Physics in Perspective最新文献

On December 10, 1911, Marie Curie received her second Nobel Prize, this time for chemistry, after the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, half of which went to Marie and her husband Pierre and the other half to Henri Becquerel. If we analyze Marie Curie’s scientific work from her husband’s death in 1906 until 1911, we find no particular discovery that deserved a second Nobel Prize. However, the reasons that led to this second prize are to be found in what Curie constructed around the element radium, and how she managed to make the Curie couple survive and take its place. Marie Curie took the place of the former couple both scientifically and institutionally (for example, by obtaining the chair at the Sorbonne) and through great achievements (for example, the Institut du Radium). She also replaced the former pair both as an image and as a presence, eventually becoming an icon of the new physics.

This paper argues that international cooperation on devising radiation standards and measuring devices has been an issue not only of national concern but of binational and international conflict in the interwar period. Moreover, the production of radiation safety standards and radiation units gradually became a diplomatic process that underlined national rivalries and depended on political and diplomatic interests. As a result of this diplomatic process, early major scientific actors on radiation research lost prominence. The need to decide on radiation standards that could address medical, military and industrial concerns was therefore acute long before the 1950s and the establishment of international organizations such as the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), that took the lead in regulating the uses of ionizing radiation in the postwar period.

Karl George Emeléus (1901–1989) was educated at Cambridge and after a short period at King’s College, London, he spent the remainder of his career as lecturer (1929–33) and then professor (1933–66) of physics at Queen’s University, Belfast. At Queen’s, he set the direction of experimental research in gas discharge and plasmas for a generation and oversaw the growth of the department. He also acted as a spokesman for physics in Northern Ireland and was involved in public responses to concerns about the use of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy in the late 1940s and 50s. This paper summarises Emeléus’s life and work and sets it in the context of physics at Queen’s University in the mid-twentieth century.

This article focuses on the history of CERN from the perspective of its staff’s political initiatives. Notwithstanding the extensive coverage that the international physics laboratory has received, historians have yet to document these campaigns in full. What follows explains this omission by focusing on provisions that muzzled the activists’ initiatives. Since 1955, staff rules and regulations elaborated by CERN managers aimed at curbing efforts to promote political campaigning in the laboratory. Designed to safeguard its special legal status as an international organization in Switzerland devoted to scientific collaborations, these provisions strengthened its public image as a “sanctuary” for pure physics. With the war in Vietnam in full swing, however, it became more difficult to bottle in political initiatives, especially as CERN staff contributed to anti-war protests and supported local solidarity groups. At this critical junction, the laboratory managers muffled campaigns targeting Nobel-prize winning physicist Murray Gell-Mann, and made it seem as if a petition against the US military strikes in Vietnam signed by its staff was never put together.

This article analyzes the experiments for hail suppression by means of exploding rockets in Italy, where a remarkable national program of active defense was undertaken in the period 1950–70. The history of the trials of this technique is reconstructed in view of highlighting the methodological flaws of the entire experimental approach. A supplementary source of information is offered by about 1,600 “storm postcards”: reports sent back by farmers after single weather events. An archive of these postcards, recently collected, digitized, and analyzed for the Trentino region (northern Italy), offers an interesting glimpse into the scientific and pseudoscientific approaches to a difficult to predict and volatile phenomenon, both for farmers and for appointed experts.

Historian of physics Roger H. Stuewer (1934–2022), co-founder of Physics in Perspective, passed away on July 28, 2022. His loss is greatly felt in the discipline. To commemorate his considerable contribution to the history of physics, the editorial team at Physics in Perspective have elected to publish his autobiographical recollections, which cover both his esteemed academic career and many of his personal thoughts and reflections.

This essay analyzes the historiography of the German attempts during the Second World War to develop and harness the economic and military applications of uranium fission as well as the postwar “politics of the past.” This literature, which began immediately after the end of the war and continues to the present day, includes contributions from scientists, historians, journalists, playwrights, and other authors. The essay is divided into mostly chronological sections.