Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1333570
Abigail L. Fabbrini, Andrew A. Farrar, Jerry M. Brown, Lea Oliveros, J. Florio, Jesse Beacker, Luke Lamos, Jessica V Baran, Michael J Wilsey
The COVID-19 pandemic led to supply chain disruptions causing a severe shortage of infant formula. The shortage impacted parents of infants with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) who rely on specialized formulas. However, research on parent perspectives during formula shortages is limited. We aimed to understand the factors guiding parents' decisions when transitioning to alternative amino acid formula (AAF) or extensively hydrolyzed formula (eHF) during the national formula shortage. We conducted a survey using the ZSMoments platform and found that before the shortage, parents valued safety (83%), tolerability (78%), and reputability (78%) as primary factors in selecting eHFs and AAFs. Post-shortage, formula tolerability (86%), assurance (84%), and safety (80%) gained more importance. Among those switching eHF (n = 54), health care provider recommendations (81%), reputability (78%), taste (78%), and tolerability (78%) were rated as “extremely important.” Among those switching AAF (n = 26), top factors included tolerability (77%), assurance (73%), safety (73%), cost-effectiveness (73%), and formula trustworthiness (73%). These data suggest that parents carefully weigh various factors when managing their child's CMPA and transitioning to different AAF or eHF options.
{"title":"Navigating formula shortages: associations of parental perspectives on transitioning to alternative infant formulas for cow's milk protein allergy during the 2022 national formula shortage","authors":"Abigail L. Fabbrini, Andrew A. Farrar, Jerry M. Brown, Lea Oliveros, J. Florio, Jesse Beacker, Luke Lamos, Jessica V Baran, Michael J Wilsey","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2023.1333570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2023.1333570","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic led to supply chain disruptions causing a severe shortage of infant formula. The shortage impacted parents of infants with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) who rely on specialized formulas. However, research on parent perspectives during formula shortages is limited. We aimed to understand the factors guiding parents' decisions when transitioning to alternative amino acid formula (AAF) or extensively hydrolyzed formula (eHF) during the national formula shortage. We conducted a survey using the ZSMoments platform and found that before the shortage, parents valued safety (83%), tolerability (78%), and reputability (78%) as primary factors in selecting eHFs and AAFs. Post-shortage, formula tolerability (86%), assurance (84%), and safety (80%) gained more importance. Among those switching eHF (n = 54), health care provider recommendations (81%), reputability (78%), taste (78%), and tolerability (78%) were rated as “extremely important.” Among those switching AAF (n = 26), top factors included tolerability (77%), assurance (73%), safety (73%), cost-effectiveness (73%), and formula trustworthiness (73%). These data suggest that parents carefully weigh various factors when managing their child's CMPA and transitioning to different AAF or eHF options.","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1298137
Jun Kunizaki, Shiro Sugiura, Akira Sakai, Miyuki Teshigawara, Atsushi Makino, Y. Takasato, T. Matsui, Yasuto Kondo, K. Ito
Some food allergic patients who have undergone oral immunotherapy develop exercise-induced allergic reactions on desensitization (EIARDs). This study investigated basophil activation status during the exercise provocation test (EPT) performed to diagnose EIARD. EPT was performed on 20 participants, and in vivo basophil activation status was analyzed using activation markers CD203c and CD63. The results showed that there was no significant difference between EPT-positive and negative subjects for basophil activation status throughout EPT. Consequently, in vivo basophil activation after ingestion of the causative food may not be associated with EIARDs. New tests are desired for predicting EIARDs.
{"title":"Evaluation of peripheral basophil activation during exercise provocation test for desensitized patients","authors":"Jun Kunizaki, Shiro Sugiura, Akira Sakai, Miyuki Teshigawara, Atsushi Makino, Y. Takasato, T. Matsui, Yasuto Kondo, K. Ito","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2023.1298137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2023.1298137","url":null,"abstract":"Some food allergic patients who have undergone oral immunotherapy develop exercise-induced allergic reactions on desensitization (EIARDs). This study investigated basophil activation status during the exercise provocation test (EPT) performed to diagnose EIARD. EPT was performed on 20 participants, and in vivo basophil activation status was analyzed using activation markers CD203c and CD63. The results showed that there was no significant difference between EPT-positive and negative subjects for basophil activation status throughout EPT. Consequently, in vivo basophil activation after ingestion of the causative food may not be associated with EIARDs. New tests are desired for predicting EIARDs.","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138947095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1327391
Luís Gustavo Romani Fernandes, E. Spillner, Thilo Jakob
Hymenoptera venom (HV) allergy can lead to life threatening conditions by specific IgE (sIgE)-mediated anaphylactic reactions. The knowledge about major allergens from venom of different clinically relevant species increased in the last decades, allowing the development of component-resolved diagnostics in which sIgE to single allergens is analysed. Despite these advances, the precise regions of the allergens that bind to IgE are only known for few HV allergens. The detailed characterization of IgE epitopes may provide valuable information to improve immunodiagnostic tests and to develop new therapeutic strategies using allergen-derived peptides or other targeted approaches. Epitope-resolved analysis is challenging, since the identification of conformational epitopes present in many allergens demands complex technologies for molecular analyses. Furthermore, functional analysis of the epitopeś interaction with their respective ligands is needed to distinguish epitopes that can activate the allergic immune response, from those that are recognized by irrelevant antibodies or T cell receptors from non-effector cells. In this review, we focus on the use of mapping and molecular targeting approaches for characterization of the epitopes of the major venom allergens of clinically relevant Hymenoptera species. The screening of the most relevant allergen peptides by epitope mapping could be helpful for the development of molecules that target major and immunodominant epitopes blocking the allergen induced cellular reactions as novel approach for the treatment of HV allergy.
{"title":"Potential and limitations of epitope mapping and molecular targeting in Hymenoptera venom allergy","authors":"Luís Gustavo Romani Fernandes, E. Spillner, Thilo Jakob","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2023.1327391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2023.1327391","url":null,"abstract":"Hymenoptera venom (HV) allergy can lead to life threatening conditions by specific IgE (sIgE)-mediated anaphylactic reactions. The knowledge about major allergens from venom of different clinically relevant species increased in the last decades, allowing the development of component-resolved diagnostics in which sIgE to single allergens is analysed. Despite these advances, the precise regions of the allergens that bind to IgE are only known for few HV allergens. The detailed characterization of IgE epitopes may provide valuable information to improve immunodiagnostic tests and to develop new therapeutic strategies using allergen-derived peptides or other targeted approaches. Epitope-resolved analysis is challenging, since the identification of conformational epitopes present in many allergens demands complex technologies for molecular analyses. Furthermore, functional analysis of the epitopeś interaction with their respective ligands is needed to distinguish epitopes that can activate the allergic immune response, from those that are recognized by irrelevant antibodies or T cell receptors from non-effector cells. In this review, we focus on the use of mapping and molecular targeting approaches for characterization of the epitopes of the major venom allergens of clinically relevant Hymenoptera species. The screening of the most relevant allergen peptides by epitope mapping could be helpful for the development of molecules that target major and immunodominant epitopes blocking the allergen induced cellular reactions as novel approach for the treatment of HV allergy.","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138973906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1249280
Vanessa Pühringer, Bernd Jilma, Harald Herkner
Introduction: It is extremely difficult to compare studies investigating the frequency of anaphylaxis making it challenging to satisfactorily assess the worldwide incidence rate. Using a systematic review and meta-analysis, this publication aims to determine the current incidence of all-cause anaphylaxis worldwide. Additionally, we investigated whether the incidence of anaphylaxis has changed over time and which factors influence the rates determined by individual studies.
Methods: A literature search was performed in four databases. All articles that reported relevant information on population-based incidence rates of all-cause anaphylaxis were included. The protocol was published on INPLASY, the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols.
Results: The database query and screening process resulted in 46 eligible articles on anaphylaxis. The current incidence worldwide was found to be approximately 46 cases per 100,000 population per year (95% CI 21-103). Evaluating confounding factors showed that studies using allergy clinics and hospitalizations as data source result in comparably low rates. Moreover, children are less prone to develop anaphylaxis compared to the general population. Using a random effects Poisson model we calculated a yearly increase of anaphylaxis incidence by 7.4% (95% CI 7.3-7.6, p < 0.05).
Discussion: This seems to be the first approach to analyze every reported all-cause anaphylaxis incidence rate until 2017 for an at most accurate determination of its epidemiology. Based on these results, future research could investigate the underlying causes for the rising incidence in order find ways to decrease the condition's frequency.
导言：对过敏性休克发生频率的调查研究进行比较非常困难，因此很难令人满意地评估全球发病率。通过系统回顾和荟萃分析，本出版物旨在确定目前全球各种原因过敏性休克的发病率。此外，我们还调查了过敏性休克的发病率是否随着时间的推移而变化，以及哪些因素会影响个别研究确定的发病率：方法：我们在四个数据库中进行了文献检索。方法：我们在四个数据库中进行了文献检索，纳入了所有报道基于人群的全因过敏性休克发病率相关信息的文章。研究方案发布在 INPLASY（注册系统综述和荟萃分析方案国际平台）上：通过数据库查询和筛选，共有 46 篇符合条件的关于过敏性休克的文章。发现目前全球的发病率约为每年每 10 万人 46 例（95% CI 21-103）。对混杂因素的评估显示，使用过敏诊所和住院治疗作为数据来源的研究结果显示，过敏性休克的发病率相对较低。此外，与普通人群相比，儿童更不容易发生过敏性休克。利用随机效应泊松模型，我们计算出过敏性休克发病率每年增加 7.4%（95% CI 7.3-7.6，p 讨论）：这似乎是第一种分析 2017 年之前报告的所有原因过敏性休克发病率的方法，以便最准确地确定其流行病学。基于这些结果，未来的研究可以调查发病率上升的根本原因，从而找到降低该病发病率的方法。系统综述注册：inplasy.com，标识符[INPLASY202330047]。
{"title":"Population-based incidence of all-cause anaphylaxis and its development over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Vanessa Pühringer, Bernd Jilma, Harald Herkner","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2023.1249280","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2023.1249280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>It is extremely difficult to compare studies investigating the frequency of anaphylaxis making it challenging to satisfactorily assess the worldwide incidence rate. Using a systematic review and meta-analysis, this publication aims to determine the current incidence of all-cause anaphylaxis worldwide. Additionally, we investigated whether the incidence of anaphylaxis has changed over time and which factors influence the rates determined by individual studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was performed in four databases. All articles that reported relevant information on population-based incidence rates of all-cause anaphylaxis were included. The protocol was published on INPLASY, the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The database query and screening process resulted in 46 eligible articles on anaphylaxis. The current incidence worldwide was found to be approximately 46 cases per 100,000 population per year (95% CI 21-103). Evaluating confounding factors showed that studies using allergy clinics and hospitalizations as data source result in comparably low rates. Moreover, children are less prone to develop anaphylaxis compared to the general population. Using a random effects Poisson model we calculated a yearly increase of anaphylaxis incidence by 7.4% (95% CI 7.3-7.6, <i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This seems to be the first approach to analyze every reported all-cause anaphylaxis incidence rate until 2017 for an at most accurate determination of its epidemiology. Based on these results, future research could investigate the underlying causes for the rising incidence in order find ways to decrease the condition's frequency.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>inplasy.com, identifier [INPLASY202330047].</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10749935/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139041057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1265394
Oğuzhan Oğuz, F. Manole, N. Bayar Muluk, C. Cingi
We reviewed the role of facial masks in preventing allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms.The literature survey was performed in PubMed, EBSCO, UpToDate, and Proquest Central databases of Kırıkkale University and Google and Google Scholar databases.Aeroallergens are microscopic airborne particles that trigger AR symptoms. In sensitive people, the type 1 hypersensitivity reaction against these allergens occurs when these microparticles enter the nasal mucosa via inhalation. Pollens, molds, dust mites, and animal dander are only some of the allergens suspected of contributing to AR symptoms. The treatment guidelines for AR extensively encompass allergy avoidance and environmental management as the first-line treatment. It is recommended that those who experience seasonal symptoms try to avoid their triggers whenever possible. While medical masks filter out particles larger than 3 μm, FFP2 masks are effective against particles as small as 0.004 μm. Since both mask types are effective in filtering pollen larger than 5 μm in size, they can be used to prevent pollen exposure. The “antiviral protection” provided by medical and FFP2 masks to hospital employees is roughly equivalent. Thus, both should be effective against direct local (eye) or indirect inhaled (nose, bronchial) pollen exposure. For the masks to do their job, they need to fit correctly.Face mask affects AR patients' quality of life and reduces AR symptoms' severity.
{"title":"Facial mask for prevention of allergic rhinitis symptoms","authors":"Oğuzhan Oğuz, F. Manole, N. Bayar Muluk, C. Cingi","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2023.1265394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2023.1265394","url":null,"abstract":"We reviewed the role of facial masks in preventing allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms.The literature survey was performed in PubMed, EBSCO, UpToDate, and Proquest Central databases of Kırıkkale University and Google and Google Scholar databases.Aeroallergens are microscopic airborne particles that trigger AR symptoms. In sensitive people, the type 1 hypersensitivity reaction against these allergens occurs when these microparticles enter the nasal mucosa via inhalation. Pollens, molds, dust mites, and animal dander are only some of the allergens suspected of contributing to AR symptoms. The treatment guidelines for AR extensively encompass allergy avoidance and environmental management as the first-line treatment. It is recommended that those who experience seasonal symptoms try to avoid their triggers whenever possible. While medical masks filter out particles larger than 3 μm, FFP2 masks are effective against particles as small as 0.004 μm. Since both mask types are effective in filtering pollen larger than 5 μm in size, they can be used to prevent pollen exposure. The “antiviral protection” provided by medical and FFP2 masks to hospital employees is roughly equivalent. Thus, both should be effective against direct local (eye) or indirect inhaled (nose, bronchial) pollen exposure. For the masks to do their job, they need to fit correctly.Face mask affects AR patients' quality of life and reduces AR symptoms' severity.","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138595170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1290021
P. H. Li, Elaine Y. L. Au, S. Cheong, Ling Chung, Ka I. Fan, Marco H. K. Ho, Agnes S. Y. Leung, Martin M. H. Chung, J. C. Wong, Ricardo Coelho
Urticaria (defined as the presence of hives, angioedema, or both) can be caused by a variety of etiologies ranging from more common conditions such as chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) to rarer conditions such as hereditary angioedema (HAE). Specialist referral may be necessary in cases of severe urticaria or HAE, but access to specialist services remains limited in certain regions, such as the Greater Bay Area (GBA) of China. To address this, the Hong Kong–Macau Severe Hives and Angioedema Referral Pathway (SHARP) was initiated by the Hong Kong Institute of Allergy and Macau Society of Dermatology to promote multidisciplinary collaboration and regional exchange of expertise in the diagnosis and management of severe urticaria.A nominated task force of dermatologists and immunologists who manage patients with severe urticaria formulated the consensus statements (CS) using the Delphi method. The consensus was defined a priori as an agreement of ≥80%.A total of 24 CS were formulated, including four statements on classifications and definitions, seven statements on diagnosis, and 13 statements on management and referral. The definitions for acute/chronic urticaria and severe CSU were stated. Unnecessary investigations and inappropriate medications were discouraged. The characteristics and recommended approach to suspected bradykinergic angioedema were specified. Stepwise treatment options using second-generation antihistamines, omalizumab, or cyclosporin for patients with CSU were addressed, and the importance of access to HAE-specific medications was emphasized. Furthermore, an integrated referral pathway for patients with severe hives and angioedema was constructed.The SHARP provides guidance for the management and specialist referral of patients with severe hives and angioedema in Hong Kong and Macau.
{"title":"Hong Kong–Macau Severe Hives and Angioedema Referral Pathway","authors":"P. H. Li, Elaine Y. L. Au, S. Cheong, Ling Chung, Ka I. Fan, Marco H. K. Ho, Agnes S. Y. Leung, Martin M. H. Chung, J. C. Wong, Ricardo Coelho","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2023.1290021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2023.1290021","url":null,"abstract":"Urticaria (defined as the presence of hives, angioedema, or both) can be caused by a variety of etiologies ranging from more common conditions such as chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) to rarer conditions such as hereditary angioedema (HAE). Specialist referral may be necessary in cases of severe urticaria or HAE, but access to specialist services remains limited in certain regions, such as the Greater Bay Area (GBA) of China. To address this, the Hong Kong–Macau Severe Hives and Angioedema Referral Pathway (SHARP) was initiated by the Hong Kong Institute of Allergy and Macau Society of Dermatology to promote multidisciplinary collaboration and regional exchange of expertise in the diagnosis and management of severe urticaria.A nominated task force of dermatologists and immunologists who manage patients with severe urticaria formulated the consensus statements (CS) using the Delphi method. The consensus was defined a priori as an agreement of ≥80%.A total of 24 CS were formulated, including four statements on classifications and definitions, seven statements on diagnosis, and 13 statements on management and referral. The definitions for acute/chronic urticaria and severe CSU were stated. Unnecessary investigations and inappropriate medications were discouraged. The characteristics and recommended approach to suspected bradykinergic angioedema were specified. Stepwise treatment options using second-generation antihistamines, omalizumab, or cyclosporin for patients with CSU were addressed, and the importance of access to HAE-specific medications was emphasized. Furthermore, an integrated referral pathway for patients with severe hives and angioedema was constructed.The SHARP provides guidance for the management and specialist referral of patients with severe hives and angioedema in Hong Kong and Macau.","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138597152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1237068
Nitish Kumar, Tripti Brar, Hirohito Kita, Lisa A. Marks, A. Miglani, Michael J. Marino, D. Lal
Unlike acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) which is mostly viral in etiology, the role of viruses in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains unclear. Viruses may play a role in initiation, exacerbations or perpetuate chronic inflammatory responses in the sinonasal mucosa. Research needs to characterize whether viruses are part of the normal sinonasal microbiome, colonizers or pathogenic.Systematic review of the English literature was conducted. Following databases were searched with an initial search conducted in November 2021 and then updated through June 2023: Ovid Medline (1946 to present), Ovid Embase (1988 to present), Scopus (2004 to present) and Web of Science (1975 to present). MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms included: viruses, virus diseases, sinusitis, and rhinovirus. Keywords: virus, viral infection*, sinusitis, rhinovirus, chronic rhinosinusitis, CRS, respiratory virus, respiratory infection*, and exacerbat*. A supplementary search was conducted through September 2023: Ovid Medline (1946 to present), Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily. Keywords used were: virus, viral infection*, sinusitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, CRS, respiratory virus, respiratory infection*, and exacerbat*.Thirty studies on viruses in CRS met inclusion criteria for full review. These included 17 studies on prevalence of virus in CRS, 5 examining probable causes of host susceptibility to viral infections in CRS, and 8 studies examining pathological pathways in viral association of CRS. The prevalence of viruses in nasal specimens of CRS subjects was higher as compared to controls in most studies, though a few studies showed otherwise. Rhinovirus was the most common virus detected. Studies showed that viruses may be associated with persistent hyper-responsiveness in the sinonasal mucosa, susceptibility to bacterial infections, upregulation of genes involved in the immune response and airway remodeling as well as CRS exacerbations. Presence of viruses was also associated with worse symptom severity scores in CRS subjects.Most data show higher presence of viruses in nasal and serum samples of CRS subjects as compared to controls but their exact role in CRS pathophysiology in unclear. Large studies with longitudinal sampling at all disease phases (i.e., prior to disease initiation, during disease initiation, during disease persistence, and during exacerbations) using standardized sampling techniques are needed to definitively elucidate the role of virus in CRS.
不同于急性鼻窦炎(ARS)的病因主要是病毒，病毒在慢性鼻窦炎(CRS)中的作用尚不清楚。病毒可能在鼻窦黏膜慢性炎症反应的起始、加重或延续中起作用。研究需要确定病毒是正常鼻腔微生物群的一部分，是定植者还是致病性的。对英国文献进行了系统的综述。以下数据库在2021年11月进行了首次搜索，然后更新到2023年6月:Ovid Medline(1946年至今)，Ovid Embase(1988年至今)，Scopus(2004年至今)和Web of Science(1975年至今)。MeSH(医学主题标题)术语包括:病毒、病毒性疾病、鼻窦炎和鼻病毒。关键词:病毒、病毒感染*、鼻窦炎、鼻病毒、慢性鼻窦炎、CRS、呼吸道病毒、呼吸道感染*、加重*补充检索进行到2023年9月:Ovid Medline(1946年至今)，Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other非索引引文和Ovid Medline (R) Daily。关键词:病毒、病毒感染*、鼻窦炎、慢性鼻窦炎、CRS、呼吸道病毒、呼吸道感染*、加重*。有30项关于CRS病毒的研究符合完整综述的纳入标准。这些研究包括17项关于CRS病毒流行的研究，5项关于CRS宿主对病毒感染易感性的可能原因的研究，8项关于CRS病毒相关病理途径的研究。在大多数研究中，CRS受试者鼻标本中的病毒流行率高于对照组，尽管少数研究显示相反情况。鼻病毒是检测到的最常见病毒。研究表明，病毒可能与鼻黏膜持续的高反应性、对细菌感染的易感性、参与免疫反应和气道重塑的基因上调以及CRS加重有关。在CRS受试者中，病毒的存在也与较差的症状严重程度评分相关。大多数数据显示，与对照组相比，CRS受试者鼻腔和血清样本中病毒的存在率较高，但其在CRS病理生理中的确切作用尚不清楚。为了明确阐明病毒在CRS中的作用，需要使用标准化采样技术在所有疾病阶段(即疾病开始之前、疾病开始期间、疾病持续期间和恶化期间)进行纵向采样的大型研究。
{"title":"Viruses in chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review","authors":"Nitish Kumar, Tripti Brar, Hirohito Kita, Lisa A. Marks, A. Miglani, Michael J. Marino, D. Lal","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2023.1237068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2023.1237068","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) which is mostly viral in etiology, the role of viruses in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains unclear. Viruses may play a role in initiation, exacerbations or perpetuate chronic inflammatory responses in the sinonasal mucosa. Research needs to characterize whether viruses are part of the normal sinonasal microbiome, colonizers or pathogenic.Systematic review of the English literature was conducted. Following databases were searched with an initial search conducted in November 2021 and then updated through June 2023: Ovid Medline (1946 to present), Ovid Embase (1988 to present), Scopus (2004 to present) and Web of Science (1975 to present). MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms included: viruses, virus diseases, sinusitis, and rhinovirus. Keywords: virus, viral infection*, sinusitis, rhinovirus, chronic rhinosinusitis, CRS, respiratory virus, respiratory infection*, and exacerbat*. A supplementary search was conducted through September 2023: Ovid Medline (1946 to present), Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily. Keywords used were: virus, viral infection*, sinusitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, CRS, respiratory virus, respiratory infection*, and exacerbat*.Thirty studies on viruses in CRS met inclusion criteria for full review. These included 17 studies on prevalence of virus in CRS, 5 examining probable causes of host susceptibility to viral infections in CRS, and 8 studies examining pathological pathways in viral association of CRS. The prevalence of viruses in nasal specimens of CRS subjects was higher as compared to controls in most studies, though a few studies showed otherwise. Rhinovirus was the most common virus detected. Studies showed that viruses may be associated with persistent hyper-responsiveness in the sinonasal mucosa, susceptibility to bacterial infections, upregulation of genes involved in the immune response and airway remodeling as well as CRS exacerbations. Presence of viruses was also associated with worse symptom severity scores in CRS subjects.Most data show higher presence of viruses in nasal and serum samples of CRS subjects as compared to controls but their exact role in CRS pathophysiology in unclear. Large studies with longitudinal sampling at all disease phases (i.e., prior to disease initiation, during disease initiation, during disease persistence, and during exacerbations) using standardized sampling techniques are needed to definitively elucidate the role of virus in CRS.","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138598354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1303943
J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Nadine Bothen, A. Backes, M. Weller, Ulrich Pöschl
Protein modifications such as oligomerization and tyrosine nitration alter the immune response to allergens and may contribute to the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases. In this mini-review, we summarize and discuss relevant findings for the major birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5 modified with tetranitromethane (laboratory studies), peroxynitrite (physiological processes), and ozone and nitrogen dioxide (environmental conditions). We focus on tyrosine nitration and the formation of protein dimers and higher oligomers via dityrosine cross-linking and the immunological effects studied.
{"title":"Oligomerization and tyrosine nitration enhance the allergenic potential of the birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5","authors":"J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Nadine Bothen, A. Backes, M. Weller, Ulrich Pöschl","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2023.1303943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2023.1303943","url":null,"abstract":"Protein modifications such as oligomerization and tyrosine nitration alter the immune response to allergens and may contribute to the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases. In this mini-review, we summarize and discuss relevant findings for the major birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5 modified with tetranitromethane (laboratory studies), peroxynitrite (physiological processes), and ozone and nitrogen dioxide (environmental conditions). We focus on tyrosine nitration and the formation of protein dimers and higher oligomers via dityrosine cross-linking and the immunological effects studied.","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138599389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1339678
Kirsi M. Järvinen, Nitya Jain, Daniel Munblit, R. J. J. van Neerven
{"title":"Editorial: Allergic sensitization in infants","authors":"Kirsi M. Järvinen, Nitya Jain, Daniel Munblit, R. J. J. van Neerven","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2023.1339678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2023.1339678","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138602184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1296601
Martin Klein, S. Plante, M. Boulay, L. Boulet, J. Chakir
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the maintenance of immunological tolerance. There is evidence of impaired function of these cells in people with asthma and allergy. In this study, we evaluated and compared the function of Tregs in allergic asthmatic and allergic non-asthmatic patients, both before and after low-dose allergen challenges.Three groups of subjects were recruited for a baseline evaluation: healthy controls without allergy or asthma, allergic asthmatic subjects, and allergic non-asthmatic subjects. All of them were subjected to expiratory flow measurements, sputum induction, and blood sampling. In addition, both groups of allergic subjects underwent low-dose allergen challenges. Tregs were isolated from whole blood using CD4+CD25high and CD127low staining. The suppression function was measured by flow cytometry. The levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, IgG4, IgA, and TGF-β were measured using ELISA, and sputum Foxp3 was evaluated using qRT-PCR.The suppressive function of Tregs in healthy controls was significantly higher than in allergic asthmatic or allergic non-asthmatic subjects. Repeated exposure to low doses of allergen increased the suppressor function of Tregs in allergic non-asthmatic subjects but decreased it in allergic asthmatic subjects. Foxp3 gene expression was increased in induced sputum in allergic non-asthmatic subjects, whereas it did not change in asthmatic subjects. Serum IL-10 level was decreased in allergic asthmatic subjects after allergen challenge but not in allergic non-asthmatic subjects. IFN-γ level increased upon allergen challenge in allergic non-asthmatic subjects. IgG4 level was higher in allergic non-asthmatic subjects than in allergic asthmatic subjects.Low-dose allergen challenges stimulate the suppressor function of Tregs in non-asthmatic allergic subjects but not in allergic asthmatic subjects.
{"title":"Discrepancy in the suppressive function of regulatory T cells in allergic asthmatic vs. allergic rhinitis subjects upon low-dose allergen challenges","authors":"Martin Klein, S. Plante, M. Boulay, L. Boulet, J. Chakir","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2023.1296601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2023.1296601","url":null,"abstract":"Regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the maintenance of immunological tolerance. There is evidence of impaired function of these cells in people with asthma and allergy. In this study, we evaluated and compared the function of Tregs in allergic asthmatic and allergic non-asthmatic patients, both before and after low-dose allergen challenges.Three groups of subjects were recruited for a baseline evaluation: healthy controls without allergy or asthma, allergic asthmatic subjects, and allergic non-asthmatic subjects. All of them were subjected to expiratory flow measurements, sputum induction, and blood sampling. In addition, both groups of allergic subjects underwent low-dose allergen challenges. Tregs were isolated from whole blood using CD4+CD25high and CD127low staining. The suppression function was measured by flow cytometry. The levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, IgG4, IgA, and TGF-β were measured using ELISA, and sputum Foxp3 was evaluated using qRT-PCR.The suppressive function of Tregs in healthy controls was significantly higher than in allergic asthmatic or allergic non-asthmatic subjects. Repeated exposure to low doses of allergen increased the suppressor function of Tregs in allergic non-asthmatic subjects but decreased it in allergic asthmatic subjects. Foxp3 gene expression was increased in induced sputum in allergic non-asthmatic subjects, whereas it did not change in asthmatic subjects. Serum IL-10 level was decreased in allergic asthmatic subjects after allergen challenge but not in allergic non-asthmatic subjects. IFN-γ level increased upon allergen challenge in allergic non-asthmatic subjects. IgG4 level was higher in allergic non-asthmatic subjects than in allergic asthmatic subjects.Low-dose allergen challenges stimulate the suppressor function of Tregs in non-asthmatic allergic subjects but not in allergic asthmatic subjects.","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138608290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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