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Physics in Perspective最新文献

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Before and After the Fall: Geography of Soviet and Post-Soviet Physics Surveyed via Leading Journals 苏联解体前后:主要期刊对苏联和后苏联物理地理学的调查
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-023-00298-y
Ivan Sterligov

Using a dataset of corresponding addresses in the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics (JETP) and JETP Letters (JETPL), which were the leading venues for Soviet physics, we perform a large-scale survey of the spatial geography of Soviet and post-Soviet physics during the period 1975–2015, capturing the changing roles of different republics and cities within the USSR, post-Soviet states, and countries that were never part of the Soviet Union. We also pay attention to the role of Russian-speaking emigrants. Such a detailed and data-driven geography, based on two leading cross-physics publications, serves as a novel addition to the fields of the history of physics and Soviet/post-Soviet science and geopolitics.

利用《实验与理论物理杂志》(JETP)和《JETP快报》(JETPL)上的相应地址数据集,我们对1975年至2015年期间苏联和后苏联物理的空间地理进行了大规模调查,捕捉了苏联、后苏联国家和非苏联国家内部不同共和国和城市的角色变化。我们也关注讲俄语的移民的作用。这样一个详细的和数据驱动的地理学,基于两个领先的交叉物理出版物,作为物理学历史和苏联/后苏联科学和地缘政治领域的新颖补充。
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引用次数: 0
Between Old and New Interpretations of Life: Animal Electricity at the First Congress of Italian Scientists 在生命的新旧解释之间:意大利科学家第一次会议上的动物电
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-023-00296-0
Roberto Mantovani

In 1839, collaborating with physicist Luigi Pacinotti, the Italian physician and historian of medicine Francesco Puccinotti announced a successful measurement of the existence of electrovital currents in live warm- and cold-blooded animals. To perform this measurement, they used the astatic galvanometer developed by Leopoldo Nobili. The experimental demonstrations took place in Pisa on the morning of October 13, 1839 as part of the First Congress of Italian Scientists. The experiment had been carefully prepared and tested ahead of the Congress in June and July of the same year. Two congressional commissions, composed respectively of doctors and physicists, discussed the results of the experiments and disclosed conflicting views. The physicists diplomatically expressed doubt, saying that the current measured might have been similar, although weaker, to that found in already dead animals and therefore could be traced to physicochemical processes. A debate developed at the Congress and continued afterwards. This significant episode helped keep the question of animal electricity open in Italy, stimulating the development of new electrophysiological studies in the following decade.

1839年,意大利内科医生和医学历史学家Francesco Puccinotti与物理学家Luigi Pacinotti合作,宣布成功测量了活体温血动物和冷血动物体内存在的生命电流。为了进行这项测量,他们使用了由Leopoldo Nobili开发的无静电振镜。实验演示于1839年10月13日上午在比萨举行,作为意大利科学家第一次大会的一部分。在同年6月和7月的国会召开之前,这个实验已经经过了仔细的准备和测试。两个分别由医生和物理学家组成的国会委员会讨论了实验结果,并发表了相互矛盾的观点。物理学家们婉转地表示了怀疑,他们说,测量到的电流可能与已经死亡的动物体内发现的电流相似,尽管较弱,因此可以追溯到物理化学过程。大会上展开了一场辩论,辩论结束后仍在继续。这一重大事件有助于使意大利的动物电问题保持开放,在接下来的十年中刺激了新的电生理学研究的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Vital Physics 重要的物理
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-023-00297-z
Robert L. Naylor, Joseph D. Martin, Richard Staley
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引用次数: 0
Small Physics 小的物理
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-01-17 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-022-00295-7
Joseph D. Martin, Robert L. Naylor, Richard Staley
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引用次数: 0
Laboratory Life Instead of Nuclear Weapons: A New Perspective on the German Uranium Club 实验室生活代替核武器:德国铀俱乐部的新视角
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-022-00294-8
Christian Forstner

Why did German physicists not build an atomic bomb during the Second World War? This question has long been controversial. This essay provides a new perspective through a focus on the everyday practice of the physicists in their laboratories. The study of everyday research work has long been obscured by the question of the bomb. To this end, the research of the Viennese group in the German Uranverein, or “Uranium Club,” will be analyzed in detail. What breaks and continuities were there in everyday laboratory practice? Were the physicists able to acquire new resources? Did they at least come close to the scale of Big Science or did their research remain tied to the academic laboratory?

为什么德国物理学家在第二次世界大战期间没有制造出原子弹?这个问题一直存在争议。这篇文章通过关注物理学家在实验室的日常实践提供了一个新的视角。长期以来,对日常研究工作的研究一直被原子弹问题所掩盖。为此,将详细分析德国“铀联盟”或“铀俱乐部”中维也纳集团的研究情况。在日常的实验室实践中有哪些中断和连续性?物理学家们能够获得新的资源吗?他们至少接近大科学的规模,还是他们的研究仍然局限于学术实验室?
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引用次数: 0
(Mis)Translating Entropy?: Camille Flammarion and the Multiple Theologies of the Death of the Universe 熵(Mis)翻译吗?:卡米尔·弗拉马里昂和宇宙死亡的多重理论
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-022-00293-9
Nadya D. Kelly

By the 1860s, the tendency of matter toward increasing chaos—or entropy—had become a fundamental tenet of the new science of thermodynamics. But in Victorian Britain, the ramifications of this second law of thermodynamics for a Christian conception of a progressive universe remained subject to heated ideological debate. Historians of thermodynamics have held up French astronomer Camille Flammarion’s popular science fiction as comprehensive evidence that this entropic–theological debate was widespread across disciplines, media, and cultures. I show that Flammarion’s argument has been misrepresented. Not only did Flammarion not employ entropic heat-death metaphors at all—instead evoking a hot apocalypse—but he interpreted entropy through a distinctive theology, at odds with that of British scientists. A study of Flammarion’s theology, concept of entropy, and novels exhibits how investigating influential popular works can dismantle assumptions about the geographic and religious scope of the entropic–theological debate.

到19世纪60年代,物质趋向于增加混沌或熵的趋势已经成为新科学热力学的一个基本原则。但在维多利亚时代的英国,热力学第二定律对基督教渐进宇宙概念的影响仍然受到激烈的意识形态辩论的影响。研究热力学的历史学家们把法国天文学家卡米尔·弗拉马里昂(Camille Flammarion)的通俗科幻小说作为全面的证据,证明这种熵神学辩论在各个学科、媒体和文化中广泛存在。我证明弗拉马里昂的论点被歪曲了。弗拉马里恩不仅没有使用熵的热死隐喻——而是唤起了热的世界末日——而且他通过一种与英国科学家不同的独特神学来解释熵。对弗拉马里恩的神学、熵的概念和小说的研究表明,调查有影响力的流行作品如何能够消除关于熵神学辩论的地理和宗教范围的假设。
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引用次数: 0
Not Just Boys at Via Panisperna: Women at the Royal Physics Institute in Rome 潘尼斯佩纳大街上不只是男孩:罗马皇家物理研究所的女性
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-022-00291-x
Miriam Focaccia

This paper retraces the history of some of the women who attended the Royal Physics Institute of Via Panisperna in Rome, from its founding in 1881 until 1937. Much has been written about the so-called Via Panisperna boys; less known is the story of the girls who attended that same institute starting during the directorship of Pietro Blaserna. Nuclear physicist Edoardo Amaldi, in the typewritten notes in which he began to reconstruct the history of the Institute, was one of the first to document women scientists there. Starting with the first women who graduated in physics at the Institute, and also considering the political and institutional context, I reconstruct the stories of Nella Mortara, Laura Capon, and Ginestra Giovene. The latter two later became the wives, respectively, of Enrico Fermi and Amaldi.

本文回顾了罗马帕尼斯佩尔纳皇家物理研究所从1881年成立到1937年的一些女性的历史。很多人都写过所谓的帕尼斯珀纳街男孩;鲜为人知的是,在彼得罗·布拉瑟纳担任董事期间,就读于同一所学院的女孩们的故事。核物理学家爱德华多·阿马尔迪(Edoardo Amaldi)在他开始重建该研究所历史的打字笔记中,是最早记录那里女科学家的人之一。从第一批毕业于该研究所物理学专业的女性开始,同时考虑到政治和制度背景,我重建了内拉·莫塔拉、劳拉·卡彭和吉内斯特拉·吉奥文的故事。后两人后来分别成为了Enrico Fermi和Amaldi的妻子。
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引用次数: 0
“Philosophysics” at the University of Vienna: The (Pre-)History of Foundations of Quantum Physics in the Viennese Cultural Context 维也纳大学的“哲学”:维也纳文化背景下量子物理学基础的(前)历史
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-17 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-022-00290-y
Flavio Del Santo, Emanuel Schwarzhans

Vienna today is one of the capitals of research on foundations of quantum physics. We reconstruct the development of modern physics in Vienna, with a focus on foundations of quantum mechanics (FQM), which is a sub-field of quantum mechanics. We show that the influence of Erwin Schrödinger and, in more recent years, the initiatives of Anton Zeilinger—the two main intuitive reasons—cannot alone account for today’s outstanding research landscape on FQM in Vienna. We highlight four additional factors that played a crucial role in the development of foundational research in Vienna: 1) the Viennese heritage of the cultural golden age just before World War II; 2) the long-lasting institutional connection between the faculty of physics and philosophy; 3) a rise of several initiatives that gave forum to the interplay of physics and philosophy; and 4) the influence of several external scholars in the Viennese scientific landscape. Our analysis is informed by interviews with the most pertinent scientists, a detailed survey of the relevant social networks, and review of the main primary literature.

今天的维也纳是量子物理学基础研究的首都之一。我们重建现代物理学在维也纳的发展,重点是量子力学的基础(FQM),这是量子力学的一个子领域。我们表明,Erwin Schrödinger的影响,以及近年来Anton zeilinger的倡议,这两个主要的直观原因,并不能单独解释今天维也纳FQM的杰出研究景观。我们强调了在维也纳基础研究发展中发挥关键作用的另外四个因素:1)第二次世界大战前维也纳文化黄金时代的遗产;2)物理系与哲学系之间长期的制度联系;3)为物理学和哲学的相互作用提供论坛的一些倡议的兴起;4)几位外部学者对维也纳科学景观的影响。我们的分析是通过对最相关的科学家的采访,对相关社会网络的详细调查,以及对主要原始文献的回顾。
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引用次数: 1
Physics and Philosophy—Uneasy Bedfellows? 物理学和哲学——不安的同床共枕?
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-022-00292-w
Robert L. Naylor, Joseph D. Martin, Richard Staley
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引用次数: 0
Brecht, Galileo, and Møller: A View from Copenhagen, 1938–1939 布莱希特、伽利略和Møller:从哥本哈根看,1938-1939
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-07-18 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-022-00289-5
Helge Kragh

The famous German author and playwright Bertolt Brecht lived in exile in Denmark from 1933 to 1939. During the last years of his stay, he was directly and indirectly involved with physicists at Niels Bohr’s Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen. In the spring of 1938, he had a meeting with Christian Møller concerning his plan to write what became The Life of Galileo. Later, in the early months of 1939, Brecht became aware of and interested in the discovery of uranium fission, in part spurred by a radio broadcast with Møller and other physicists. The paper reconstructs what happened in Copenhagen and discusses how the events influenced Brecht’s writing of Galileo and his views on science and society. It also reconsiders how he was to some extent inspired by Albert Einstein and made theatrical use of the ideas of the great physicist.

著名的德国作家和剧作家贝托尔特·布莱希特从1933年到1939年流亡丹麦。在他逗留的最后几年里,他直接或间接地参与了哥本哈根尼尔斯·玻尔理论物理研究所的物理学家们的工作。1938年春天,他与克里斯蒂安·m·勒(Christian Møller)会面,讨论他撰写《伽利略的一生》的计划。后来,在1939年初的几个月里,布莱希特开始意识到铀裂变的发现,并对其产生了兴趣,这在一定程度上是受到了与穆勒和其他物理学家的一次无线电广播的刺激。本文重构了在哥本哈根发生的事情,并讨论了这些事件如何影响布莱希特对伽利略的写作以及他对科学和社会的看法。它还重新思考了他是如何在某种程度上受到爱因斯坦的启发,并戏剧性地运用这位伟大物理学家的思想的。
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Physics in Perspective
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