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iWordNet: A New Approach to Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence iWordNet:认知科学与人工智能的新途径
Pub Date : 2017-10-11 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1948317
Mark Chang, Monica Chang
One of the main challenges in artificial intelligence or computational linguistics is understanding the meaning of a word or concept. We argue that the connotation of the term “understanding,” or the meaning of the word “meaning,” is merely a word mapping game due to unavoidable circular definitions. These circular definitions arise when an individual defines a concept, the concepts in its definition, and so on, eventually forming a personalized network of concepts, which we call an iWordNet. Such an iWordNet serves as an external representation of an individual’s knowledge and state of mind at the time of the network construction. As a result, “understanding” and knowledge can be regarded as a calculable statistical property of iWordNet topology. We will discuss the construction and analysis of the iWordNet, as well as the proposed “Path of Understanding” in an iWordNet that characterizes an individual’s understanding of a complex concept such as a written passage. In our pilot study of 20 subjects we used a regression model to demonstrate that the topological properties of an individual’s iWordNet are related to his IQ score, a relationship that suggests iWordNets as a potential new methodology to studying cognitive science and artificial intelligence.
人工智能或计算语言学的主要挑战之一是理解单词或概念的含义。我们认为,由于不可避免的循环定义,“理解”一词的内涵或“意义”一词的含义仅仅是一个词映射游戏。当一个人定义一个概念时,这些循环定义就产生了,它的定义中的概念,等等,最终形成一个个性化的概念网络,我们称之为iWordNet。这样一个iWordNet作为一个人的知识和精神状态在网络建设时的外部表现。因此,“理解”和知识可以看作是iWordNet拓扑的一种可计算的统计属性。我们将讨论iWordNet的构建和分析,以及iWordNet中提出的“理解路径”,该路径表征个人对复杂概念(如书面文章)的理解。在我们对20名受试者的初步研究中,我们使用回归模型来证明个人iWordNet的拓扑特性与他的智商得分有关,这种关系表明iWordNet是研究认知科学和人工智能的潜在新方法。
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引用次数: 3
Natural Language Processing and Fuzzy Tools for Business Processes in a Geolocation Context 地理位置环境下业务流程的自然语言处理和模糊工具
Pub Date : 2017-05-24 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9462457
I. Truck, Mohammed-Amine Abchir
In the geolocation field where high-level programs and low-level devices coexist, it is often difficult to find a friendly user interface to configure all the parameters. The challenge addressed in this paper is to propose intuitive and simple, thus natural language interfaces to interact with low-level devices. Such interfaces contain natural language processing (NLP) and fuzzy representations of words that facilitate the elicitation of business-level objectives in our context. A complete methodology is proposed, from the lexicon construction to a dialogue software agent including a fuzzy linguistic representation, based on synonymy.
在高级程序和低级设备并存的地理定位领域,通常很难找到一个友好的用户界面来配置所有参数。本文解决的挑战是提出直观和简单的自然语言接口来与低级设备交互。这样的接口包含自然语言处理(NLP)和单词的模糊表示,有助于在我们的上下文中引出业务级目标。提出了一套完整的方法,从词典构建到包含模糊语言表示的基于同义词的对话软件代理。
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引用次数: 3
Method for Solving LASSO Problem Based on Multidimensional Weight 基于多维权值的LASSO问题求解方法
Pub Date : 2017-05-04 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1736389
Chunrong Chen, S. Chen, Chen Lin, Yuchen Zhu
In the data mining, the analysis of high-dimensional data is a critical but thorny research topic. The LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) algorithm avoids the limitations, which generally employ stepwise regression with information criteria to choose the optimal model, existing in traditional methods. The improved-LARS (Least Angle Regression) algorithm solves the LASSO effectively. This paper presents an improved-LARS algorithm, which is constructed on the basis of multidimensional weight and intends to solve the problems in LASSO. Specifically, in order to distinguish the impact of each variable in the regression, we have separately introduced part of principal component analysis (Part_PCA), Independent Weight evaluation, and CRITIC, into our proposal. We have explored that these methods supported by our proposal change the regression track by weighted every individual, to optimize the approach direction, as well as the approach variable selection. As a consequence, our proposed algorithm can yield better results in the promise direction. Furthermore, we have illustrated the excellent property of LARS algorithm based on multidimensional weight by the Pima Indians Diabetes. The experiment results show an attractive performance improvement resulting from the proposed method, compared with the improved-LARS, when they are subjected to the same threshold value.
在数据挖掘中,高维数据的分析是一个关键而棘手的研究课题。LASSO (least absolute contraction and selection operator,最小绝对收缩和选择算子)算法避免了传统方法一般采用带信息准则的逐步回归来选择最优模型的局限性。改进的最小角度回归(lars)算法有效地解决了LASSO问题。本文提出了一种基于多维权值的改进lars算法,旨在解决LASSO算法中存在的问题。具体来说,为了区分回归中每个变量的影响,我们在提案中分别引入了部分主成分分析(Part_PCA)、独立权重评估和CRITIC。我们探索了这些方法通过对每个个体进行加权来改变回归轨迹,以优化逼近方向,以及逼近变量的选择。因此,我们提出的算法在承诺方向上可以产生更好的结果。此外,我们还以皮马印第安人糖尿病为例说明了基于多维权值的LARS算法的优异性能。实验结果表明,在阈值相同的情况下,与改进后的lars相比,该方法的性能有明显提高。
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引用次数: 5
Selection and Configuration of Sorption Isotherm Models in Soils Using Artificial Bees Guided by the Particle Swarm 粒子群引导下人工蜜蜂对土壤吸附等温线模型的选择与配置
Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3497652
T. V. Bharat
A precise estimation of isotherm model parameters and selection of isotherms from the measured data are essential for the fate and transport of toxic contaminants in the environment. Nonlinear least-square techniques are widely used for fitting the isotherm model on the experimental data. However, such conventional techniques pose several limitations in the parameter estimation and the choice of appropriate isotherm model as shown in this paper. It is demonstrated in the present work that the classical deterministic techniques are sensitive to the initial guess and thus the performance is impeded by the presence of local optima. A novel solver based on modified artificial bee-colony (MABC) algorithm is proposed in this work for the selection and configuration of appropriate sorption isotherms. The performance of the proposed solver is compared with the other three solvers based on swarm intelligence for model parameter estimation using measured data from 21 soils. Performance comparison of developed solvers on the measured data reveals that the proposed solver demonstrates excellent convergence capabilities due to the superior exploration-exploitation abilities. The estimated solutions by the proposed solver are almost identical to the mean fitness values obtained over 20 independent runs. The advantages of the proposed solver are presented.
对等温线模型参数的精确估计和从测量数据中选择等温线对环境中有毒污染物的命运和迁移至关重要。非线性最小二乘技术广泛应用于实验数据的等温线模型拟合。然而,这些传统方法在参数估计和选择合适的等温线模型方面存在一些局限性。本文的研究表明,经典的确定性方法对初始猜测很敏感,局部最优的存在阻碍了算法的性能。提出了一种基于改进人工蜂群(MABC)算法的求解器,用于选择和配置合适的吸附等温线。利用21种土壤的实测数据,将所提出的求解器与其他三种基于群体智能的求解器进行了模型参数估计的比较。对已有求解器在实测数据上的性能比较表明,该求解器具有较强的勘探开发能力,具有较好的收敛能力。所提出的求解器估计的解几乎与在20次独立运行中获得的平均适应度值相同。提出了该求解器的优点。
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引用次数: 3
Weighted Constraint Satisfaction for Smart Home Automation and Optimization 智能家居自动化与优化的加权约束满足
Pub Date : 2016-11-01 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2959508
Nuo Wi Noel Tay, János Botzheim, N. Kubota
Automation of the smart home binds together services of hardware and software to provide support for its human inhabitants. The rise of web technologies offers applicable concepts and technologies for service composition that can be exploited for automated planning of the smart home, which can be further enhanced by implementation based on service oriented architecture SOA. SOA supports loose coupling and late binding of devices, enabling a more declarative approach in defining services and simplifying home configurations. One such declarative approach is to represent and solve automated planning through constraint satisfaction problem CSP, which has the advantage of handling larger domains of home states. But CSP uses hard constraints and thus cannot perform optimization and handle contradictory goals and partial goal fulfillment, which are practical issues smart environments will face if humans are involved. This paper extends this approach to Weighted Constraint Satisfaction Problem WCSP. Branch and bound depth first search is used, where its lower bound is estimated by bacterial memetic algorithm BMA on a relaxed version of the original optimization problem. Experiments up to 16-step planning of home services demonstrate the applicability and practicality of the approach, with the inclusion of local search for trivial service combinations in BMA that produces performance enhancements. Besides, this work aims to set the groundwork for further research in the field.
智能家居的自动化将硬件和软件服务结合在一起,为其居民提供支持。web技术的兴起为服务组合提供了可应用的概念和技术,这些概念和技术可以用于智能家居的自动化规划,并且可以通过基于面向服务的体系结构SOA的实现来进一步增强。SOA支持松散耦合和设备的后期绑定,从而支持在定义服务和简化主配置时采用更具声明性的方法。一种这样的声明性方法是通过约束满足问题CSP来表示和解决自动规划,它具有处理更大的本地状态域的优势。但CSP使用硬约束,无法进行优化,无法处理矛盾的目标和部分目标的实现,这是人类参与智能环境将面临的现实问题。本文将此方法推广到加权约束满足问题。采用分支和界深度优先搜索,其下界由细菌模因算法BMA在原优化问题的松弛版上估计。多达16步的家庭服务规划实验证明了该方法的适用性和实用性,在BMA中包含了对琐碎服务组合的本地搜索,从而提高了性能。此外,本工作旨在为该领域的进一步研究奠定基础。
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引用次数: 2
Twin Support Vector Machine for Multiple Instance Learning Based on Bag Dissimilarities 基于袋不相似度的双支持向量机多实例学习
Pub Date : 2016-08-01 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1269708
Divya Tomar, Sonali Agarwal
In multiple instance learning (MIL) framework, an object is represented by a set of instances referred to as bag. A positive class label is assigned to a bag if it contains at least one positive instance; otherwise a bag is labeled with negative class label. Therefore, the task of MIL is to learn a classifier at bag level rather than at instance level. Traditional supervised learning approaches cannot be applied directly in such kind of situation. In this study, we represent each bag by a vector of its dissimilarities to the other existing bags in the training dataset and propose a multiple instance learning based Twin Support Vector Machine (MIL-TWSVM) classifier. We have used different ways to represent the dissimilarity between two bags and performed a comparative analysis of them. The experimental results on ten benchmark MIL datasets demonstrate that the proposed MIL-TWSVM classifier is computationally inexpensive and competitive with state-of-the-art approaches. The significance of the experimental results has been tested by using Friedman statistic and Nemenyi post hoc tests.
在多实例学习(MIL)框架中,对象由一组称为bag的实例表示。如果包包含至少一个阳性实例,则为其分配阳性类标签;否则,一个袋子被贴上负类标签。因此,MIL的任务是在包级别而不是实例级别学习分类器。传统的监督学习方法不能直接应用于这种情况。在这项研究中,我们用训练数据集中每个袋子与其他现有袋子的不同之处的向量来表示每个袋子,并提出了一个基于多实例学习的双支持向量机(MIL-TWSVM)分类器。我们用不同的方式来表示两个袋子之间的差异,并对它们进行了比较分析。在10个基准MIL数据集上的实验结果表明,所提出的MIL- twsvm分类器计算成本低,与最先进的方法相比具有竞争力。采用Friedman统计和Nemenyi事后检验对实验结果的显著性进行了检验。
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引用次数: 3
Effect of Collaborative Recommender System Parameters: Common Set Cardinality and the Similarity Measure 协同推荐系统参数的影响:公共集基数和相似度度量
Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9386368
Mohammad Yahya H. Al-Shamri
Recommender systems are widespread due to their ability to help Web users surf the Internet in a personalized way. For example, collaborative recommender system is a powerful Web personalization tool for suggesting many useful items to a given user based on opinions collected from his neighbors. Among many, similarity measure is an important factor affecting the performance of the collaborative recommender system. However, the similarity measure itself largely depends on the overlapping between the user profiles. Most of the previous systems are tested on a predefined number of common items and neighbors. However, the system performance may vary if we changed these parameters. The main aim of this paper is to examine the performance of the collaborative recommender system under many similarity measures, common set cardinalities, rating mean groups, and neighborhood set sizes. For this purpose, we propose a modified version for the mean difference weight similarity measure and a new evaluation metric called users’ coverage for measuring the recommender system ability for helping users. The experimental results show that the modified mean difference weight similarity measure outperforms other similarity measures and the collaborative recommender system performance varies by varying its parameters; hence we must specify the system parameters in advance.
推荐系统之所以被广泛使用,是因为它们能够帮助网络用户以个性化的方式上网。例如,协作推荐系统是一个强大的Web个性化工具,可以根据从邻居那里收集的意见向给定用户推荐许多有用的项目。其中,相似度度量是影响协同推荐系统性能的重要因素。然而,相似性度量本身在很大程度上取决于用户配置文件之间的重叠。以前的大多数系统都是在预定义数量的公共项目和邻居上进行测试的。但是,如果我们改变这些参数,系统性能可能会发生变化。本文的主要目的是研究协同推荐系统在许多相似度量、公共集基数、评级均值组和邻域集大小下的性能。为此,我们提出了一个改进版本的平均差权相似度量和一个新的评价度量,称为用户覆盖率,以衡量推荐系统帮助用户的能力。实验结果表明,改进的平均差权相似度量优于其他相似度量,并且协同推荐系统的性能随其参数的变化而变化;因此,必须事先确定系统参数。
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引用次数: 8
Automatic Representation and Segmentation of Video Sequences via a Novel Framework Based on the nD-EVM and Kohonen Networks 基于nD-EVM和Kohonen网络的视频序列自动表示与分割
Pub Date : 2016-03-02 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6361237
José-Yovany Luis-García, R. Pérez-Aguila
Recently in the Computer Vision field, a subject of interest, at least in almost every video application based on scene content, is video segmentation. Some of these applications are indexing, surveillance, medical imaging, event analysis, and computer-guided surgery, for naming some of them. To achieve their goals, these applications need meaningful information about a video sequence, in order to understand the events in its corresponding scene. Therefore, we need semantic information which can be obtained from objects of interest that are present in the scene. In order to recognize objects we need to compute features which aid the finding of similarities and dissimilarities, among other characteristics. For this reason, one of the most important tasks for video and image processing is segmentation. The segmentation process consists in separating data into groups that share similar features. Based on this, in this work we propose a novel framework for video representation and segmentation. The main workflow of this framework is given by the processing of an input frame sequence in order to obtain, as output, a segmented version. For video representation we use the Extreme Vertices Model in the -Dimensional Space while we use the Discrete Compactness descriptor as feature and Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps for segmentation purposes.
近年来,在计算机视觉领域,一个令人感兴趣的主题是视频分割,至少在几乎所有基于场景内容的视频应用中都是如此。其中一些应用包括索引、监视、医学成像、事件分析和计算机指导手术。为了实现它们的目标,这些应用程序需要关于视频序列的有意义的信息,以便理解相应场景中的事件。因此,我们需要从场景中存在的感兴趣的对象中获得语义信息。为了识别物体,我们需要计算特征,这些特征有助于发现物体的相似性和差异性,以及其他特征。因此,视频和图像处理中最重要的任务之一就是分割。分割过程包括将数据分成具有相似特征的组。在此基础上,本文提出了一种新的视频表示和分割框架。该框架的主要工作流程是通过对输入帧序列进行处理,以获得作为输出的分段版本。对于视频表示,我们在维空间中使用极限顶点模型,而我们使用离散紧度描述符作为特征和Kohonen自组织映射用于分割目的。
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引用次数: 2
Efficacious Discriminant Analysis (Classifier) Measures for End Users 针对终端用户的有效判别分析(分类器)措施
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8173625
E. Eiland, L. Liebrock
Many problem domains utilize discriminant analysis, for example, classification, prediction, and diagnoses, by applying artificial intelligence and machine learning. However, the results are rarely perfect and errors can cause significant losses. Hence, end users are best served when they have performance information relevant to their need. Starting with the most basic questions, this study considers eight summary statistics often seen in the literature and evaluates their end user efficacy. Results lead to proposed criteria necessary for end user efficacious summary statistics. Testing the same eight summary statistics shows that none satisfy all of the criteria. Hence, two criteria-compliant summary statistics are introduced. To show how end users can benefit, measure utility is demonstrated on two problems. A key finding of this study is that researchers can make their test outcomes more relevant to end users with minor changes in their analyses and presentation.
许多问题领域利用判别分析,例如分类、预测和诊断,通过应用人工智能和机器学习。然而,结果很少是完美的,错误可能会造成重大损失。因此,当最终用户获得与其需求相关的性能信息时,他们将得到最好的服务。从最基本的问题开始,本研究考虑了文献中常见的8个汇总统计数据,并评估了它们的最终用户功效。结果导致最终用户有效的汇总统计所必需的建议标准。测试相同的8个汇总统计数据显示,没有一个满足所有标准。因此,引入了两个符合标准的汇总统计信息。为了显示最终用户如何受益,度量效用在两个问题上得到了演示。这项研究的一个关键发现是,研究人员可以使他们的测试结果与最终用户更相关,在他们的分析和演示中进行微小的改变。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of the Load Models on Optimal Planning of Distributed Generation in Distribution System 负荷模型对配电系统分布式发电优化规划的影响
Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2015/297436
Aashish Kumar Bohre, G. Agnihotri, Manisha Dubey, S. Kalambe
The optimal planning (sizing and siting) of the distributed generations (DGs) by using butterfly-PSO/BF-PSO technique to investigate the impacts of load models is presented in this work. The validity of the evaluated results is confirmed by comparing with well-known Genetic Algorithm (GA) and standard or conventional particle swarm optimization (PSO). To exhibit its compatibility in terms of load management, an impact of different load models on the size and location of DG has also been presented in this work. The fitness evolution function explored is the multiobjective function (FMO), which is based on the three significant indexes such as active power loss, reactive power loss, and voltage deviation index. The optimal solution is obtained by minimizing the multiobjective fitness function using BF-PSO, GA, and PSO technique. The comparison of the different optimization techniques is given for the different types of load models such as constant, industrial, residential, and commercial load models. The results clearly show that the BF-PSO technique presents the superior solution in terms of compatibility as well as computation time and efforts both. The algorithm has been carried out with 15-bus radial and 30-bus mesh system.
本文采用蝴蝶-粒子群算法和bf -粒子群算法研究了不同负荷模型对分布式发电机组的影响,并对分布式发电机组进行了最优规划(规模和选址)。通过与遗传算法(GA)和标准粒子群算法(PSO)的比较,验证了评价结果的有效性。为了展示其在负荷管理方面的兼容性,本工作还介绍了不同负荷模型对DG的大小和位置的影响。所探索的适应度进化函数是基于有功损耗、无功损耗和电压偏差指标三个重要指标的多目标函数(FMO)。利用BF-PSO、遗传算法和粒子群算法对多目标适应度函数进行最小化,得到最优解。针对恒负荷、工业负荷、住宅负荷和商业负荷等不同类型的负荷模型,比较了不同的优化技术。结果清楚地表明,BF-PSO技术在兼容性、计算时间和工作量方面都具有优越的解决方案。该算法在15总线径向和30总线网格系统中进行。
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引用次数: 0
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Adv. Artif. Intell.
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