trade (94.06%), livestock and livestock product trading (91.30%), daily labor wages (84.82%), handcraft (72.73%), and crop production (61.32%). The logit regression result shows that irrigation use reduced the impact of the pandemic, whereas relying on remittances, market distance, and being a female-headed household exacerbated the impact of the pandemic on the economic activities of rural women. Conclusion The pandemic had significant impact on rural women’s economic activities. Therefore, governmental and nongovernmental organizations should support rural women’s income-generating activities by providing revolving funds with training. Using remittances for income-generating activities would also improve the income of rural women.","PeriodicalId":72488,"journal":{"name":"CABI agriculture and bioscience","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135893294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1186/s43170-023-00181-3
Justice A. Tambo, Monica K. Kansiime, Idah Mugambi, Lakpo Koku Agboyi, Patrick K. Beseh, Roger Day
Abstract Background Fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ; FAW), a native pest of the Americas, invaded West Africa about 7 years ago and spread rapidly across the rest of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and several countries in Asia and Oceania. Early cross-sectional studies reported that the pest causes severe damage to maize, stimulating widespread use of synthetic pesticides in smallholder farming systems. Using panel data from Ghana, this paper assessed the impact of FAW on maize productivity and the changes in the strategies adopted by smallholder farmers for the management of the pest. Methods Household data collected in two rounds (2018 and 2020) from 370 smallholder maize-growing households in Ghana were used. The dynamics of FAW infestation and the management practices applied by farmers were analysed descriptively, while panel data regression methods, such as fixed effects and correlated random effects models, were used to estimate the effect of FAW on maize productivity. Results We found evidence of reduced intensity of pesticide use, increased use of protective equipment when spraying pesticides, increased adoption of biopesticides and cultural practices for FAW management, in line with recommended integrated pest management solutions. Results from panel data regression analysis showed that after controlling for other determinants of maize productivity and unobserved heterogeneity, the negative effect of FAW infestation on maize productivity is not statistically significant. Conclusions Our findings suggest that with better knowledge of FAW and the use of more sustainable and environmentally-friendly solutions, the yield losses due to FAW are not as severe as initially reported.
{"title":"Economic impacts and management of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in smallholder agriculture: a panel data analysis for Ghana","authors":"Justice A. Tambo, Monica K. Kansiime, Idah Mugambi, Lakpo Koku Agboyi, Patrick K. Beseh, Roger Day","doi":"10.1186/s43170-023-00181-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00181-3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ; FAW), a native pest of the Americas, invaded West Africa about 7 years ago and spread rapidly across the rest of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and several countries in Asia and Oceania. Early cross-sectional studies reported that the pest causes severe damage to maize, stimulating widespread use of synthetic pesticides in smallholder farming systems. Using panel data from Ghana, this paper assessed the impact of FAW on maize productivity and the changes in the strategies adopted by smallholder farmers for the management of the pest. Methods Household data collected in two rounds (2018 and 2020) from 370 smallholder maize-growing households in Ghana were used. The dynamics of FAW infestation and the management practices applied by farmers were analysed descriptively, while panel data regression methods, such as fixed effects and correlated random effects models, were used to estimate the effect of FAW on maize productivity. Results We found evidence of reduced intensity of pesticide use, increased use of protective equipment when spraying pesticides, increased adoption of biopesticides and cultural practices for FAW management, in line with recommended integrated pest management solutions. Results from panel data regression analysis showed that after controlling for other determinants of maize productivity and unobserved heterogeneity, the negative effect of FAW infestation on maize productivity is not statistically significant. Conclusions Our findings suggest that with better knowledge of FAW and the use of more sustainable and environmentally-friendly solutions, the yield losses due to FAW are not as severe as initially reported.","PeriodicalId":72488,"journal":{"name":"CABI agriculture and bioscience","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135790324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.1186/s43170-023-00177-z
Lucas A. Shuttleworth, Sonia Newman, Ioannis Korkos
Abstract The grafting of apple rootstocks on to scions confers benefits including reduced tree size/dwarfing for trellis based growing systems, increased tolerance to physiological stress, and pest and disease management. The current study investigated the effect of rootstock selection on canker and tree death using eight common rootstocks M9 337, M9 337 with Golden Delicious (GD) interstock, M9 EMLA, MM106, M116, M26, Geneva ® G11 and G41, in addition to six advanced selections from the NIAB East Malling apple breeding programme EMR-001—EMR-006, all grafted with Gala scions. One of the rootstocks, M9 377 was also grafted with a GD interstock. Two locations in England were selected, the first at East Malling, Kent, the second, at Newent, Gloucestershire. Several variables were analysed including cumulative numbers of dead trees per rootstock from 2017 to 2020, number of rootstock ‘A type’ cankers, number of scion mainstem ‘B type’ cankers, and number of peripheral ‘C + D + E’ branch cankers at the Kent and Gloucestershire locations in the fourth and final assessment year of 2020. Kendall’s rank correlation was used to test if trunk circumference (a measure of tree vigour) and canker were statistically dependant. Results showed that in Kent, there were significant differences between rootstocks for scion B cankers and peripheral C + D + E cankers. There were no significant differences found between rootstocks for rootstock A cankers at Kent, or any of the three canker types in Gloucestershire. There were up to 31.25% dead trees in Kent (EMR-004), and 30% in Gloucestershire (M9 337 with GD interstock, M26), but there were no significant differences in number of dead trees due to rootstock type in either Kent or Gloucestershire. The Kendall’s rank correlation analysis indicated there was almost no dependence of trunk circumference on canker. The three rootstocks with the overall lowest susceptibility to canker were M116, EMR-006, and EMR-004. The industry standard rootstocks M9 EMLA and M9 337 were ranked 12 and 14, and with EMR-001 were the three worst performing rootstocks. The Geneva ® rootstocks G11 was ranked 6, and G41 was ranked 11. An interplay of factors are likely involved in the development of canker including location and environmental effects—rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, wind, soil type, topography, aspect, and other seasonal infection processes including pathogen inoculum load, and rainsplash of inoculum between trees and within individual trees, the genetics and physiology of each scion/rootstock combination, water and nutritional status of trees, hormonal and molecular signalling, and orchard management including pruning and removal of cankers.
摘要:苹果砧木嫁接到接穗上的好处包括:减少棚架种植系统的树形/矮化，提高对生理胁迫的耐受性，以及病虫害管理。本研究利用8个普通砧木M9 337、M9 337与金冠(GD)间砧木、M9 EMLA、MM106、M116、M26、Geneva®G11和G41，以及NIAB East malalling apple育种计划EMR-001-EMR-006中的6个高级砧木嫁接Gala接穗，研究了砧木选择对腐烂和树木死亡的影响。其中一根砧木m9377也嫁接了一根GD间砧木。英国的两个地点被选中，第一个在肯特郡的东莫林，第二个在格洛斯特郡的纽文特。分析了几个变量，包括2017年至2020年每根砧木的累积死树数，砧木“A型”溃疡病的数量，接穗主干“B型”溃疡病的数量，以及肯特郡和格洛斯特郡在2020年的第四个也是最后一个评估年的外围“C + D + E”分支溃疡病的数量。肯德尔秩相关被用来检验树干周长(树木活力的一种度量)和溃疡病是否在统计上相关。结果表明，在肯特郡，接穗B型溃疡病和外周血C + D + E型溃疡病在砧木间存在显著差异。在肯特郡的砧木A溃疡病或格洛斯特郡的任何三种溃疡病类型中，砧木之间没有发现显著差异。肯特郡(EMR-004)和格洛斯特郡(m9337与GD间砧木M26)的死树率分别高达31.25%和30%，但肯特郡和格洛斯特郡在砧木类型上的死树数差异不显著。肯德尔秩相关分析表明树干周长与溃疡病几乎没有相关性。对溃疡病总体敏感性最低的3个砧木是M116、EMR-006和EMR-004。工业标准砧木M9 EMLA和M9 337分别排在第12和14位，EMR-001是表现最差的三个砧木。日内瓦®砧木G11排名第6,G41排名第11。溃疡病的发展可能涉及多种因素的相互作用，包括地点和环境影响——降雨、相对湿度、温度、风、土壤类型、地形、地形和其他季节性感染过程，包括病原体接种量、树间和单株内接种量的淋点、每个接穗/砧木组合的遗传和生理、树木的水分和营养状况、激素和分子信号。果园管理包括修剪和清除溃疡病。
{"title":"A comparison of new and existing rootstocks to reduce canker of apple trees caused by Neonectria ditissima (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales)","authors":"Lucas A. Shuttleworth, Sonia Newman, Ioannis Korkos","doi":"10.1186/s43170-023-00177-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00177-z","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The grafting of apple rootstocks on to scions confers benefits including reduced tree size/dwarfing for trellis based growing systems, increased tolerance to physiological stress, and pest and disease management. The current study investigated the effect of rootstock selection on canker and tree death using eight common rootstocks M9 337, M9 337 with Golden Delicious (GD) interstock, M9 EMLA, MM106, M116, M26, Geneva ® G11 and G41, in addition to six advanced selections from the NIAB East Malling apple breeding programme EMR-001—EMR-006, all grafted with Gala scions. One of the rootstocks, M9 377 was also grafted with a GD interstock. Two locations in England were selected, the first at East Malling, Kent, the second, at Newent, Gloucestershire. Several variables were analysed including cumulative numbers of dead trees per rootstock from 2017 to 2020, number of rootstock ‘A type’ cankers, number of scion mainstem ‘B type’ cankers, and number of peripheral ‘C + D + E’ branch cankers at the Kent and Gloucestershire locations in the fourth and final assessment year of 2020. Kendall’s rank correlation was used to test if trunk circumference (a measure of tree vigour) and canker were statistically dependant. Results showed that in Kent, there were significant differences between rootstocks for scion B cankers and peripheral C + D + E cankers. There were no significant differences found between rootstocks for rootstock A cankers at Kent, or any of the three canker types in Gloucestershire. There were up to 31.25% dead trees in Kent (EMR-004), and 30% in Gloucestershire (M9 337 with GD interstock, M26), but there were no significant differences in number of dead trees due to rootstock type in either Kent or Gloucestershire. The Kendall’s rank correlation analysis indicated there was almost no dependence of trunk circumference on canker. The three rootstocks with the overall lowest susceptibility to canker were M116, EMR-006, and EMR-004. The industry standard rootstocks M9 EMLA and M9 337 were ranked 12 and 14, and with EMR-001 were the three worst performing rootstocks. The Geneva ® rootstocks G11 was ranked 6, and G41 was ranked 11. An interplay of factors are likely involved in the development of canker including location and environmental effects—rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, wind, soil type, topography, aspect, and other seasonal infection processes including pathogen inoculum load, and rainsplash of inoculum between trees and within individual trees, the genetics and physiology of each scion/rootstock combination, water and nutritional status of trees, hormonal and molecular signalling, and orchard management including pruning and removal of cankers.","PeriodicalId":72488,"journal":{"name":"CABI agriculture and bioscience","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135420968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.1186/s43170-023-00176-0
D. M. Kgoale, J. K. Gokul, S. Duvenage, E. M. Du Plessis, L. Korsten
Abstract Morogo is an African indigenous term used for leafy green vegetables harvested in the wild or cultivated in small-scale farms and consumed by the local populations of the region. Small-scale farmers have gained recognition as important suppliers of morogo to informal settlements. In commercial production systems, leafy green vegetables have increasingly been reported as associated with foodborne pathogens and disease outbreaks. Little is known of the presence of these organisms on leafy green vegetables in the informal unregulated food systems. This study aimed to profile bacterial communities in irrigation water (flooding and overhead irrigation water) and leafy green vegetables ( Brassica rapa L. chinensis and Brassica rapa varieties of morogo ) to establish the natural bacterial flora at the water-fresh produce interface from five small-scale farms in two provinces in South Africa. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing showed that each farm exhibited a unique bacterial community composition, with an overall high relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, including prominent families such as Burkholderiaceae (48%), Enterobacteriaceae (34%), Bacillales Family XII (8%), Rhodobacteraceae (3%), Micrococcaceae (1.98%) and Pseudomonadaceae (1.79%). Specific Enterobacteriaceae Serratia , Enterobacter , Salmonella , Shigella , Escherichia coli , Buchnera, Citrobacter , Klebsiella and Proteus were identified, in addition to unique communities associated with plant or irrigation water source. These findings suggest that the edible plant microbiome can play an important role as transient contributor to the human gut and has the potential to affect overall health.
Morogo是一个非洲土著术语，用于在野外收获或在小规模农场种植的绿叶蔬菜，并由该地区的当地人口消费。小农已被公认为非正式住区摩罗戈的重要供应者。在商业化生产系统中，越来越多的报道称绿叶蔬菜与食源性病原体和疾病暴发有关。在非正规的不受管制的食品系统中，人们对绿叶蔬菜上存在这些生物体知之甚少。本研究旨在分析灌溉水(漫灌水和架桥灌溉水)和绿叶蔬菜(芸苔菜(Brassica rapa L. chinensis)和morogo品种芸苔菜(Brassica rapa))中的细菌群落，以建立南非两个省五个小型农场水-鲜农产品界面的天然细菌菌群。Illumina MiSeq高通量测序结果显示，每个养殖场都有独特的细菌群落组成，变形菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门总体相对丰度较高，包括burkholderaceae(48%)、Enterobacteriaceae(34%)、Bacillales Family XII(8%)、Rhodobacteraceae(3%)、Micrococcaceae(1.98%)和Pseudomonadaceae(1.79%)等重要菌科。除了与植物或灌溉水源相关的独特群落外，还鉴定出了特定的肠杆菌科沙雷氏菌、肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、大肠杆菌、布氏菌、柠檬酸杆菌、克雷伯氏菌和变形杆菌。这些发现表明，可食用植物微生物组可以作为人类肠道的短暂贡献者发挥重要作用，并有可能影响整体健康。
{"title":"Profiling bacterial communities of irrigation water and leafy green vegetables produced by small-scale farms and sold in informal settlements in South Africa","authors":"D. M. Kgoale, J. K. Gokul, S. Duvenage, E. M. Du Plessis, L. Korsten","doi":"10.1186/s43170-023-00176-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00176-0","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Morogo is an African indigenous term used for leafy green vegetables harvested in the wild or cultivated in small-scale farms and consumed by the local populations of the region. Small-scale farmers have gained recognition as important suppliers of morogo to informal settlements. In commercial production systems, leafy green vegetables have increasingly been reported as associated with foodborne pathogens and disease outbreaks. Little is known of the presence of these organisms on leafy green vegetables in the informal unregulated food systems. This study aimed to profile bacterial communities in irrigation water (flooding and overhead irrigation water) and leafy green vegetables ( Brassica rapa L. chinensis and Brassica rapa varieties of morogo ) to establish the natural bacterial flora at the water-fresh produce interface from five small-scale farms in two provinces in South Africa. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing showed that each farm exhibited a unique bacterial community composition, with an overall high relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, including prominent families such as Burkholderiaceae (48%), Enterobacteriaceae (34%), Bacillales Family XII (8%), Rhodobacteraceae (3%), Micrococcaceae (1.98%) and Pseudomonadaceae (1.79%). Specific Enterobacteriaceae Serratia , Enterobacter , Salmonella , Shigella , Escherichia coli , Buchnera, Citrobacter , Klebsiella and Proteus were identified, in addition to unique communities associated with plant or irrigation water source. These findings suggest that the edible plant microbiome can play an important role as transient contributor to the human gut and has the potential to affect overall health.","PeriodicalId":72488,"journal":{"name":"CABI agriculture and bioscience","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136235904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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