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Mimicking the immunosuppressive impact of fibroblasts in a 3D multicellular spheroid model 在三维多细胞球体模型中模拟成纤维细胞的免疫抑制作用
Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2024.1427407
Melanie Grotz, Lieke van Gijzel, Peter Bitsch, Stefania C. Carrara, Harald Kolmar, Sakshi Garg
Targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an attractive strategy for cancer therapy, as tumor cells in vivo are surrounded by many different influential cell types, with complex interactions strongly affecting tumor progression and therapeutic outcome. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent an abundant stromal cell type in the TME that modulate tumor development by exerting an immunosuppressive effect to influence effector immune cell activation. One promising target for TME-directed therapy is the CAF marker fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP). In this study, we employ a multicellular three-dimensional (3D) spheroid model, including tumor cells, fibroblast cells, and naïve T cells and could observe a protective effect of fibroblasts on tumor cells. Subsequently, we demonstrate that fibroblasts express FAP at differing expression levels in two-dimensional (2D) versus 3D cells. Lastly, we show that in a triple-culture of tumor cells, T cells and fibroblasts, the simultaneous assembly of fibroblasts using the high-affinity ligand oncoFAP with an engineered α-CD3-scFv-Fc-dextran-oncoFAP construct resulted in effective T cell activation to augment immunogenicity. Overall, this model can be routinely used for preclinical screening to study the effects of fibroblasts on the TME in vitro.
以肿瘤微环境(TME)为靶点是一种极具吸引力的癌症治疗策略,因为体内的肿瘤细胞被许多不同的有影响力的细胞类型所包围,它们之间复杂的相互作用对肿瘤的进展和治疗效果有很大影响。癌症相关成纤维细胞(CAFs)代表了TME中丰富的基质细胞类型,它们通过发挥免疫抑制作用来影响效应免疫细胞的活化,从而调节肿瘤的发展。CAF标记物成纤维细胞活化蛋白-α(FAP)是TME定向治疗的一个有希望的靶点。在这项研究中,我们采用了多细胞三维(3D)球形模型,包括肿瘤细胞、成纤维细胞和幼稚T细胞,并观察到成纤维细胞对肿瘤细胞的保护作用。随后,我们证明成纤维细胞在二维(2D)和三维细胞中表达 FAP 的水平不同。最后,我们表明,在肿瘤细胞、T 细胞和成纤维细胞的三重培养中,成纤维细胞使用高亲和性配体 oncoFAP 与工程化 α-CD3-scFv-Fc-dextran-oncoFAP 构建物同时组装,可有效激活 T 细胞,增强免疫原性。总之,该模型可常规用于临床前筛选,以研究成纤维细胞对体外 TME 的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Alternative therapeutics to control antimicrobial resistance: a general perspective 控制抗菌药耐药性的替代疗法:一般视角
Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2024.1385460
Biplab Singha, Vinayak Singh, Vijay Soni
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a critical global health challenge, and in this review article, we examine the limitations of traditional therapeutic methods and the emerging role of alternative therapies. By examining the reasons behind the failure of conventional treatments, including the inadequacy of one-drug-one-enzyme approaches, the complex evolution of AMR, and the impact of drug biotransformation, we better understand why conventional treatments failed. Moreover, the review discusses several alternative therapies, including RNA-based treatments, aptamers, peptide-based therapies, phage therapy, and probiotics, discussing their applications, advantages, and limitations. Additionally, we discuss the obstacles to develop these therapies, including funding shortages, regulatory barriers, and public perception. This comprehensive analysis aims to provide insight into the future of AMR, emphasizing the need for innovative strategies and practical approaches.
抗菌药耐药性(AMR)是全球健康面临的严峻挑战,在这篇综述文章中,我们探讨了传统治疗方法的局限性和替代疗法的新兴作用。通过研究传统疗法失败的原因,包括一药一酶方法的不足、AMR 的复杂演变以及药物生物转化的影响,我们更好地理解了传统疗法失败的原因。此外,综述还讨论了几种替代疗法,包括基于 RNA 的疗法、适配体、基于肽的疗法、噬菌体疗法和益生菌,并讨论了它们的应用、优势和局限性。此外,我们还讨论了开发这些疗法的障碍,包括资金短缺、监管障碍和公众认知。这一全面分析旨在为 AMR 的未来提供洞察力,强调创新战略和实用方法的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: The boulder peptide symposium 2021 scientific update 社论:2021 年博尔德多肽研讨会科学更新
Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2024.1394489
Yvonne Angell, John Mayer, Rebecca Nofsinger, Waleed Danho
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引用次数: 0
Applying artificial intelligence to accelerate and de-risk antibody discovery 应用人工智能加速抗体发现并降低风险
Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2024.1339697
Astrid Musnier, Christophe Dumet, Saheli Mitra, Adrien Verdier, Raouf Keskes, Augustin Chassine, Yann Jullian, Mélanie Cortes, Yannick Corde, Z. Omahdi, Vincent Puard, T. Bourquard, A. Poupon
As in all sectors of science and industry, artificial intelligence (AI) is meant to have a high impact in the discovery of antibodies in the coming years. Antibody discovery was traditionally conducted through a succession of experimental steps: animal immunization, screening of relevant clones, in vitro testing, affinity maturation, in vivo testing in animal models, then different steps of humanization and maturation generating the candidate that will be tested in clinical trials. This scheme suffers from different flaws, rendering the whole process very risky, with an attrition rate over 95%. The rise of in silico methods, among which AI, has been gradually proven to reliably guide different experimental steps with more robust processes. They are now capable of covering the whole discovery process. Amongst the players in this new field, the company MAbSilico proposes an in silico pipeline allowing to design antibody sequences in a few days, already humanized and optimized for affinity and developability, considerably de-risking and accelerating the discovery process.
与所有科学和工业领域一样,人工智能(AI)将在未来几年对抗体的发现产生重大影响。抗体的发现传统上是通过一系列实验步骤进行的:动物免疫、筛选相关克隆、体外测试、亲和力成熟、动物模型体内测试,然后通过不同的人源化和成熟步骤产生候选抗体,并在临床试验中进行测试。这一方案存在各种缺陷,导致整个过程风险很大,损耗率超过 95%。硅学方法(其中包括人工智能)的兴起已逐渐被证明能以更稳健的流程可靠地指导不同的实验步骤。现在,它们已经能够覆盖整个发现过程。在这一新领域的参与者中,MAbSilico 公司提出了一种硅学管道,可以在几天内设计出抗体序列,这些序列已经人性化,并针对亲和性和可开发性进行了优化,从而大大降低了风险,加快了发现过程。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: Women in anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating agents: 2022 社论:抗炎剂和免疫调节剂中的女性:2022
Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2024.1380166
Jamie B. Spangler, Vanina A. Medina
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: Use of computational tools for designing epigenetic drugs 社论:利用计算工具设计表观遗传药物
Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2024.1381450
Y. Sixto-López, A. Uba, Kuldeep K. Roy
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引用次数: 0
Machine learning in toxicological sciences: opportunities for assessing drug toxicity 毒理学中的机器学习:评估药物毒性的机遇
Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2024.1336025
L. Tonoyan, Arno G. Siraki
Machine learning (ML) in toxicological sciences is growing exponentially, which presents unprecedented opportunities and brings up important considerations for using ML in this field. This review discusses supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning and their applications to toxicology. The application of the scientific method is central to the development of a ML model. These steps involve defining the ML problem, constructing the dataset, transforming the data and feature selection, choosing and training a ML model, validation, and prediction. The need for rigorous models is becoming more of a requirement due to the vast number of chemicals and their interaction with biota. Large datasets make this task possible, though selecting databases with overlapping chemical spaces, amongst other things, is an important consideration. Predicting toxicity through machine learning can have significant societal impacts, including enhancements in assessing risks, determining clinical toxicities, evaluating carcinogenic properties, and detecting harmful side effects of medications. We provide a concise overview of the current state of this topic, focusing on the potential benefits and challenges related to the availability of extensive datasets, the methodologies for analyzing these datasets, and the ethical implications involved in applying such models.
毒理学中的机器学习(ML)正呈指数级增长,这带来了前所未有的机遇,也为在这一领域使用 ML 带来了重要的考虑因素。本综述讨论了监督学习、无监督学习和强化学习及其在毒理学中的应用。科学方法的应用是开发 ML 模型的核心。这些步骤包括定义 ML 问题、构建数据集、转换数据和特征选择、选择和训练 ML 模型、验证和预测。由于化学品及其与生物群的相互作用种类繁多,对严格模型的要求也越来越高。大型数据集使这项任务成为可能,但选择具有重叠化学空间的数据库也是一个重要的考虑因素。通过机器学习预测毒性可以产生重大的社会影响,包括增强风险评估、确定临床毒性、评估致癌特性以及检测药物的有害副作用。我们将简明扼要地概述这一课题的现状,重点关注与大量数据集的可用性相关的潜在优势和挑战、分析这些数据集的方法以及应用此类模型所涉及的伦理问题。
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引用次数: 0
Machine learning in toxicological sciences: opportunities for assessing drug toxicity 毒理学中的机器学习:评估药物毒性的机遇
Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2024.1336025
L. Tonoyan, Arno G. Siraki
Machine learning (ML) in toxicological sciences is growing exponentially, which presents unprecedented opportunities and brings up important considerations for using ML in this field. This review discusses supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning and their applications to toxicology. The application of the scientific method is central to the development of a ML model. These steps involve defining the ML problem, constructing the dataset, transforming the data and feature selection, choosing and training a ML model, validation, and prediction. The need for rigorous models is becoming more of a requirement due to the vast number of chemicals and their interaction with biota. Large datasets make this task possible, though selecting databases with overlapping chemical spaces, amongst other things, is an important consideration. Predicting toxicity through machine learning can have significant societal impacts, including enhancements in assessing risks, determining clinical toxicities, evaluating carcinogenic properties, and detecting harmful side effects of medications. We provide a concise overview of the current state of this topic, focusing on the potential benefits and challenges related to the availability of extensive datasets, the methodologies for analyzing these datasets, and the ethical implications involved in applying such models.
毒理学中的机器学习(ML)正呈指数级增长,这带来了前所未有的机遇,也为在这一领域使用 ML 带来了重要的考虑因素。本综述讨论了监督学习、无监督学习和强化学习及其在毒理学中的应用。科学方法的应用是开发 ML 模型的核心。这些步骤包括定义 ML 问题、构建数据集、转换数据和特征选择、选择和训练 ML 模型、验证和预测。由于化学品及其与生物群的相互作用种类繁多,对严格模型的要求也越来越高。大型数据集使这项任务成为可能,但选择具有重叠化学空间的数据库也是一个重要的考虑因素。通过机器学习预测毒性可以产生重大的社会影响,包括增强风险评估、确定临床毒性、评估致癌特性以及检测药物的有害副作用。我们将简明扼要地概述这一课题的现状,重点关注与大量数据集的可用性相关的潜在优势和挑战、分析这些数据集的方法以及应用此类模型所涉及的伦理问题。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: Discovery of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors for cancer treatment 社论:发现治疗癌症的表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂
Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2024.1365318
Panupong Mahalapbutr, T. Rungrotmongkol
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: Discovery of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors for cancer treatment 社论:发现治疗癌症的表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂
Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2024.1365318
Panupong Mahalapbutr, T. Rungrotmongkol
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Frontiers in drug discovery
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