Frontiers in urology最新文献_第5页

Clinical and environmental considerations for neonatal, office-based circumcisions compared with operative circumcisions 新生儿诊室包皮环切术与手术包皮环切术的临床和环境考虑因素比较

Frontiers in urology

Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.3389/fruro.2024.1380154

Benjamin Press, Michael Jalfon, Daniel Solomon, Adam B. Hittelman

Neonatal male circumcision is a commonly performed procedure in the United States. Circumcisions are performed at various ages by a variety of clinical providers for multiple reasons, including religious, cultural, personal, and medical indications. In the United States, neonatal circumcision is routinely performed by non-urologic providers in the hospital within the first few days of life or as a religious ceremony on the 8th day of life. If neonatal circumcision is deferred in the hospital and subsequently not performed in the outpatient setting, it is then typically performed in the operating room under general anesthesia after 6 months of life. Neonatal circumcision is supported by both the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) due to the belief that the health benefits outweigh the minimal risk of the procedure. Despite this, neonatal circumcision rates have decreased in the United States in recent decades, in part due to access to the procedure, often related to changing insurance coverage. This has led to increased rates of operative circumcisions. Operative circumcisions are more costly to the healthcare system, subject the patient to cardiopulmonary and potentially neurotoxic effects of general anesthesia, and carry an increased environmental footprint, compared to neonatal circumcision. The intention of this paper is not to promote or justify circumcision for all patients, but rather to compare the clinical and environmental impact of neonatal versus operative circumcisions.

在美国，新生儿男性包皮环切术是一种常见的手术。出于宗教、文化、个人和医学等多种原因，不同年龄段的临床医疗人员都会实施包皮环切术。在美国，新生儿包皮环切术通常由非泌尿科医护人员在婴儿出生后几天内在医院进行，或在婴儿出生后第 8 天作为宗教仪式进行。如果新生儿包皮环切术在医院被推迟，随后又没有在门诊环境中进行，那么通常会在出生 6 个月后在手术室进行全身麻醉。新生儿包皮环切术得到了美国儿科学会（AAP）和美国妇产科医师学会（ACOG）的支持，因为他们认为包皮环切术对健康的益处超过了手术的最低风险。尽管如此，近几十年来，美国新生儿包皮环切手术率有所下降，部分原因是手术的可及性，这通常与保险范围的变化有关。这导致了包皮环切手术率的上升。与新生儿包皮环切术相比，手术性包皮环切术对医疗保健系统的成本更高，病人会受到全身麻醉的心肺毒性和潜在神经毒性的影响，对环境的影响也更大。本文的目的并不是提倡或证明所有患者进行包皮环切术的合理性，而是比较新生儿包皮环切术与手术包皮环切术对临床和环境的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Upper tract access in patients with urinary diversions. 尿改道患者的上尿路通路。

IF 1.1

Frontiers in urology

Pub Date : 2024-06-25 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fruro.2024.1392139

Jonathan Modai, Yasin Bhanji, Parth M Patel, Kymora Scotland, Matthew D Dunn

Urinary tract diversions are a common reconstructive solution for patients with malignant, anatomic or functional pathologies of the lower urinary tract. Although urinary diversions often represent the patient's best alternative, they are not devoid of complications. Some of these complications, mainly anastomotic strictures and kidney stones, can be managed endoscopically, although upper tract access of such patients is not straightforward, requiring a fundamental understanding of the many types of diversions. In this article we will review the inherent difficulties of accessing the upper tract of patient with different diversions, the different approaches to the upper tract of diverted patients, and the equipment and techniques that can help facilitate upper tract access in diverted patients.

对于恶性、解剖性或功能性下尿路病变的患者，泌尿道改道是一种常见的泌尿道重建方法。虽然尿改道通常是患者的最佳选择，但它们并非没有并发症。其中一些并发症，主要是吻合口狭窄和肾结石，可以在内窥镜下处理，尽管这类患者的上尿路通路并不简单，需要对许多类型的转移有基本的了解。在这篇文章中，我们将回顾不同转移患者进入上尿路的固有困难，转移患者进入上尿路的不同途径，以及有助于促进转移患者进入上尿路的设备和技术。

引用次数: 0

Case report: Para-testicular spindle cell lipoma suspected of well-differentiated liposarcoma 病例报告：睾丸旁纺锤形细胞脂肪瘤疑似分化良好的脂肪肉瘤

Frontiers in urology

Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.3389/fruro.2024.1400674

Kengo Fujiwara, Kengo Fujimoto, Emi Ibuki, Ryo Ishikawa, Yushi Hayashida

Spindle cell lipoma is a relatively rare benign tumor that can occur in the posterior neck, shoulder, and upper back. Herein, we present a case of intrascrotal spindle cell lipoma in a 71-year-old male who presented with a mass in the left scrotum that had developed over 2 years. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a 5.7cm mass accompanying enhanced solid components. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a heterogeneous signal intensity. Therefore, a well-differentiated liposarcoma derived from the spermatic cord was suspected; therefore, the patient underwent radical inguinal orchidectomy with high ligation of the spermatic cord. Histopathological examination revealed mature adipocytes and bland-spindle cells. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for CD-34 and negative for CDK4, MDM2, and p16. These findings indicated a spindle cell lipoma. Surgical margins were negative. Three months after surgery, no relapse was observed. This case underscores the rarity of para-testicular spindle cell lipoma. While CT and MRI play crucial roles in disease diagnosis, they may not detect all lesions. To prevent overtreatment, it’s essential to also consider pre-surgical examinations and intraoperative findings.

纺锤形细胞脂肪瘤是一种比较罕见的良性肿瘤，可发生在颈后、肩部和上背部。在此，我们介绍了一例阴囊内纺锤形细胞脂肪瘤病例，患者是一名 71 岁男性，因左侧阴囊肿块发展了 2 年而就诊。对比增强计算机断层扫描（CT）显示，肿块 5.7 厘米，伴有增强的实性成分。磁共振成像（MRI）显示信号强度不均匀。因此，患者接受了腹股沟睾丸根治性切除术和精索高位结扎术。组织病理学检查发现了成熟的脂肪细胞和扁平纺锤形细胞。免疫组化结果显示，肿瘤细胞 CD-34 阳性，CDK4、MDM2 和 p16 阴性。这些结果表明这是一个纺锤形细胞脂肪瘤。手术切缘呈阴性。术后三个月未见复发。该病例强调了睾丸旁纺锤形细胞脂肪瘤的罕见性。虽然 CT 和 MRI 在疾病诊断中起着至关重要的作用，但它们可能无法发现所有病变。为防止过度治疗，还必须考虑术前检查和术中发现。

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引用次数: 0

Lights and shadows on local recurrence after renal surgery: when, why and how to manage 肾脏手术后局部复发的光与影：何时、为何以及如何处理

Frontiers in urology

Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.3389/fruro.2024.1419418

Luca Di Gianfrancesco, Alessandro Crestani, A. Amodeo, Paolo Corsi, Davide De Marchi, E. Miglioranza, G. Lista, Ferdinando Daniele Vitelli, Francesca Simonetti, G. Busetto, U. Falagario, Martina Maggi, Filippo Marino, Giannicola Genovese, R. Falabella, Angelo Porreca

This review aims to analyze the existing literature on local recurrence (LR) in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy (PN) for renal cell carcinoma, identifying relative risk factors, and exploring optimal clinical management strategies.A comprehensive literature search was conducted across bibliographic databases, primarily focusing on LR rates. Secondary outcomes included evaluation of positive surgical margins (PSM), nephrometry scores, pathological stage (T and grading), perioperative outcomes, time-to-LR, overall survival, and cancer-specific survival.Due to the heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was performed. LR rates after PN varied in the literature; with PSM emerging as a significant risk factor. Other LR risk factors included pathological stage, nephrometry scores, and histological variants. However, evidence regarding optimal LR management in the absence of precise indications was lacking.LR represents a significant clinical challenge; requiring multidisciplinary assessment and shared decision-making with patients. Given well-established risk factors, clinicians must tailor management strategies to optimize patient outcomes.

本综述旨在分析有关肾细胞癌肾部分切除术（PN）患者局部复发（LR）的现有文献，确定相对风险因素，并探讨最佳临床管理策略。我们在文献数据库中进行了全面的文献检索，主要关注 LR 率。次要结果包括手术切缘阳性（PSM）评估、肾功能评分、病理分期（T和分级）、围手术期结果、LR发生时间、总生存率和癌症特异性生存率。文献中PN术后的LR率各不相同；PSM是一个重要的风险因素。其他 LR 风险因素包括病理分期、肾功能评分和组织学变异。LR 是一项重大的临床挑战，需要多学科评估并与患者共同决策。鉴于已确定的风险因素，临床医生必须量身定制管理策略，以优化患者的预后。

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引用次数: 0

Vascularization of kidney organoids: different strategies and perspectives 肾脏器官组织的血管化：不同的策略和视角

Frontiers in urology

Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.3389/fruro.2024.1355042

Irina B Raykhel, Masaki Nishikawa, Yasuyuki Sakai, Seppo J. Vainio, Ilya Skovorodkin

Kidney diseases such as glomerulopathy and nephron dysfunction are estimated to grow to more than 900 million cases by 2030, in 45% of which kidney transplantation will be required, representing a major challenge for biomedicine. A wealth of progress has been made to model human diseases using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in vitro differentiated to a variety of organoids, including kidney organoids, and in developing various microfluidics-based organ-on-a-chip (OoC) systems based on them. With the combination of targeted gene editing capacities, relevant polymorphic genetic variants can be established in such organoid models to advance evidence-based medicine. However, the major drawback of the current organoid disease models is the lack of functional endothelial vasculature, which especially concerns the kidney, the function of which is strongly associated with blood flow. The design of novel medical devices using tissue engineering approaches such as kidney organoids is also strongly dependent on the understanding of the fundamental principles of nephrogenesis and the vascularization of organs and tissues. Developmental vascularization of the kidney has been an area of intense research for decades. However, there is still no consensus among researchers on how exactly the vascularization of the kidney occurs in normal and pathological conditions. This lack of consensus is partly due to the lack of an appropriate model system to study renal vascularization during nephrogenesis. In this review, we will describe recent progress in the areas of kidney vasculature development, kidney organoids in general and assembled on microfluidic devices in particular. We will focus on the in vitro vasculature of kidney organoids in microfluidic OoC model systems to study kidney diseases and on the perspectives of tissue engineering for the modeling of kidney diseases and the design of bioartificial medical devices. We also aim to summarize the information related to the key mechanisms of intercellular communication during nephrogenesis and the formation of the renal vasculature in an OoC setup.

据估计，到 2030 年，肾小球病变和肾小球功能障碍等肾脏疾病将增至 9 亿多例，其中 45% 的患者需要进行肾移植，这对生物医学来说是一项重大挑战。利用诱导多能干细胞（iPSCs）在体外分化成各种器官（包括肾脏器官），并在此基础上开发各种基于微流控芯片的器官（OoC）系统，在模拟人类疾病方面取得了大量进展。结合靶向基因编辑能力，可以在这类类器官模型中建立相关的多态基因变异，从而推动循证医学的发展。然而，目前类器官疾病模型的主要缺点是缺乏功能性内皮血管，尤其是肾脏，其功能与血流密切相关。利用组织工程学方法（如肾脏类器官）设计新型医疗设备也在很大程度上取决于对肾脏生成和器官组织血管化基本原理的理解。几十年来，肾脏的发育血管化一直是研究的热点。然而，对于肾脏血管化在正常和病理情况下究竟是如何发生的，研究人员仍未达成共识。缺乏共识的部分原因是缺乏合适的模型系统来研究肾脏生成过程中的肾脏血管化。在这篇综述中，我们将介绍肾脏血管发育、肾脏器官组织以及微流控设备组装等领域的最新进展。我们将重点关注在微流控模型系统中研究肾脏疾病的体外肾脏器官组织脉管系统，以及组织工程在肾脏疾病建模和生物人工医疗器械设计方面的前景。我们还旨在总结肾脏生成过程中细胞间通信的关键机制以及在 OoC 设置中肾脏血管形成的相关信息。

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引用次数: 0

Long-term follow-up results of prostate capsule-sparing and nerve-sparing radical cystectomy with neobladder: a single-center retrospective analysis 前列腺保留囊和保留神经根治性膀胱切除术与新膀胱的长期随访结果：单中心回顾性分析

Frontiers in urology

Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.3389/fruro.2024.1355605

Zai-Sheng Zhu, Yiyi Zhu, Hongqi Shi, Penfei Zhou, Yadong Xue, Shengye Hu

This study aims to investigate and analyze the feasibility, oncological outcomes, functional efficacy, and complications with the prostatic capsule sparing (PCS) as well as the nerve sparing (NS) in radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.Between January 2007 and December 2021, 67 total cystectomies with PCS and 54 with NS were performed at our institution. The inclusion criteria for PCS were as follows: proactive, fully informed patient consent; negative transurethral resection of the bladder neck; normal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level < 4 ng/dL; and normal transrectal ultrasonography with biopsy of any suspicious nodes. Patients received complete oncological and functional follow-ups. The Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to characterize survival outcomes after surgery.The median follow-up times for PCS and NS were 144 and 122 months, respectively. Cumulative survival estimated the 5- and 10-years cancer-specific survival were 93.0% and 88.7% for the PCS group and 79.7% and 79.6% for the NS group, respectively (p = 0.123). In terms of function, the daytime urinary control at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively was 80.60%, 97.01%, and 100% in the PCS group, and 53.70%, 85.19%, and 94.44% in the NS group, respectively (p = 0.002, 0.023, and 0.100); and nocturnal urinary control was 62.69%, 94.03%, and 98.51% in the PCS group, and 40.74%, 72.22%, and 87.04% in the NS group, respectively (p = 0.016, 0.001, and 0.022). The erectile function recovery revealed that 62.69% and 40.74% of patients returned to preoperative levels (International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-5 score ≥ 15) in the PCS and NS groups, respectively (p = 0.016). Considering complications within 30 days after surgery, 4.48% and 7.69% patients had Clavien ≥ III complications in the PCS and NS groups, respectively (p = 0.700).The PCS provides better restored urinary control and sexual function than the NS technique and does not affect oncological outcomes. However, PCS is prone to bladder-neck obstruction complications and requires closer long-term follow-up.

本研究旨在调查和分析膀胱癌根治性膀胱切除术中前列腺包膜疏除术（PCS）和神经疏除术（NS）的可行性、肿瘤预后、功能疗效和并发症。2007年1月至2021年12月期间，我院共进行了67例PCS全膀胱切除术和54例NS全膀胱切除术。PCS 的纳入标准如下：患者在充分知情的情况下主动同意；经尿道膀胱颈部切除术阴性；前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）水平正常，小于 4 ng/dL；经直肠超声检查正常，并对可疑结节进行活检。患者接受完整的肿瘤和功能随访。PCS和NS的中位随访时间分别为144个月和122个月。PCS组的5年和10年癌症特异性累积生存率分别为93.0%和88.7%，NS组分别为79.7%和79.6%（P = 0.123）。在功能方面，PCS 组术后 3、6 和 12 个月的日间排尿控制率分别为 80.60%、97.01% 和 100%，NS 组分别为 53.70%、85.19% 和 94.44% （P = 0.002、0.023和0.100）；夜尿控制率PCS组分别为62.69%、94.03%和98.51%，NS组分别为40.74%、72.22%和87.04%（P = 0.016、0.001和0.022）。勃起功能恢复情况显示，PCS 组和 NS 组分别有 62.69% 和 40.74% 的患者恢复到术前水平（国际勃起功能指数 (IIEF)-5 评分≥15）（P = 0.016）。考虑到术后 30 天内的并发症，PCS 组和 NS 组分别有 4.48% 和 7.69% 的患者出现 Clavien ≥ III 并发症（P = 0.700）。不过，PCS容易出现膀胱颈梗阻并发症，需要更密切的长期随访。

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引用次数: 0

Editorial: Urological cancer awareness month – 2022 社论：泌尿系统癌症宣传月--2022 年

Frontiers in urology

Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.3389/fruro.2024.1278688

G. Verras, F. Mulita

引用次数: 0

Updates in pelvic neuromodulation: the role of pelvic neuromodulation in pelvic disorders 盆腔神经调控的最新进展：盆腔神经调控在盆腔疾病中的作用

Frontiers in urology

Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.3389/fruro.2024.1329305

Baydaa Alsannan, M. Banakhar, Magdy Hassouna

Pelvic disorders affecting both male and female patients are major areas of concern for clinicians in cases where pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy are not effective. In such cases, pelvic neuromodulation has become an alternative therapy that could relieve chronic pelvic pain and enhance the quality of life. The goal of this paper was to present a summary of the current therapeutic applications of various pelvic neuromodulation techniques and their efficacy in treating patients with a range of pelvic illnesses. Based on the available literature, this review assessed the validity and significance of the last 10 years’ advancements in the fields of sacral neuromodulation (SNM), posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), and pudendal neuromodulation (PNM), including meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and observational, prospective, and retrospective studies.

在药物治疗和行为治疗无效的情况下，影响男性和女性患者的盆腔疾病是临床医生关注的主要领域。在这种情况下，盆腔神经调控已成为一种可缓解慢性盆腔疼痛和提高生活质量的替代疗法。本文旨在总结目前各种盆腔神经调控技术的治疗应用及其对各种盆腔疾病患者的疗效。根据现有文献，本综述评估了骶神经调控（SNM）、胫后神经刺激（PTNS）和阴部神经调控（PNM）领域过去 10 年的进展的有效性和重要性，包括荟萃分析、随机对照试验以及观察性、前瞻性和回顾性研究。

引用次数: 0

Urinary microbiome and urological cancers: a mini review. 泌尿微生物组和泌尿系统癌症：一个小回顾。

IF 1.1

Frontiers in urology

Pub Date : 2024-03-08 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fruro.2024.1367720

Gianmarco Randazzo, Eleonora Bovolenta, Tommaso Ceccato, Giuseppe Reitano, Giovanni Betto, Giacomo Novara, Massimo Iafrate, Alessandro Morlacco, Fabrizio Dal Moro, Fabio Zattoni

Introduction: The urinary microbiome (UMB) includes living bacteria, their genomes, and their products from interactions with the host environment. A "core" UMB could potentially exist, with variations between age and sex groups. Changes in UMB composition have been associated with benign urological disorders, but also with urologic cancers. Mechanisms through which UMB can trigger and maintain cancer can be local inflammation and interaction with immune system.

Aim of the study: To describe the association between UMB and development of urologic cancers.

Methods: A non-systematic literature review identified recently published studies (last 5 years), involving human patients, dealing with UMB. The database used for this review was PubMed, and the identified studies served as the base for a narrative analysis of the literature that explored the potential associations between UMB and urological cancers.

Results: In bladder cancer (BC), UMB may play a role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (and thus to progression to metastasis), as well as in effectiveness of BCG response rate. BC is also associated with changes in UMB, with bacterial richness indices increased in cancer groups compared to non-neoplastic groups and being different between NMIBC vs MIBC patients. In prostate cancer (PCa), there is an abundance in proinflammatory bacteria and uropathogens. In regard to renal cell carcinoma (RCC), penile cancer and testicular cancer there are still too few studies to draw significant conclusions about its relationship with the UMB.

Conclusions: Gaining a deeper understanding of UMB role in urologic tumors could aid in the development of new therapies and improve classification of patients' risk.

导读：尿微生物组（UMB）包括活细菌、它们的基因组以及它们与宿主环境相互作用的产物。一个“核心”UMB可能存在，在年龄和性别群体之间存在差异。UMB组成的改变与良性泌尿系统疾病有关，但也与泌尿系统癌症有关。UMB触发和维持癌症的机制可能是局部炎症和与免疫系统的相互作用。研究目的：描述UMB与泌尿系统癌症发展之间的关系。方法：对最近发表的涉及人类患者的UMB研究（近5年）进行非系统文献综述。本综述使用的数据库是PubMed，确定的研究作为探讨UMB与泌尿系统癌症之间潜在关联的文献叙述性分析的基础。结果：在膀胱癌（BC）中，UMB可能在上皮-间质转化（进而进展到转移）中发挥作用，并在卡介苗应答率的有效性中发挥作用。BC也与UMB的变化有关，与非肿瘤组相比，癌症组的细菌丰富度指数增加，NMIBC与MIBC患者之间存在差异。在前列腺癌（PCa）中，有大量的促炎细菌和尿路病原体。关于肾细胞癌（RCC）、阴茎癌和睾丸癌的研究仍然太少，无法得出其与UMB关系的有意义的结论。结论：深入了解UMB在泌尿系统肿瘤中的作用有助于开发新的治疗方法，并改善患者的风险分类。

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引用次数: 0

Outcomes of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a retrospective study in Australia 非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者膀胱内注射卡介苗的疗效：澳大利亚的一项回顾性研究

Frontiers in urology

Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.3389/fruro.2024.1309532

Chamodi Pillippu Hewa, Stephen Della-Fiorentina, Kayvan Haghighi, Wei Chua, P. Kok

Induction intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) followed by maintenance after transurethral resection of bladder tumor, is the standard adjuvant therapy for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). There is sparse evidence on the practice of intravesical BCG in Australia. Our aim was to determine the outcomes of intravesical BCG therapy in NMIBC in Southwestern Sydney.This was a multi-center retrospective audit of NMIBC patients who received intravesical BCG between January 2008 and June 2020. Data was collected across six tertiary hospitals in South Western Sydney. Primary outcome was disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS), BCG induction and maintenance rates.Of the 200 eligible patients over 12.5 years, median age was 77 years and 83% were male. Of these, 55%, 4.5%, 35% and 5% were Tis, Ta, T1 and unknown stage, respectively. All patients received induction BCG and 56% received maintenance BCG (range 3-36 months). Completion rate of induction BCG was 91%. Only 9% ceased treatment due to intolerance. The median duration of cystoscopy follow-up was 17 months. After a median follow-up time of 37 months, 55% developed recurrence (29% non-muscle invasive, 32% muscle-invasive disease, 8% distant metastasis). The 1-year and 5-year DFS rates were 72% and 41% (median DFS: 39 months). The 1-year and 5-year OS rates were 98% and 87% (median OS: not reached).The DFS and OS rates were comparable to previous literature. This provides real-world data to assist future clinical trials in NMIBC.

经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术后，膀胱内卡介苗（BCG）诱导治疗和维持治疗是高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌（NMIBC）的标准辅助疗法。在澳大利亚，有关膀胱内卡介苗治疗的证据很少。我们的目的是确定悉尼西南部地区非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者接受卡介苗膀胱内注射治疗的效果。这是一项多中心回顾性审计，对象是2008年1月至2020年6月期间接受卡介苗膀胱内注射治疗的非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者。数据由悉尼西南部的六家三级医院收集。主要结果是无病生存期（DFS）。在超过12.5年的200名符合条件的患者中，中位年龄为77岁，83%为男性。其中，55%、4.5%、35%和5%的患者属于Tis、Ta、T1和未知分期。所有患者都接受了卡介苗诱导治疗，56%的患者接受了卡介苗维持治疗（3-36个月）。卡介苗诱导治疗的完成率为 91%。只有9%的患者因不耐受而停止治疗。膀胱镜随访的中位时间为 17 个月。中位随访时间为37个月，55%的患者复发（29%为非肌层浸润性疾病，32%为肌层浸润性疾病，8%为远处转移）。1年和5年的DFS率分别为72%和41%（中位DFS：39个月）。1年和5年的OS率分别为98%和87%（中位OS：未达到）。这为未来的NMIBC临床试验提供了真实世界的数据。

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引用次数: 0