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Germline ablation achieved via CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of NANOS3 in bovine zygotes. 通过 CRISPR/Cas9 靶向牛胚胎中的 NANOS3 实现胚芽消融。
Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1321243
Maci L Mueller, Bret R McNabb, Joseph R Owen, Sadie L Hennig, Alba V Ledesma, Mitchell L Angove, Alan J Conley, Pablo J Ross, Alison L Van Eenennaam

NANOS3 is expressed in migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs) to protect them from apoptosis, and it is known to be a critical factor for germline development of both sexes in several organisms. However, to date, live NANOS3 knockout (KO) cattle have not been reported, and the specific role of NANOS3 in male cattle, or bulls, remains unexplored. This study generated NANOS3 KO cattle via cytoplasmic microinjection of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in vitro produced bovine zygotes and evaluated the effect of NANOS3 elimination on bovine germline development, from fetal development through reproductive age. The co-injection of two selected guide RNA (gRNA)/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (i.e., dual gRNA approach) at 6 h post fertilization achieved a high NANOS3 KO rate in developing embryos. Subsequent embryo transfers resulted in a 31% (n = 8/26) pregnancy rate. A 75% (n = 6/8) total KO rate (i.e., 100% of alleles present contained complete loss-of-function mutations) was achieved with the dual gRNA editing approach. In NANOS3 KO fetal testes, PGCs were found to be completely eliminated by 41-day of fetal age. Importantly, despite the absence of germ cells, seminiferous tubule development was not impaired in NANOS3 KO bovine testes during fetal, perinatal, and adult stages. Moreover, a live, NANOS3 KO, germline-ablated bull was produced and at sexual maturity he exhibited normal libido, an anatomically normal reproductive tract, and intact somatic gonadal development and structure. Additionally, a live, NANOS3 KO, germline-ablated heifer was produced. However, it was evident that the absence of germ cells in NANOS3 KO cattle compromised the normalcy of ovarian development to a greater extent than it did testes development. The meat composition of NANOS3 KO cattle was unremarkable. Overall, this study demonstrated that the absence of NANOS3 in cattle leads to the specific deficiency of both male and female germ cells, suggesting the potential of NANOS3 KO cattle to act as hosts for donor-derived exogenous germ cell production in both sexes. These findings contribute to the understanding of NANOS3 function in cattle and have valuable implications for the development of novel breeding technologies using germline complementation in NANOS3 KO germline-ablated hosts.

NANOS3在迁移的原始生殖细胞(PGCs)中表达,以保护它们免于凋亡,已知它是几种生物雌雄生殖细胞发育的关键因素。然而,迄今为止,NANOS3基因敲除(KO)活体牛尚未见报道,NANOS3在雄性牛(公牛)中的具体作用也仍未探明。本研究通过 CRISPR/Cas9 系统的细胞质显微注射,在体外产生的牛子代中产生了 NANOS3 KO 牛,并评估了消除 NANOS3 对牛生殖系发育(从胎儿发育到生殖年龄)的影响。在受精后 6 小时联合注射两种选定的引导 RNA (gRNA) /Cas9 核糖核蛋白复合物(即双 gRNA 方法),在发育中的胚胎中实现了较高的 NANOS3 KO 率。随后的胚胎移植妊娠率为 31%(n = 8/26)。双 gRNA 编辑方法实现了 75% (n = 6/8)的总 KO 率(即 100%的等位基因含有完全的功能缺失突变)。在 NANOS3 KO 的胎儿睾丸中,发现 PGCs 在胎龄 41 天时完全消失。重要的是,尽管生殖细胞缺失,NANOS3 KO 牛睾丸在胎儿期、围产期和成年期的曲细精管发育并未受损。此外,NANOS3 KO生殖细胞缺失的活体公牛在性成熟时表现出正常的性欲、解剖学上正常的生殖道以及完整的体细胞性腺发育和结构。此外,还培育出了一头NANOS3 KO生殖系缺失的活体小母牛。然而,NANOS3 KO 牛生殖细胞的缺失显然在更大程度上影响了卵巢的正常发育,而不是睾丸的发育。NANOS3 KO 牛的肉质成分并不显著。总之,这项研究证明,牛体内 NANOS3 的缺失会导致雄性和雌性生殖细胞的特异性缺乏,这表明 NANOS3 KO 牛有可能作为宿主,为雌雄两性生产供体来源的外源性生殖细胞。这些发现有助于人们了解 NANOS3 在牛体内的功能,并对利用 NANOS3 KO 胚系缺失宿主进行胚系互补的新型育种技术的开发具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Reciprocal mutations of lung-tropic AAV capsids lead to improved transduction properties. 肺毒性 AAV 病毒外壳的互变可改善转导特性。
Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-22 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1271813
Ashley L Cooney, Christian M Brommel, Soumba Traore, Gregory A Newby, David R Liu, Paul B McCray, Patrick L Sinn

Considerable effort has been devoted to developing adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors for gene therapy in cystic fibrosis (CF). As a result of directed evolution and capsid shuffling technology, AAV capsids are available with widespread tropism for airway epithelial cells. For example, AAV2.5T and AAV6.2 are two evolved capsids with improved airway epithelial cell transduction properties over their parental serotypes. However, limited research has been focused on identifying their specific cellular tropism. Restoring cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression in surface columnar epithelial cells is necessary for the correction of the CF airway phenotype. Basal cells are a progenitor population of the conducting airways responsible for replenishing surface epithelial cells (including secretory cells and ionocytes), making correction of this cell population vital for a long-lived gene therapy strategy. In this study, we investigate the tropism of AAV capsids for three cell types in primary cultures of well-differentiated human airway epithelial (HAE) cells and primary human airway basal cells. We observed that AAV2.5T transduced surface epithelial cells better than AAV6.2, while AAV6.2 transduced airway basal cells better than AAV2.5T. We also investigated a recently developed capsid, AAV6.2FF, which has two surface tyrosines converted to phenylalanines. Next, we incorporated reciprocal mutations to create AAV capsids with further improved surface and basal cell transduction characteristics. Lastly, we successfully employed a split-intein approach using AAV to deliver an adenine base editor (ABE) to repair the CFTR R553X mutation. Our results suggest that rational incorporation of AAV capsid mutations improves AAV transduction of the airway surface and progenitor cells and may ultimately lead to improved pulmonary function in people with CF.

人们一直致力于开发基于腺相关病毒(AAV)的载体,用于囊性纤维化(CF)的基因治疗。通过定向进化和病毒盖重组技术,AAV 病毒盖对气道上皮细胞具有广泛的滋养性。例如,AAV2.5T 和 AAV6.2 是两种进化的病毒衣壳,其气道上皮细胞转导特性比亲代血清型有所改善。然而,有关确定其特定细胞滋养特性的研究却十分有限。恢复囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子(CFTR)在表面柱状上皮细胞中的表达是纠正 CF 气道表型的必要条件。基底细胞是传导气道的祖细胞群,负责补充表面上皮细胞(包括分泌细胞和离子细胞),因此纠正这一细胞群对长效基因治疗策略至关重要。在这项研究中,我们在分化良好的人气道上皮(HAE)细胞和原代人气道基底细胞的原代培养物中,研究了 AAV 包囊对三种细胞类型的趋向性。我们观察到,AAV2.5T 对表面上皮细胞的转导效果优于 AAV6.2,而 AAV6.2 对气道基底细胞的转导效果优于 AAV2.5T。我们还研究了最近开发的 AAV6.2FF 荚膜,它有两个表面酪氨酸被转化为苯丙氨酸。接下来,我们加入了互变基因,以创造出表面和基础细胞转导特性得到进一步改善的 AAV 荚膜。最后,我们成功地利用 AAV 的分裂内含子方法传递腺嘌呤碱基编辑器 (ABE),以修复 CFTR R553X 突变。我们的研究结果表明,合理加入 AAV 的囊膜突变可以改善 AAV 对气道表面和祖细胞的转导,最终可能会改善 CF 患者的肺功能。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: Genome editing for agricultural sustainability: developments in tools, potential applications, and regulatory policy. 社论:促进农业可持续性的基因组编辑:工具、潜在应用和监管政策的发展。
Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-31 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1324921
Felicity J Keiper, Thorben Sprink, Ian Douglas Godwin
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引用次数: 0
CRISPR gene editing to improve crop resistance to parasitic plants. CRISPR基因编辑提高作物对寄生植物的抗性。
Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-25 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1289416
Min-Yao Jhu, Evan E Ellison, Neelima R Sinha

Parasitic plants pose a significant threat to global agriculture, causing substantial crop losses and hampering food security. In recent years, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) gene-editing technology has emerged as a promising tool for developing resistance against various plant pathogens. Its application in combating parasitic plants, however, remains largely unexplored. This review aims to summarise current knowledge and research gaps in utilising CRISPR to develop resistance against parasitic plants. First, we outline recent improvements in CRISPR gene editing tools, and what has been used to combat various plant pathogens. To realise the immense potential of CRISPR, a greater understanding of the genetic basis underlying parasitic plant-host interactions is critical to identify suitable target genes for modification. Therefore, we discuss the intricate interactions between parasitic plants and their hosts, highlighting essential genes and molecular mechanisms involved in defence response and multilayer resistance. These include host resistance responses directly repressing parasitic plant germination or growth and indirectly influencing parasitic plant development via manipulating environmental factors. Finally, we evaluate CRISPR-mediated effectiveness and long-term implications for host resistance and crop improvement, including inducible resistance response and tissue-specific activity. In conclusion, this review highlights the challenges and opportunities CRISPR technology provides to combat parasitic plants and provides insights for future research directions to safeguard global agricultural productivity.

寄生植物对全球农业构成重大威胁,造成大量作物损失,阻碍粮食安全。近年来,CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)基因编辑技术已成为一种有前途的工具,用于开发对各种植物病原体的抗性。然而,它在对抗寄生植物方面的应用在很大程度上仍未被探索。这篇综述旨在总结利用CRISPR开发抗寄生植物的现有知识和研究差距。首先,我们概述了CRISPR基因编辑工具的最新进展,以及用于对抗各种植物病原体的技术。为了实现CRISPR的巨大潜力,更好地了解寄生植物与宿主相互作用的遗传基础对于确定合适的修饰靶基因至关重要。因此,我们讨论了寄生植物与其寄主之间复杂的相互作用,重点介绍了防御反应和多层抗性所涉及的基本基因和分子机制。这包括寄主的抗性反应直接抑制寄生植物的萌发或生长,并通过操纵环境因素间接影响寄生植物的发育。最后,我们评估了crispr介导的有效性和对宿主抗性和作物改良的长期影响,包括诱导抗性反应和组织特异性活性。总之,本文强调了CRISPR技术为对抗寄生植物提供的挑战和机遇,并为未来的研究方向提供了见解,以保障全球农业生产力。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of transcriptional enhancers in the chicken genome using CRISPR-mediated activation. 利用crispr介导的激活技术表征鸡基因组中的转录增强子。
Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-25 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1269115
Jeong Hoon Han, Hong Jo Lee, Tae Hyun Kim

DNA regulatory elements intricately control when, where, and how genes are activated. Therefore, understanding the function of these elements could unveil the complexity of the genetic regulation network. Genome-wide significant variants are predominantly found in non-coding regions of DNA, so comprehending the predicted functional regulatory elements is crucial for understanding the biological context of these genomic markers, which can be incorporated into breeding programs. The emergence of CRISPR technology has provided a powerful tool for studying non-coding regulatory elements in genomes. In this study, we leveraged epigenetic data from the Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes project to identify promoter and putative enhancer regions associated with three genes (HBBA, IRF7, and PPARG) in the chicken genome. To identify the enhancer regions, we designed guide RNAs targeting the promoter and candidate enhancer regions and utilized CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) with dCas9-p300 and dCas9-VPR as transcriptional activators in chicken DF-1 cells. By comparing the expression levels of target genes between the promoter activation and the co-activation of the promoter and putative enhancers, we were able to identify functional enhancers that exhibited augmented upregulation. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the remarkable efficiency of CRISPRa in precisely manipulating the expression of endogenous genes by targeting regulatory elements in the chicken genome, highlighting its potential for functional validation of non-coding regions.

DNA调控元件复杂地控制着基因何时、何地以及如何被激活。因此,了解这些元件的功能可以揭示遗传调控网络的复杂性。全基因组范围内的显著变异主要存在于DNA的非编码区域,因此了解预测的功能调控元件对于理解这些基因组标记的生物学背景至关重要,这可以纳入育种计划。CRISPR技术的出现为研究基因组中的非编码调控元件提供了有力的工具。在这项研究中,我们利用来自动物基因组功能注释项目的表观遗传学数据,确定了鸡基因组中与三个基因(HBBA, IRF7和PPARG)相关的启动子和假定的增强子区域。为了鉴定增强子区域,我们设计了靶向启动子和候选增强子区域的引导rna,并在鸡DF-1细胞中使用dCas9-p300和dCas9-VPR作为转录激活剂的CRISPR激活(CRISPRa)。通过比较启动子激活和启动子与假定增强子共同激活的靶基因的表达水平,我们能够确定功能增强子表现出增强上调。总之,我们的研究结果证明了CRISPRa通过靶向鸡基因组中的调控元件精确操纵内源基因表达的显着效率,突出了其在非编码区功能验证方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of the Arabidopsis GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) gene family. 拟南芥生长调节因子(GRF)基因家族的CRISPR/Cas9突变。
IF 4.9 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-16 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1251557
Juan Angulo, Christopher P Astin, Olivia Bauer, Kelan J Blash, Natalee M Bowen, Nneoma J Chukwudinma, Austin S DiNofrio, Donald O Faletti, Alexa M Ghulam, Chloe M Gusinde-Duffy, Kamaria J Horace, Andrew M Ingram, Kylie E Isaack, Geon Jeong, Randolph J Kiser, Jason S Kobylanski, Madeline R Long, Grace A Manning, Julie M Morales, Kevin H Nguyen, Robin T Pham, Monthip H Phillips, Tanner W Reel, Jenny E Seo, Hiep D Vo, Alexander M Wukoson, Kathryn A Yeary, Grace Y Zheng, Wolfgang Lukowitz

Genome editing in plants typically relies on T-DNA plasmids that are mobilized by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to deliver the CRISPR/Cas machinery. Here, we introduce a series of CRISPR/Cas9 T-DNA vectors for minimal settings, such as teaching labs. Gene-specific targeting sequences can be inserted as annealed short oligonucleotides in a single straightforward cloning step. Fluorescent markers expressed in mature seeds enable reliable selection of transgenic or transgene-free individuals using a combination of inexpensive LED lamps and colored-glass alternative filters. Testing these tools on the Arabidopsis GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) genes, we were able to create a collection of predicted null mutations in all nine family members with little effort. We then explored the effects of simultaneously targeting two, four and eight GRF genes on the rate of induced mutations at each target locus. In our hands, multiplexing was associated with pronounced disparities: while mutation rates at some loci remained consistently high, mutation rates at other loci dropped dramatically with increasing number of single guide RNA species, thereby preventing a systematic mutagenesis of the family.

植物中的基因组编辑通常依赖于通过农杆菌介导的转化动员的T-DNA质粒来传递CRISPR/Cas机制。在这里,我们介绍了一系列用于最小设置的CRISPR/Cas9 T-DNA载体,如教学实验室。基因特异性靶向序列可以在单个直接的克隆步骤中作为退火的短寡核苷酸插入。成熟种子中表达的荧光标记物能够使用廉价的LED灯和彩色玻璃替代过滤器的组合可靠地选择转基因或无转基因个体。在拟南芥生长调节因子(GRF)基因上测试这些工具,我们能够毫不费力地在所有九个家族成员中创建一组预测的无效突变。然后,我们探讨了同时靶向两个、四个和八个GRF基因对每个靶位点诱导突变率的影响。在我们看来,多路复用与明显的差异有关:虽然一些基因座的突变率一直很高,但随着单个引导RNA物种数量的增加,其他基因座的变异率急剧下降,从而阻止了该家族的系统突变。
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引用次数: 0
Hs1Cas12a and Ev1Cas12a confer efficient genome editing in plants. Hs1Cas12a和Ev1Cas12a赋予植物有效的基因组编辑。
Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-12 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1251903
Gen Li, Yingxiao Zhang, Micah Dailey, Yiping Qi

Cas12a, also known as Cpf1, is a highly versatile CRISPR-Cas enzyme that has been widely used in genome editing. Unlike its well-known counterpart, Cas9, Cas12a has unique features that make it a highly efficient genome editing tool at AT-rich genomic regions. To enrich the CRISPR-Cas12a plant genome editing toolbox, we explored 17 novel Cas12a orthologs for their genome editing capabilities in plants. Out of them, Ev1Cas12a and Hs1Cas12a showed efficient multiplexed genome editing in rice and tomato protoplasts. Notably, Hs1Cas12a exhibited greater tolerance to lower temperatures. Moreover, Hs1Cas12a generated up to 87.5% biallelic editing in rice T0 plants. Both Ev1Cas12a and Hs1Cas12a achieved effective editing in poplar T0 plants, with up to 100% of plants edited, albeit with high chimerism. Taken together, the efficient genome editing demonstrated by Ev1Cas12a and Hs1Cas12a in both monocot and dicot plants highlights their potential as promising genome editing tools in plant species and beyond.

Cas12a,也称为Cpf1,是一种高度通用的CRISPR-Cas酶,已广泛用于基因组编辑。与众所周知的Cas9不同,Cas12a具有独特的功能,使其成为富含at的基因组区域的高效基因组编辑工具。为了丰富CRISPR-Cas12a植物基因组编辑工具箱,我们探索了17种新的Cas12a直向同源物在植物中的基因组编辑能力。其中,Ev1Cas12a和Hs1Cas12a在水稻和番茄原生质体中显示出有效的多重基因组编辑。值得注意的是,Hs1Cas12a对较低的温度表现出更大的耐受性。此外,Hs1Cas12a在水稻T0植株中产生了高达87.5%的双等位基因编辑。Ev1Cas12a和Hs1Cas12a在杨树T0植株中都实现了有效的编辑,高达100%的植株被编辑,尽管具有高度嵌合性。总之,Ev1Cas12a和Hs1Cas12a在单子叶植物和双子叶植物中证明的有效基因组编辑突出了它们作为植物物种及其他物种中有前途的基因组编辑工具的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
How genome editing changed the world of large animal research. 基因组编辑如何改变了大型动物研究的世界。
Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-11 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1272687
Konrad Fischer, Angelika Schnieke

The first genetically modified large animals were developed in 1985 by microinjection to increase the growth of agricultural livestock such as pigs. Since then, it has been a difficult trail due to the lack of genetic tools. Although methods and technologies were developed quickly for the main experimental mammal, the mouse, e.g., efficient pronuclear microinjection, gene targeting in embryonic stem cells, and omics data, most of it was-and in part still is-lacking when it comes to livestock. Over the next few decades, progress in genetic engineering of large animals was driven less by research for agriculture but more for biomedical applications, such as the production of pharmaceutical proteins in the milk of sheep, goats, or cows, xeno-organ transplantation, and modeling human diseases. Available technologies determined if a desired animal model could be realized, and efficiencies were generally low. Presented here is a short review of how genome editing tools, specifically CRISPR/Cas, have impacted the large animal field in recent years. Although there will be a focus on genome engineering of pigs for biomedical applications, the general principles and experimental approaches also apply to other livestock species or applications.

第一批转基因大型动物于1985年通过显微注射培育出来,以促进猪等农业牲畜的生长。从那时起,由于缺乏遗传工具,这一直是一条艰难的道路。尽管主要实验哺乳动物小鼠的方法和技术发展迅速,例如有效的原核显微注射、胚胎干细胞中的基因靶向和组学数据,但在牲畜方面,大部分方法和技术过去和现在都缺乏。在接下来的几十年里,大型动物基因工程的进展不是由农业研究推动的,而是由生物医学应用推动的,例如在绵羊、山羊或奶牛的乳汁中生产药物蛋白、异种器官移植和人类疾病建模。现有技术决定了是否可以实现所需的动物模型,并且效率通常很低。本文简要回顾了近年来基因组编辑工具,特别是CRISPR/Cas如何影响大型动物领域。尽管将重点关注猪的基因组工程用于生物医学应用,但一般原理和实验方法也适用于其他牲畜物种或应用。
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引用次数: 0
Recalcitrance to transformation, a hindrance for genome editing of legumes. 对转化的抗拒,是豆类基因组编辑的障碍。
IF 4.9 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-21 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1247815
V M Nivya, Jasmine M Shah

Plant genome editing, a recently discovered method for targeted mutagenesis, has emerged as a promising tool for crop improvement and gene function research. Many genome-edited plants, such as rice, wheat, and tomato, have emerged over the last decade. As the preliminary steps in the procedure for genome editing involve genetic transformation, amenability to genome editing depends on the efficiency of genetic engineering. Hence, there are numerous reports on the aforementioned crops because they are transformed with relative ease. Legume crops are rich in protein and, thus, are a favored source of plant proteins for the human diet in most countries. However, legume cultivation often succumbs to various biotic/abiotic threats, thereby leading to high yield loss. Furthermore, certain legumes like peanuts possess allergens, and these need to be eliminated as these deprive many people from gaining the benefits of such crops. Further genetic variations are limited in certain legumes. Genome editing has the potential to offer solutions to not only combat biotic/abiotic stress but also generate desirable knock-outs and genetic variants. However, excluding soybean, alfalfa, and Lotus japonicus, reports obtained on genome editing of other legume crops are less. This is because, excluding the aforementioned three legume crops, the transformation efficiency of most legumes is found to be very low. Obtaining a higher number of genome-edited events is desirable as it offers the option to genotypically/phenotypically select the best candidate, without the baggage of off-target mutations. Eliminating the barriers to genetic engineering would directly help in increasing genome-editing rates. Thus, this review aims to compare various legumes for their transformation, editing, and regeneration efficiencies and discusses various solutions available for increasing transformation and genome-editing rates in legumes.

植物基因组编辑是最近发现的一种靶向诱变方法,已成为作物改良和基因功能研究的一种很有前途的工具。在过去的十年里,出现了许多经过基因组编辑的植物,如水稻、小麦和番茄。由于基因组编辑程序的初步步骤涉及基因转化,基因组编辑的适应性取决于基因工程的效率。因此,有许多关于上述作物的报道,因为它们相对容易转化。豆类作物富含蛋白质,因此是大多数国家人类饮食中植物蛋白质的首选来源。然而,豆类种植往往会受到各种生物/非生物威胁,从而导致高产损失。此外,某些豆类,如花生,具有过敏原,需要消除这些过敏原,因为这些过敏原剥夺了许多人从这些作物中获得的好处。进一步的遗传变异在某些豆类中是有限的。基因组编辑有可能提供解决方案,不仅可以对抗生物/非生物压力,还可以产生理想的敲除和遗传变异。然而,除大豆、苜蓿和日本莲藕外,其他豆类作物的基因组编辑报告较少。这是因为,除上述三种豆类作物外,大多数豆类作物的转化效率都很低。获得更高数量的基因组编辑事件是可取的,因为它提供了从基因型/表型上选择最佳候选者的选择,而没有脱靶突变的负担。消除基因工程的障碍将直接有助于提高基因组编辑率。因此,本综述旨在比较各种豆类的转化、编辑和再生效率,并讨论可用于提高豆类转化和基因组编辑率的各种解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Genome-wide CRISPR screens and their applications in infectious disease. 全基因组CRISPR筛选及其在传染病中的应用。
Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-19 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1243731
Kaveri Srivastava, Bhaswati Pandit

Inactivation or targeted disruption of a gene provides clues to assess the function of the gene in many cellular processes. Knockdown or knocking out a gene has been widely used for this purpose. However, recently CRISPR mediated genome editing has taken over the knockout/knockdown system with more precision. CRISPR technique has enabled us to perform targeted mutagenesis or genome editing to address questions in fundamental biology to biomedical research. Its application is wide in understanding the role of genes in the disease process, and response to therapy in cancer, metabolic disorders, or infectious disease. In this article, we have focused on infectious disease and how genome-wide CRISPR screens have enabled us to identify host factors involved in the process of infection. Understanding the biology of the host-pathogen interaction is of immense importance in planning host-directed therapy to improve better management of the disease. Genome-wide CRISPR screens provide strong mechanistic ways to identify the host dependency factors involved in various infections. We presented insights into genome-wide CRISPR screens conducted in the context of infectious diseases both viral and bacterial that led to better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and immune networks. We have discussed the advancement of knowledge pertaining to influenza virus, different hepatitis viruses, HIV, most recent SARS CoV2 and few more. Among bacterial diseases, we have focused on infection with life threatening Mycobacteria, Salmonella, S. aureus, etc. It appears that the CRISPR technique can be applied universally to multiple infectious disease models to unravel the role of known or novel host factors.

基因的失活或靶向破坏为评估基因在许多细胞过程中的功能提供了线索。敲除或敲除基因已被广泛用于此目的。然而,最近CRISPR介导的基因组编辑已经以更高的精度取代了敲除/敲除系统。CRISPR技术使我们能够进行靶向诱变或基因组编辑,以解决从基础生物学到生物医学研究的问题。它在理解基因在疾病过程中的作用以及对癌症、代谢紊乱或传染病治疗的反应方面具有广泛的应用。在这篇文章中,我们重点关注传染病,以及全基因组CRISPR筛查如何使我们能够识别参与感染过程的宿主因素。了解宿主-病原体相互作用的生物学对于规划宿主导向治疗以改善疾病管理具有极其重要的意义。全基因组CRISPR筛查为识别各种感染中涉及的宿主依赖性因素提供了强有力的机制方法。我们深入了解了在病毒和细菌传染病背景下进行的全基因组CRISPR筛查,从而更好地了解了宿主-病原体的相互作用和免疫网络。我们讨论了流感病毒、不同肝炎病毒、艾滋病毒、最近的严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型等方面的知识进展。在细菌性疾病中,我们关注的是威胁生命的分枝杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等的感染。CRISPR技术似乎可以普遍应用于多种传染病模型,以揭示已知或新型宿主因子的作用。
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Frontiers in genome editing
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