Physics in Perspective最新文献

英文中文

The Impermanent Archive 无常的档案

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

Physics in Perspective

Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-024-00307-8

R. L. Naylor, Joseph D. Martin, Richard Staley

引用次数: 0

Dreams of Declassification: The Early Cold War Quest for Nuclear Knowledge in The Netherlands and Norway 解密之梦:冷战早期在荷兰和挪威对核知识的探索

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

Physics in Perspective

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-023-00305-2

Machiel Kleemans

This article seeks to explore the relation between nuclear physics and secrecy in early Cold War Europe. After World War II, nuclear physics re-emerged from the Manhattan Project as a largely classified field. Over time, the boundary between secret and unclassified information set by the United States moved due to both political and scientific developments. This shifting boundary of secrecy is taken as a place to investigate power relations in the context of Cold War Science. The Netherlands and Norway are two countries with early nuclear programs that tried to move this boundary, in part by building a joint reactor in 1951. Whereas they requested classified information from the US in 1946, their programs developed to a point where the US made requests to classify nuclear information in Europe by 1960. Between 1954 and 1960, the joint reactor program became the site of a multilateral intelligence operation. Secrecy was used as an intelligence tool to spread nuclear disinformation to the Soviet Union. This history shows how (de)classification opened and closed windows of opportunity and sheds light on the effectiveness of classification.

本文旨在探讨冷战初期欧洲核物理学与保密的关系。第二次世界大战后，核物理从曼哈顿计划中重新出现，成为一个很大程度上保密的领域。随着时间的推移，由于政治和科学的发展，美国设定的秘密和非机密信息之间的界限发生了变化。在冷战科学的背景下，这种不断变化的秘密边界被视为研究权力关系的场所。荷兰和挪威是两个拥有早期核项目的国家，它们试图突破这一界限，在某种程度上是在1951年建造了一座联合反应堆。1946年，他们要求美国提供机密信息，到1960年，他们的计划发展到美国要求欧洲提供机密核信息的地步。1954年至1960年间，联合反应堆项目成为多边情报行动的场所。秘密被用作向苏联传播核虚假信息的情报工具。这段历史显示了(de)分类如何打开和关闭机会之窗，并阐明了分类的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Film Review Revenge of the Nerds 电影评论《书呆子的复仇》

3区哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

Physics in Perspective

Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-023-00304-3

Coreen McGuire, Joseph D. Martin

引用次数: 0

Secret Science 秘密的科学

3区哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

Physics in Perspective

Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-023-00303-4

Joseph D. Martin, Robert L. Naylor, Richard Staley

引用次数: 0

JASON in Europe: Contestation and the Physicists’ Dilemma about the Vietnam War 杰森在欧洲:关于越南战争的争论和物理学家的困境

3区哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

Physics in Perspective

Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-023-00302-5

Gerardo Ienna, Simone Turchetti

Abstract This article examines the contestation that in the summer of 1972 disrupted workshops in Western Europe featuring renowned physicists affiliated to the top-secret JASON advisory group. Set up by the US Department of Defense research division, JASON was responsible for outlining new bombing strategies in the context of the Vietnam War. Some of the physicists involved in the protest had contributed instead to the International War Crimes (Russell) Tribunal, gathering evidence in Indochina on the allegedly genocidal character of the US bombing. In reconstructing the history of the contestation, this article contends that the conflict was an opportunity for advertising diverging political stances in the rebellious atmosphere of early 1970s, as much as to convey competing views about the physicists’ influence on global affairs. In particular, while JASON members boasted that their advisory roles stifled bellicose approaches, the protesters recalled the merits of independent inquiry and advocacy “from below” the elitist sphere of government advice, describing these as a better way to advance principles of global social justice.

本文考察了1972年夏天在西欧举行的由隶属于绝密詹森顾问小组的著名物理学家参加的研讨会上发生的争论。JASON由美国国防部研究部门设立，负责在越南战争背景下概述新的轰炸战略。在重建这场争论的历史时，本文认为，这场冲突是在20世纪70年代初的叛逆气氛中宣传不同政治立场的机会，同时也传达了关于物理学家对全球事务影响的不同观点。特别是，JASON成员吹嘘他们的顾问角色扼杀了好战的做法，而抗议者则回顾了独立调查和“自下而上”倡导政府建议的精英领域的优点，称这是推进全球社会正义原则的更好方式。

引用次数: 0

Calculating and Mapping the Disposition of Future Heavens: Ferdinand Verbiest’s Weather Forecasting and Its Termination During the Qing Court (1669–1680) 未来天象的计算与绘制:斐迪南·韦尔比斯特的清廷天气预报及其终止(1669-1680)

3区哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

Physics in Perspective

Pub Date : 2023-09-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-023-00301-6

Weixing Niu, Yejing Ge, Haohao Zhu

引用次数: 0

Before and After the Fall: Geography of Soviet and Post-Soviet Physics Surveyed via Leading Journals 苏联解体前后:主要期刊对苏联和后苏联物理地理学的调查

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

Physics in Perspective

Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-023-00298-y

Ivan Sterligov

Using a dataset of corresponding addresses in the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics (JETP) and JETP Letters (JETPL), which were the leading venues for Soviet physics, we perform a large-scale survey of the spatial geography of Soviet and post-Soviet physics during the period 1975–2015, capturing the changing roles of different republics and cities within the USSR, post-Soviet states, and countries that were never part of the Soviet Union. We also pay attention to the role of Russian-speaking emigrants. Such a detailed and data-driven geography, based on two leading cross-physics publications, serves as a novel addition to the fields of the history of physics and Soviet/post-Soviet science and geopolitics.

利用《实验与理论物理杂志》(JETP)和《JETP快报》(JETPL)上的相应地址数据集，我们对1975年至2015年期间苏联和后苏联物理的空间地理进行了大规模调查，捕捉了苏联、后苏联国家和非苏联国家内部不同共和国和城市的角色变化。我们也关注讲俄语的移民的作用。这样一个详细的和数据驱动的地理学，基于两个领先的交叉物理出版物，作为物理学历史和苏联/后苏联科学和地缘政治领域的新颖补充。

引用次数: 0

Between Old and New Interpretations of Life: Animal Electricity at the First Congress of Italian Scientists 在生命的新旧解释之间:意大利科学家第一次会议上的动物电

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

Physics in Perspective

Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-023-00296-0

Roberto Mantovani

In 1839, collaborating with physicist Luigi Pacinotti, the Italian physician and historian of medicine Francesco Puccinotti announced a successful measurement of the existence of electrovital currents in live warm- and cold-blooded animals. To perform this measurement, they used the astatic galvanometer developed by Leopoldo Nobili. The experimental demonstrations took place in Pisa on the morning of October 13, 1839 as part of the First Congress of Italian Scientists. The experiment had been carefully prepared and tested ahead of the Congress in June and July of the same year. Two congressional commissions, composed respectively of doctors and physicists, discussed the results of the experiments and disclosed conflicting views. The physicists diplomatically expressed doubt, saying that the current measured might have been similar, although weaker, to that found in already dead animals and therefore could be traced to physicochemical processes. A debate developed at the Congress and continued afterwards. This significant episode helped keep the question of animal electricity open in Italy, stimulating the development of new electrophysiological studies in the following decade.

1839年，意大利内科医生和医学历史学家Francesco Puccinotti与物理学家Luigi Pacinotti合作，宣布成功测量了活体温血动物和冷血动物体内存在的生命电流。为了进行这项测量，他们使用了由Leopoldo Nobili开发的无静电振镜。实验演示于1839年10月13日上午在比萨举行，作为意大利科学家第一次大会的一部分。在同年6月和7月的国会召开之前，这个实验已经经过了仔细的准备和测试。两个分别由医生和物理学家组成的国会委员会讨论了实验结果，并发表了相互矛盾的观点。物理学家们婉转地表示了怀疑，他们说，测量到的电流可能与已经死亡的动物体内发现的电流相似，尽管较弱，因此可以追溯到物理化学过程。大会上展开了一场辩论，辩论结束后仍在继续。这一重大事件有助于使意大利的动物电问题保持开放，在接下来的十年中刺激了新的电生理学研究的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Vital Physics 重要的物理

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

Physics in Perspective

Pub Date : 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-023-00297-z

Robert L. Naylor, Joseph D. Martin, Richard Staley

引用次数: 0

Small Physics 小的物理

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

Physics in Perspective

Pub Date : 2023-01-17 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-022-00295-7

Joseph D. Martin, Robert L. Naylor, Richard Staley

引用次数: 0

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